Nano%Technologie%in%Civil%Engineering% Prague'Friday'March'1st'

Transkript

1 Nano%Technologie%in%Civil%Engineering% Prague'Friday'March'1st'

2 Presented%by%:% 2 Ing.'Jindřich'Bareš' ''''CTO'PowerCem'Czech'Republic' 2 ir.'ing.'christophe'egyed' ''''CTO'PowerCem'Technologies'

3 2 Content' 2 IntroducFon' 2 I'Projects' 2 II'ConstrucFon'of'projects' 2 III'Recycled'asphalt' 2 IV'Design'of'Roads'with'RoadCem' 2 V'Design'of'Airports'with'RoadCem'

4 PowerCem RoadCem Úvod do semináře

5 Program prezentace 1. Představení společnosti 2. RoadCem - teorie 3. RoadCem - praxe 4. RoadCem - reference 3/46

6 1. Představení společnosti 4/46

7 1. Představení společnosti Vedení společnosti Moerdijk, Nizozemsko 5/46

8 1. Představení společnosti Mateřská pobočka vyvíjí materiály téměř 20 let PowerCem produkty jsou celosvětově patentované Celosvětově zakládány pobočky, které jsou průběžně podporovány z Nizozemska Realizováno přes 1000 projektů s RoadCemem 7/46

9 1. Představení společnosti Veškeré produkty PowerCem nejsou zdraví škodlivé (je vystaven bezpečnostní list) RoadCem je jemnozrnný práškovitý materiál s širokým uplatněním 8/46

10 2. RoadCem - teorie 10/46

11 2. RoadCem - teorie Je a není to stabilizace Zásadní je, KAM se používá Principiálně ano, použitím ne Běžné stabilizace vápnem nebo cementem do podloží. RoadCem nahrazuje konstrukční vrstvy! 11/46

12 2. RoadCem - teorie Oproti stabilizacím výrazně vyšší množství cementu + RoadCem Směs získává vysokou pevnost v tlaku a zároveň vynikající pružnostní charakteristiky. 12/46

13 2. RoadCem - teorie Voda proniká do částice cementu H 2 O' H 2 O' H 2 O' H 2 O' H 2 O' H 2 O' Obvykle se kolem středu částice vytváří gel, který zamezí další hydrataci a částice nereaguje celá H 2 O'+' RoadCem' H 2 O'+' RoadCem' H 2 O' H 2 O' RoadCem umožňuje celé cementové částice reagovat H 2 O'+' RoadCem' H 2 O'+' RoadCem' 13/46

14 How does the technology works

15 2. RoadCem - teorie RoadCem modifikuje hydrataci cementu Vzniká struktura z dlouze jehlovitých vzájemně propletených krystalů, Cementová vazba je výrazně silnější, reagují téměř celé částice cementu 14/46

16 2. RoadCem - teorie Možnost použití nejrůznějších místních materiálů (jíly, písky, rašelina (!) ) Odbourání většiny zemních prací spojených s odvozem doposud nevhodných a dovozem vhodných materiálů Efektivní použití asfaltu (velmi podobné pružnostní charakteristiky spolupůsobí ) nebo alternativní obrusné vrstvy ve většině případů omezení nebo vypuštění podpovrchového odvodnění (tepelně izolační charakteristiky, přenos mrazových pohybů bez vzniku trhlin) 15/46

17 2. RoadCem - teorie Zejména díky omezení odvozu a dovozu materiálu činí úspora oproti klasické technologii % (podle plochy stavby) Další úspory se projevují v průběhu životnosti konstrukce 18/46

18 3. RoadCem - praxe 19/46

19 3.RoadCem - praxe Postup návrhu: Zjištění parametrů budoucího dopravního zatížení, druhu zeminy dle IGP Odběr vzorků zeminy, laboratorní stanovení receptury na základě testovaných parametrů Výpočet počítačovým programem na základě zjištěných parametrů zeminy, očekávaného zatížení, požadované životnosti Výpočet probíhá přes moduly pružnosti 20/46

20 3.RoadCem - praxe Stanovuje se: tloušťka stabilizované vrstvy (od 20 do cca. 45 cm) Receptura - množství cementu a RoadCemu (160/1,6 240/2,4 kg/m 3 ) 21/46

21 3.RoadCem - praxe 29/46

22 3.RoadCem - praxe Specifika realizace: Desku není třeba dilatovat Obrubníky se osazují dodatečně Šachty apod. se zaměří, sníží, zakryjí, přejedou a dodatečně odkryjí a finálně upraví Odvodnění jen tam, kde hrozí zdvih celé konstrukce vztlakem nebo je zemina vysoce kapilární a hladina podzemní vody blízko povrchu 30/46

23 4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: Jílové u Prahy 39/46

24 4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: Horní Brusnice u Nové Paky Jílovitá zemina, velké množství šachet Jílovitá zemina, lokální prameniště (podhorská svahová louka) 40/46

25 4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: Horní Brusnice u Nové Paky 41/46

26 4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: Kladno, Dubí Stísněné podmínky, velké množství vody 42/46

27 4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: Kladno, Dubí 43/46

28 4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: České Velenice 44/46

29 Závěr Děkuji za pozornost. 45/46

30 Kontakty Remko Herremans , Ke Statku 71 Jílové u Prahy Ing. Jindřich Bareš jbares@powercem.cz René Skala rskala@powercem.cz /46

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73 FREKOMOS,'s.r.o.' Železničního'vojska'1381' 757'01'Valašské'Meziříčí' Ke'Statku'71' 25401' Jilove'u'Prahy'

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75 1. Content 1. General' 2. PreparaFons' 3. Measuring'heights' 4. Rough'leveling' 5. Se_ng'profiles,'leveling' 6. Pre'compacFon'with'suitable'roller'at'MPD' 7. Spreading'RoadCem'and'mixing' 8. Spreading'cement/binder'and'mixing' 9. Adding water and mixing 10. Compacting 11. Leveling 12. Curing 13. Surface General

76 1. Film Animation Process General

77 2. Preparations Preparation is everything!!! Checking design Roadblocks must be placed Permits if required Products must be on site Equipment Lightning for working at night Materials General

78 3. Measuring heights Construction steps

79 3. Measuring heights Measuring'heights'and'set'up'profiles' Equipment:' Laser'(to'level'height)' Bulldozer'(to'move'the'soil)' If'necessary:' Hydraulic'excavator'for'heavy'earth'works' Trucks'to'import'or'export'granular'material' Materials:' Wooden'piles'' Construction steps

80 3. Measuring heights Tips' Make'sure'that'the'granular'material'is'the'same'as'tested'in'the'laboratory'and' the'design.' For'exisFng'roads,'the'exisFng'levels'can'be'followed.'' Take'care'that'the'level'of'the'new'RoadCem'road'is'fi_ng'to'the'exisFng' intersecfon'roads,'gujers'and'manholes.'' Note:' ConstrucFon'works'can'lead'to'a'few'cm'extra'height'' due'to'added'material'which'has'to'be'leveled'at'' appropriate'height'' Construction steps

81 3. Measuring heights Tips' If'there'are'local'deformaFons'use'the'same'granular'material.' If'you'are'building'a'new'road,'put'the'gujers'and'curbs'aler'the'stabilizaFon' is'finished.'' Construction steps

82 3. Measuring heights Tips' ConstrucFon'aspects'embankments:' Pay'ajenFon'to'sejling'behavior'during'excavaFon' and'reconstrucfon' Construct'the'road'on''the'excavated'locaFon,' especially'in'weak'soils.' Topping'up'the'road'is'not'advisable''' Construction steps

83 4. Rough leveling Construction steps

84 4. Rough leveling Earth'movement'works'and'rough'leveling' Equipment:' Grader,'ripping'the'soil.' Sieve,'to'remove'the'big'stones' Excavator,'for'earth'moving'works'in'order'to'balance' the'soil'' Trucks,'moving'granular'material' Construction steps

85 4. Rough leveling Tips' Pay'ajenFon'when'you'excavate!!' When'there'are'big'stones'(>'80'mm),'the' following'acfons'can'be'taken:' Remove'stones'>80mm'' Place'an'extra'layer,'like'sand'and'clay,'on'the'stone' layer' Crush'the'stones'if'possible'with'crusher'to'finer' material'' Construction steps

86 5. Setting profiles and leveling Construction steps

87 5. Setting profiles and leveling Equipment:' Grader'(Laser'remote),'se_ng'up'profiles' Excavator,'to'make'canalizaFons'during'rainfall' Laser'(theodolite,'geo'measurement)' Construction steps

88 5. Setting profiles and leveling Tips' During'the'construcFon:' Make'the'road'under'angle'of'2,5%'' Make'sure'that'the'water'floods'over'the'stabilizaFon' into'the'shoulders'or'drainage'system.'' Set'up'profile'minus'3'cm'due'to'addiFonal'materials' Construction steps

89 5. Setting profiles and leveling Tips' 1 Add'water'to'achieve'OMC'at'non2cohesive'soils'like' sand.' when'working'with'the'grader.' Go'first'with'grader'from'the'side'to'the'middle' (1,2,3,4,)' Than'compacFng' Next'by'grader'from'the'middle'to'the'sides'again' (2,1,4,3,)' Construction steps

90 6. Pre compaction Construction steps

91 6. Pre compaction Pre'compacFon'with'suitable'roller' Equipment:' Compactor:' 2 Sheep'foot'compactor'(cohesive'soils)' 2 StaFc'and'dynamic'compactor.' Construction steps

92 6. Pre compaction Tips' Start'compacFon'with'dynamic'compacFon'(sand'and'gravel)'and'end'with'staFc' compacfon.' The'weight'and'frequency'of'the'compactor'is'prescribed'in'the'table'on'the'next' sheet.' Construction steps

93 6. Pre compaction Construction steps

94 6. Pre compaction Construction steps

95 7. Spreading and mixing RoadCem Construction steps

96 7. Spreading and mixing RoadCem By'hand:' Piles'and'marking'lines'to'make'sure'that'the'right' amount'is'well'spread.' Equipment:' Mechanic' Mechanical'spreader'(check'dose'while'spreading)' Mixing'(In'situ)' Rotovator'(Wirtgen)' CulFvator'' Grader' Frees'or'suitable'mixer' Construction steps

97 7. Spreading and mixing RoadCem Tips' Spread'the'RoadCem'equal'close'to'the'ground' If'there'is'wind,'make'the'surface'a'lijle'bit'wet'so'that' the'roadcem'powder'sfcks'to'the'floor' If'there'are'areas'were'it'is'not'easily'to'mix'and' compact,'use'some'extra'roadcem' Construction steps

98 7. Spreading and mixing RoadCem Tips' 2/3*h 1/3*h It'is'not'allowed'to'drive'over'the'RoadCem'when' applied'on'the'surface' Bring'in'extra'RoadCem'at'the'beginning'and'at'the'end' of'the'area' Mix'the'RoadCem'into'2/3'of'the'designed'thickness' Note:' First'RoadCem'next'Cement'this'to'prevent:' Lumps,'dust'and'a'shorter'Fmeframe'between'applying'the' cement'and'compacfon.' Construction steps

99 7. Spreading and mixing RoadCem Tips' When'the'RoadCem'is'mixed'in'the'soil,'the'layer'must'be'compacted'staFc'in' case'it'takes'a'few'hours'to'bring'in'the'cement.' When'the'construcFon2works'must'stop'due'to'heavy'rain,'the'same'procedure' must'be'followed,'so'the'water'can'flood'of.' Construction steps

100 8. Spreading and mixing cement Construction steps

101 8. Spreading and mixing cement Spreading'and'mixing'cement'and/or'binder' By'hand' Equipment:' Mechanic' Mechanical'spreader'(check'dose'while'spreading)' Mixing'(In'situ)' Rotovator'(Wirtgen)' CulFvator'' Grader' Frees'or'suitable'mixer' Construction steps

102 8. Spreading and mixing cement Tips' h During'the'cement'mixing'it'is'important'that'there'is' no'heavy'rain' Keep'a'good'quality'control'and'make'sure'that'the' right'amount'will'be'used.'' During'mixing'the'mixer'has'to'move'slowly' Bring'in'the'cement'at'the'calculated'thickness.' By'cohesive'soils'the'water'has'to'be'added'aler'the' cement'has'mixed'in'the'soil' Construction steps

103 9. Adding water and mixing Construction steps

104 9. Adding water and mixing Equipment:' Water'truck' Any'kind'of'water'can'be'used,'even'salt'water' Mixing'with'the'appropriate'rotovater' Tips' Bring'in'the'right'amount'of'water'to'achieve'MPD' Try'in'the'beginning'of'the'execuFon'the'doses'that' you'want'to'bring'in.' Construction steps

105 10. Compaction Construction steps

106 10. Compaction Equipment:' StaFc'/'dynamic'compactor' Tips' StaFc,'dynamic'compacFon' The'weight'of'the'compactors'is'given'in'the'next'sheet.' The'type'of'compactor'depends'of'the'type'of'material.' The'compactor'must'be'able'to'compact''the'tracks'of' the'mixer.' CompacFon'must'start'immediately'aler'the'cement'is' mixed'in'the'soil.'within'4'hours'aler'mixing'everything' must'be'compacted.' Construction steps

107 10. Compaction Construction steps

108 11. Leveling Construction steps

109 11. Leveling Equipment:' Laser'remote'Grader'(se_ng'up'profile)' Compactor'staFc,'dynamic' Tire'compactor' Construction steps

110 11. Leveling Tips' Add'water.' Aler'the'grader'has'past''the'compactor'follows.' Process'modus'from'the'side'to'the'middle'(1,2,3,4)' Next''from'the'middle'to'the'sides'(2,1,4,3)' Use'a'Fre'compactor'if'necessary'and'finish'with'a' suitable'steel'sheet'roller.' Construction steps

111 12. Curing Construction steps

112 12. Curing Equipment:' Water'truck' Tips' Water'is'needed'to'make'sure'that'the'crystalline' structure'can'be'formed.' Apply'as'much'as'water'as'needed'(any'kind'of'water).' Make'sure'that'during'the'first'24'hours'the'surface'is' kept'wet.' Construction steps

113 13. Surface Construction steps

114 13. Surface Surface'finishing' 1. Bitumen'' 2. Concrete'' 3. GrouFng' 4. ARC' Construction steps

115 13.1 Bitumen Tips' Use'a'steel'brush,'to'clean'the'surface'of'the' stabilizafon' Bring'on'a'sFcky'layer' Bring'on'the'asphalt'conform'normal'procedures.' By'bringing'on'the'asphalt'the'regular'procedure'must' be'followed'!' Construction steps

116 13.2 Concrete Tips' Use'a'steel'brush,'to'clean'the'surface'of'the' stabilizafon' Bring'on'a'sFcky'layer' Bring'on'the'concrete'according'normal'procedures.' By'bringing'on'the'Concrete'the'regular'procedure' must'be'followed'!' Construction steps

117 13.4 ARC Tips' Use'a'steel'brush,'to'clean'the'surface'of'the' stabilizafon' Bring'on'a'sFcky'layer' Bring'on'the'concrete'according'normal'procedures.' By'bringing'on'the'Concrete'keep'in'mind'the'weight'of'''' the'equipment'on'the'pavement!' Construction steps

118 asphalt%

119 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt' ITS' ITS' Compressive'strength' Mpa' Mpa' Without'RoadCem' 0,29' 6,4' Mpa' With'3,5%'RoadCem' 0,66' 9,5' Demand' 0,15' 1,57' Compressive' strength' Mpa' Without'RoadCem' 0,29' 6,4' With'3,5%' RoadCem' 0,66' 9,5' Demand' 0,15' 1,57'

120 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

121 Design'of'Roads'with'RoadCem'

122 Design'of'Roads'with'RoadCem'

123 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

124 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

125 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

126 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

127 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

128 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

129 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

130 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

131 ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

132 4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty zahraničí: Rusko, Petrohrad 34/46

133 Part%IV%Design%of%Roads% General

134 1. Content 1. 'General' 2. Traffic' 3. Soil' 4. Surface'layer' General

135 2. Traffic

136 2. Traffic of%the%pavement:% 1.1'RepeFFon'of'standard'axle'loads' 1.2'Load'and'Fre'pressure' 1.3'Axle'configuraFon'' 1.4'Width'of'the'road' 1.5'Number'of'lanes' 1.6'Speed' 1.7'CalculaFon'N eq' Design characteristics 1

137 2. Traffic properties business cart Mexico'City' Highway' Number'of'trucks: '3*10^8' Standard'axle'load: '100'kN' Type'of'surface'material: 'Asphalt' Width: ' '3.5'm' Lifespan: ' '20'years' Design characteristics 1

138 2.1 Repetition of axle load Intensity?' Number'of'trucks,'heavy'loaded,'light'loaded'trucks,' and'cars.'per'day,'per'direcfon,'per'lane!' How'many'trucks'(%)'are'there'driving'on'a'highway?' 9%' What'is'the'average'amount'of'axles?' 4' What'is'the'truck'damage'factor?'' 2'for'heavy,'1,4'for'light'='(damage'factor'TDF)' Design characteristics 1

139 2.1 Repetition of axle load 1'Car'+'1'truck'='1,5'truck?' NO' ΣN eq(100'kn)' ='a i *(P i /100) 4 '+'a j *(P j /100) 4' ΣN eq(100'kn)' ='a i *(P i /100) 3 '+'a j *(P j /100) 3' a i '='number'of'cars,'p i ='axle'load'car' a j '='number'of'trucks,'p j,'axle'load'trucks' 4'='Flexural'material,'asphalt''' 3'='Brijle'material,'Concrete'blocks'' Design characteristics 1

140 2.2 Wheel load and tire pressure Wheel'load' F'(N)' " "σ = " Tire'pressure' A'(MM)' Tension'(N/mm2'='MPa)'=10xkg/cm2)' Design characteristics 1

141 2.2 Wheel load and tire pressure Tire'pressure'/'weight' Design characteristics 1

142 2.2 Wheel load Wheel%Load%% (kn)% How'heavy'is'heavy?' Car' 5' Heavy'loaded' truck'' 50' Reach'stacker'' 206' Airplane'A380'' (TO)' Airplane'A380''' (AR)'' 280' 194' F16' 50' Design characteristics 1

143 2.3 Axle configuration The'distance'between'the'wheels'is'very'important'for' the'stresses'and'strains'that'will'occur'in'the' construcfon.'stresses'and'strains'in'the'construcfon' are'also'determining'the'lifefme.'' Design characteristics 1

144 2.3 Axle configuration Α" Α" δ" Α" δ" δ" Α" δ" 4 δ = Extra surface σ = F/(A+2δ) 2" Design characteristics 1

145 2.4 Width of the pavement What'is'the'width'of'a'road?' Depending'of'the'kind'of'road:' 2 Highway'3,6'm'' 2 Provincial'road'3'm.'' Lane%width% F s % <'3,00'm'' 3,00' '3,50'm' >'3,50'm' 1,14' 1,07' 1,00' Design characteristics 1

146 2.5 Number of lanes Number%of%lanes% F r % One'lane/special'lane'' 1,00' Two'lanes' 0,95' Three'lanes'or'more' 0,90' How'many'of'the'trucks'are'driving'on'the' right'lane'in'holland?'' 90%' Which'lane'is'most'heavily'used?'' Right' Design characteristics 1

147 2.6 Effect of the speed Number%of%lanes% F r % 20'km/h' 1,76' 40'km/h' 1,33' 60'km/h' 1,12' 80'km/h' 1,00' Design characteristics 1

148 2.7 Calculation N eq N eq '= 'Total'amount'standard'axle'load'repeFFons.'' V '= 'Amount'of'trucks'per'24'hours.' W '= 'Amount'of'work'days'per'year.' F s '= 'CorrecFon'factor'for'the'amount'of'driving'lanes'per'year.' F v '= 'CorrecFon'factor'for'the'driving'lane'width.' F r '= 'Speed'of'the'heavy'traffic.' D v '= 'Truck'damage'factor.' G '= 'Growth.' L '=' 'Life'span.' Design characteristics 1

149 3. Soil Design characteristics 1

150 3. Soil Soil'characterisFcs'that'are'influencing'the'pavement' thickness' '2.1'DeterminaFon'type'of'soil' '2.2'Bearing'capacity'' '2.3'Groundwater'level' '2.4'Capillarity'of'the'ground' '2.5'Sejling'behavior' Design characteristics 1

151 3. Soil properties business cart Peat'PT' Cohesive'material' Viscosity % %0.30% Dynamic%s@ffness %100%kg/cm 2% Ground%water%level: %S%0.5%m% Capillarity: % %20%m% Design characteristics 1

152 3.1 Determination type of soil Design characteristics 1

153 3.2 Bearing capacity The'strength'of'a'granular'material'against' deformafon,'and'spreading'of'the'load' '''''''''' ''''''''''''''' Bearing'capacity'is'mainly'depending'of:''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1.'Grain'sizes' 2.'Organic'material' 3.'Moisture'content' 4.'CompacFon '' Design characteristics 1

154 3.2 Bearing capacity 2 The'bearing'capacity'is'expressed'in'StaFc' or'dynamic'elasfc'modulus'of'the'soil.'' 2 Edyn'='10'*'CBR' 2 MPa'or'N/mm 2' 'or''10*mpa'='kgf/cm 2' Design characteristics 1

155 3.2 Bearing capacity Soil'has'a'memory?''E stat ' 'E dyn' F' Peat'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Sand F' ' F' F' E' E' E' E' ν" ν" ν" ν" '''E dyn ' 'E stat ' ' ' '''''''''''''''''''''''E dyn ' 'E stat' Design characteristics 1

156 3.2 Bearing capacity Design characteristics 1

157 3.2 Bearing capacity Material% Peat' 10' Clay' Sand' Paving'stones' Asphalt' Furnace'slag' Sand'cement'stabilizaFon' ImmoCem'+'sludge' (MPa)% 25' '75' 75' '150' 1.500' 7.500' 1.000' 5.000' 4.522' '4.975' Design characteristics 1

158 3.3 Ground water level The'effect'of'groundwater'under' the'road'has'influence'on'the' bearing'capacity'and'frost/thaw' behavior' Design characteristics 1

159 3.4 Capillarity the'ability'of'a'substance'to'draw'another'substance'into'it.' The'standard'reference'is'to'a'tube'in'plants'but'can'be'seen' readily'with'porous'paper. h is the liquid-air surface tension (J/m² or N/m) θ is the contact angle ρ is the density of liquid (kg/m 3 ) g is acceleration due to gravity (m/s²) r is radius of tube (m). ' Design characteristics 1

160 3.4 Capillarity Design characteristics 1

161 3.4 Capillarity Soil%Type% Capillarity%(m)% Rocks' 0' Gravel' 0' Sand' 020,3' Clay' 1210' Peat' >10' Design characteristics 1

162 3.5 Settling behavior Immediate%seWlement%(ri)% {'elasfc'deformafon'with'no'change'in'water'content' {'occurs'rapidly'during'the'applicafon'of'load' {'quite'small'quanfty'in'dense'sands/gravels'and'sfff/hard'clays' {'decrease'in'voids'volume'as'pore'water'is'squeezed'out'of'the'soil' {'occurs'slowly'according'to'the'permeability' {'only'significant'in'clays'and'silts' Secondary%seWlement%or%creep%(ra)% {'due'to'gradual'changes'in'the'parfculate'structure'of'the'soil' {'occurs'very'slowly,'long'aler'consolidafon'is'completed' {'most'significant'in'sol'organic'soils'and'peats' Thus,'final%seWlement,%r%=%ri%+%rc%+%ra' Design characteristics 1

163 3.5 Settling behavior Design characteristics 1

164 4. Surfacing Design characteristics 1

165 4. Surfacing 3.1'Why'surfacing?' 3.2'What'qualiFes'must'the'surface'have?' 3.3'Which'opFons'are'there?' 3.4'What'is'the'effect'on'the'pavement?' Design characteristics 1

166 4.2 Properties of the road Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' Skid'resistance '''''''''' the'bounded'layer.' - 2'Airplanes' 2'Cars'and'trucks' 2'Bicycles' Noise'reducFon' Splash'and'spray' 'permanent'loads'' 'Heat' 'Heavy'loads' 'Water'impermeability' Design characteristics 1

167 4.3 Surface layer materials Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' Asphalt'' - Chip'and'spray' Concrete'bricks' Concrete' CombinaFon'upper'layer' ARC' Direct'StabilizaFon'' Design characteristics 1

168 Content 1. General' Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' 2. RoadCem'basics' 3. BISAR'CalculaFons' 4. Example'BISAR'CalculaFons' 5. Determine'the'lifeFme' 6. Exercises' - General

169 Content 2'Maximum'wheel'load'''''''''''''''''''2''Viscosity''of'soil'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2'Viscosity'of'used'materials' Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' please' 2'Tyre'pressure ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2''Dynamic'elasFcity'module'of ''''2Dynamic'elasFcity'module'of' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''soil''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''material' - STEP'1' Business'cards' Establish%layer%thickness,%in%programme' STEP'2' CalculaFng'with' BISAR' Calculate%stresses%strains%and% displacements' '''''Check%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Check%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%Check %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Check%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Check%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%Deforma@on%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Deforma@on%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Pressure%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Fa@gue%and%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Remaining%%' %%%%SubSbase%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Founda@on%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Strength%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Breaking%strain%%%%%%%%%%Aspects' Op@mize%' construc@on' STEP'3' Checking' STEP'4' OpFmizing' General

170 2. RoadCem basics Sand'SP' Non'cohesive'material' Viscosity: E'dynamic: ''''''''''''''''''0.35' ''''''''''''''''''1000'kg/cm 2 ' ''''''''''''''''''1500'kg/cm 2' Ground'water'level:'''''''''''2'2'm' Capillarity: '''''''''''''''''''0.3'm' Tabasco' Small'Roads' Number'of'trucks:'''''''''''''''2*10^4' Standard'axle'load:'''''''''''''100'kN' Type'of'surface'material:'''Asphalt' Width:'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3.2'm' Lifespan:'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''14'years' Input'data'to'make'calculaFons' Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' - 1. ProperFes'of'the'soil' 2. ProperFes'of'the'traffic' 3.''ProperFes'of'the'materials' Sand'RoadCem' PowerCem'Technologies' Pressure'strength:''''''''10'Mpa' Breaking'strain:'''''''''''''400'mm/m' FaFgue'relaFon:''''''''''''Literature' Dynamic'SFffness:''''''''6000'MPa' Design characteristics 2

171 2. RoadCem basics Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' Calculate'the'construcFon'to'prevent'damage'during'predesFnated'lifeFme:' Design:'Failing'mechanism'roads' the'bounded'layer.' - DeformaFon'construcFon' DeformaFon'foundaFon'(unbounded)' 'Crack2forming'foundaFon'(unbounded)' 'DeformaFon'grade' DeformaFon'subgrade' Design characteristics 2

172 3. BISAR Calculation This'is'an'iteraFve'process' Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' - 1. Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the' top'of'the'bounded'layer.' 2. Check'the'strain'at'the'bojom'of'the' bounded'layers.' 3. Check'the'deformaFons'in'the' unbounded'materials' Design characteristics 2

173 3. BISAR Calculation Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' - (Fre'pressure)' If#this#is#not#the#case,#then#the# mixture#must#be#changed#or#a# surface#layer#with#a#higher# compressive#layer#(arc,#concrete# with#concrecem)#must#be#applied.## Design characteristics 2

174 3. BISAR Calculation Check'the'strain'at'the'bojom'of'the'bounded' - layers.' The'strain'at'the'bojom'determines'the'' Resistance'against'cracks'due'to:' ε<'ε breaking'strain' 2 One'over'ceding'heavy'load'' ''('Breaking'strain)' (N eff' )'<'(N eq ) '(fafgue)' 2 Repeated'equivalent'' 'wheel'loads'80'kn'(fafgue)' Design characteristics 2

175 3. BISAR Calculation Design characteristics 2

176 3. BISAR Calculation Design characteristics 2

177 4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'1:On'the'move'with'BISAR'1/8'' Design characteristics 2

178 4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'1:On'the'move'with'BISAR'1/8'' Design characteristics 2

179 4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'2:On'the'move'with'BISAR'2/8'' Design characteristics 2

180 4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'3:On'the'move'with'BISAR'3/8'' Design characteristics 2

181 4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'4:On'the'move'with'BISAR'4/8'' Design characteristics 2

182 4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'5:On'the'move'with'BISAR'5/8'' Design characteristics 2

183 4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'6:On'the'move'with'BISAR'6/8'' Design characteristics 2

184 4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'7:On'the'move'with'BISAR'7/8'' Design characteristics 2

185 4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'8:On'the'move'with'BISAR'8/8'' Design characteristics 2

186 5. Determine lifetime 2 ''='compressive' +'='tensile' ''''1,35'kg/cm 2 '' ''''<'50'kg/cm 2' So'this'is'ok!' (Yellow'value'is' determined'in'' The'material' design'and' controlled'in' the'laboratory)' Design characteristics 2

187 5. Determine lifetime 12,5'mm/m ' 12,5'mm/m'<'' 400'mm/m ' So'this'is'ok!' (Yellow'value'is' determined'in'' The'material' design'and' controlled'in' the'laboratory)' Design characteristics 2

188 Part%V%Design%of%Airports%

189 Airport Design with FAARFIELD (FAA) Airport Design with BISAR

190 Airport Design FAARFIELD - Input aircraft data

191 Airport Design FAARFIELD pavement design

192 FAARFIELD program calculates automatically the layer thicknesses, based on: Aircraft fleet and number of landings per year Mechanical properties of pavement materials Required Design life Subgrade properties

193 BISAR program calculations also, based on: Aircraft fleet and number of landings per year Mechanical properties of pavement materials Required Design life Subgrade properties But not automatically

194 BISAR calculations with RoadCem: 1. Calculate the stress and strain per aircraft type and per pavement construction

195 BISAR calculations with RoadCem: 2. Calculate the allowable number of load repetitions per aircraft per construction Using either fatigue relation of local soil stabilization or e.g. Dutch Road Authorities fatigue relation for AGRAC Log(N)'='21.37' '7.72'x''log(ε)'

196 BISAR calculations with RoadCem: 3. Calculate the Miner number per aircraft per construction Miner = E.g.: Miner ER construction 1 = 2.0 x 10^6/8.0 x 10^6 Miner construction 1 = 8.0 x 10^6 / 8.0 x 10^7

197 BISAR calculations with RoadCem: 4. Summarize the Miner numbers per aircraft per construction E.g.: Total Miner = Miner Miner In this example: Total Miner = 0,25 + 0,1 + +

198 BISAR calculations with RoadCem: 5. Check resulting Miner numbers per pavement construction E.g.: Total Miner = 1; pavement will just show NO damage during the design life of the construction Total Miner < 1; construction is sufficient Total Miner > 1; construction is not sufficient

199 Aim of the design is a pavement construction with Miner number of 1. If Miner > 1, then adapt the design by increasing thickness of the layers and re-calculate all the different airplanes in BISAR and determine the summarized Miner number for the new construction.

200 If Miner < 1, then either: - Allow for the overdesigned construction if financially acceptable or if increase in Aircraft weight or number is expected in the future. - Adapt the design by decreasing thickness of the layers and re-calculate all the different airplanes in BISAR and determine the summarize Miner number for the new thinner construction.

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203 RoadCem%advantages' Reduced%use%of% primary%and% secondary%materials% Less% %Transport% Use%of%onsite% materials% design%of% asphalt% thickness% Cost%%

204

205 Remko%Herremans' Jednatel' Ke%Statku%71' 25401%Jilove%u%Prahy' T:%00420%241%950%091' F:%00420%241%950%091' M:%00420%724805%724'