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mail: dr.mabolfathi@yahoo.com 08338363627 :!.
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a` )b?nf?! >0 J0 +Y8.7 9\ >` =?5?aI J0?! )%>2` ]0:3E0 ^3 Y37 $ M23 ^3 Y7 9\?! 8> C0 '0 ),?5 90) +]0:E0 98 DP3# J.23* 2b 5 90) >) 2b?5?! >0 J0?A J0 &8c2 dl J8_ 60235 )3c )a32?35 )3>7 Y87e '0 Xe.>0 5 $ 6'5 J0 902N'5 90,?5 ]0:E0. > C0 J0?5 98> 637?.3L )#8>$ e.>0 &8'?! >0 )-A, &.2%8` 67X` '0 )K «76'5 &2b» J30.3>0 X$\ Y7023 623=70 67. 6025 )-KO. 67]FF $ 0 9** $ Y8-3 h3?5 79\ 628*Y8- O?!!) "8AO 0 )00:*! 628*Y8- +?2b.(140-101 :1387 +2*0) 0 )N.5 =; 2N. )N.350$.0 /$ "5I. )N.50$?! >0 )k02l )Ik. )>25?2b J0 3. +2R3`)3 28l_3 +7) MS0 6'5 902N?[\ '0 JK'5 27?K0 )# "5I. $ 3>0?3-7 D-8-3?5?.50$ 6'5 )/$2T +0R*) 28l_ 902N 25 :8 902N'5 T 0 379\ $ +30) 0 "5I. )N.50$ J0 020.0 D;e0 25 )A! 2.! 62 m87 33/$?335 335; 902N'335 J8335 33Ao0 )N.3350$ J330 +33!)33 n33oa 9%33-8-.(Mac Millan, 1996: 246) 0 /$ 79\ J85 :8 Q2.% CP, +5; 25 X$P, $ $\).(38 :1381 +)=AF) >0 )PI, ]B.0 87 '0?.2*25 60?2b 76'5 &2b :2' 0 "L 6'5 67 1 pl) X8 2N'5?! 9*28*Y8- '0 )7$2* 3 1. Player.
1 q 861 E K4:<?;;!PF?@ >I"U 66; 2B p2n'5 27 6025 r2.> 672=70 '0 60# 3 2 p.7 2N'5 27 G> tt 62=70 ]B.0 "VE M0!27?! s. '0 )7$2* 3 3 3>?35 +X3L]B.0 s. '0 u 27 C24 '0 2N'5 27 6025?! 7X'5 '0 )7$2* 3.(60 :1383 +60/) \) 3=?35 2N'35 237?3! 3>0 «?8%85 Y!» "V0 76'5 &2b )AV0 67w2 '0 )K J2.%385 H73! )3` $ 3>0 J3-k 9$\ >?5 '0?! >0 6'8.0 J2.-! H0:0?35 60?2b J0.(184-183 :1385 +I8IE) >0 2R`]./0 9\ "-O?! >0 62c 2N3K 35 379\ D-8- $ +'02y5 H:* $ Y8-?5 2N'5 F $?! $)! $ 3763K-7 )3c 6373 )3>25 )3# 376'5 &2b.(73 :1381 +?28%5) L5 G=2 370:50 '0 3>0 60?3,-S $ (Myerson, 1997: 20) )3PI, 9*28*Y8- J85 67z 2NK Y8I. 4?5 7 9\ -,0 $ 7.?! X$2*?5 <52 67%8` )85H8` 6025.(27 :1389 +MI)E +)Oa050) 0 28l_.3>0 0.3>0 C3k $ D83c C38eA "VE +),0:.0 (.>0 ), 25 7 6'5 &2b "3#ea5 3. 8L?5 )Z/ 79\ e.>0 &2b I.# 76'5 90'02`?2b 2.%85 «)3PI, {8OV».?5 M>. 25?KA5 +>0 X% ),' 678#c$ 020 }P3 «93LX325» 60235 9*3!!2L 79\?! >0 2 6:8\?,' 678#c$.(777 :1384 +102*:.a +)2~$)!) & 237 60235 X3L38a 6738` '0 )a$3/ &38Z '0 >0 D=, 6'5 )c "8AO }$ :L5 J8[0 >0 JK- )28o JK'5 $ 62=70 $/.62=70 1 Q5 etc. PlayerA-trategy3 PlayerA Strategy2 Player A -Strategy 1... B wins A wins Tie Player B - Strategy 1... A wins Tie B wins Player B - Strategy 2... Tie B wins A wins Player B - Strategy 3............ Etc 1. Strategy. 2. Outcome. 3. Payoff.
1393!"#$ 4 44 862 $.3L 23S 3 $/ 5 C5k +6'5 '0 )S.?5 0) 9K'5 )5B.0 2=70 : 90) $/ 2=70 1.=W 678` &-7 '0 ]Ak &S8. ";0E :!-88 2.)e 678` &-7 '0 ]Ak &S8. ";0E :J8-8! +3L5 23N )K'5 J8-8! 2=70 5?5% )K'5!-88 X*27 :!-88 &8z; +9.3>`) L5?.L0 b.0 0) JK'5 $ 27?! >0 60?S8. J2.Z5 +2=70 9\ X*9\.(16 :1386?[\ )# L5 2N 124 T5 # )K'5 25?! >0 ).ae 2eV h-s 5 6'5 3 >0 X0 > '0 62N?! L5 6:8F 9\ 25025 > $\) >?5 J824 '0 )K K,235 ÄP3! 93K'5 C3P, 6'5 J0.L5 2eV 25025 7T5$25 h-s )=,?5 3>?35 @a0?! 6'8.0 90:8 27 ] $ @a0 JK'5 J85 2eV ^-/ "VE 5 6'5.>0 )376'35 2e3V28o ^3-/ "3VE 35 676'5) 7) > '0 '8.0 X'00 9-7?5 $\?3A-/'0 s2k3l (3L 2e3V 3= Ä3$:a 93K'5 D0'8.0 62=/ ^-/ 79\?!.7 :302; J30 '0 2e3V ^3-/ "VE 5 6'5 '0 )7?-.>0 2eV ^-/ "VE 5 676'5 "3~$ 238b )K8.!3 )3b 678#; + AS )>2! u 2>25 )5B.0 : $ 5; 35 3# 3.0)3 )3K 3>?35?3! )$2-A; )K8.! )b 678#c$ 02' )07.(203 :1372 +L$) 7) > '0 2N 124?! >0 )$2-A; G3I 6'35 +38 "35I 124 T5 6#?5 Ä$:a?24u 25?!)S\'0 6'5 J0 Y37 6'35 J30?3KA5 +8 2N 124 T5 6#?5 124 u 25.8 :8\5;.7 )/ 6K-7 2, 6025 Y7 $ 628* 2, 6025 3 637}'0 &8%385 $ 2k3> 3/ 637}'0 &38-! 9\?! >0 60?kI )' &ki 1. Good. 2. Bad 3. Saddle Point.
863 E K4:<?;;!PF?@ >I"U 66; 2B &8%385?3! 3>0 60?3kI - K,235 3 302*) Y7?5 E0$ )L'0 +9.> / C3=k Y37 235?3kI 9\ 9.3> 3/ 67}'0 &8-! $ 2k> / 67}'0 $?38a$0 3V0?3A-/'0.3>0 1$23#?8%85 J2.-! }'0?5 )02N-7 &ki J0.L) "V0 25 )PI, 2=70 +2eV ^-/ "VE 5 X2e $ 6'5?! >0 J0 76'5 &2b YA 3E '0 0)?! 6'8.0 J2.-!! }P 5 JK'5 27.>0 0.>0?8%85 J2.-!.37 H73! 3>0 2R`]./0 9\ "-O?! 62c J2.%85 H0:0 0 L5 J-k 9\ );P Y7 5 )' &ki >0 JK- 7 9\ 672=70 +! "-,?*J5 124 $ 27 2*0.(Shubic, 1967: 247)!.(135 :1378 +}) >0 «6Å02.>0 #» 0 76'5 &2b X0 J2YZ '( $%& #!"?32S ; 2*0.0X2! 65?I=4 Y7?2S ; $?I ; &k50 r>0 25 0 7KE )3=,?35.3)3 60?385! 3 )-a` 0 KE L5?I ; 9-a` 25025 J30.3>0?3I $?2S 60; 6K-7 $ 1P.~0 25 ).= 60?85! )-a` KE 9\ $ 0 /$?I ; $?2S ; 98 )K: )A8T <=0 KE )>8> Mb 3; +3KE '0 "KL J0.0 )N.5?I ; 00?5 )#;0$ 602/0 MI 6 $ 9\ @a3b 6Ç +23b Ya3, Y3! > +$ 0 ); $ );IE 6225?2S ; 25?I.(321 :1389 +Ya3,) 3! G;> +$\) /$?5 0 %! )#;0$ )02/0 ;?! 0?85! 0) 0 2W!0?! L) "8K% )>8> ]:E :*25 6z,0 '0?85! +)-a` KE.(33 :9-7) 0?I ; u3802!28o $ u3802! Mb $ 27 )>8> $ )AV0 902N'5 )>8> 67]:E 3!.3> 35?3! 3!)3 u3-! )37h3c J88#?5 )>8> 67]:E.0X5 XÅ$?5) KE "8K% r>0 $?` DV?5 J8[-7 7]:E.28* 02; 900-.>8> M3b 923! X00 6025 M'( 902=7 9L ÉB%?5 $ \)!?5 ()-a` 67)>02!.(146 :1384 +Ja\) >) 6 )>8> 3/$ 3 93' 3 '352 '0 @3A.B 6765?.> )# +M, 6#?5 )>8> ]0:E0 )35B.0 67?J8\ $ J80; O 9 6#?5 )>8> ]0:E0 )a$ 0 $ 0?.L0.(721 :1371 +)c;) 0X5 )-a` $ '0 $.37 63.;0 $ ),-./0 +)>8> D(O 02 &S8. > u '0 )>8> ]0:E0 +!%3 +)302*Y7-7 )7902O5 "E 6025?#/ )0 H0:0 C24 '0 2N 6>
1393!"#$ 4 44 864.3$\)3 3/$?35 62.%385 D02388Ö Mb D=l $ ÑeE 6025 +^' $ 7 +8,$2% 60235 )373V2 3 623=7 +6Üa~30 J.T3> Y702 C24 '0 0) )>8> ]0:E0 9$\ Y7023 35 $ 3! 6'3>8,$2%3 a$ 6025 +?> J0 '0 )=8!2 )>8>!% 3KE 03.;0?35 +).53; )35:E M3b 9$ D3; :38\-a3 I.0 6025 60:50.(62 :1378 +8->0) %B5 8,$2% 6.3>0 9\ 6z3,0?3! 3>0 )'3> 3Z )>8> ]0:E0 +u802! 67Mb D3; )/?5/ +=> J8-7?5.!) 5; 2N-7 5 6/4?5 )>8> D;!.(20 :1384 +X0'8I) >0 2N ]:E?5 )5:E '0 Y7 ^3 $ 37X$23* '0 6-3L )3>8> 35; $!%3 63#?5 +"-, )>02! 237 ^3c0 $ 373>8> r>0 25 %! 00 $ )>8> D; 12 b?5?.9'> )*3' )AV0 &.7 $ 9! D5B.0 $ )>8> ]0:E0 DV 9\ +>7X$2* 9\ '0 u 23V# 637)3>02! )3>8> 9'3> J23YZ ]:E.7) "8K% 0 u802!.38 )35:E 35; :/ 6:8F Z +)>02! 902bEV '0 685 2b?5.>0.(375 :1381 +?28%5) 0 )# ]0:E0 5; 9$5 D5B.0 375; '0?! >0 "5I. 67H! '0 )-S &,-S) )5:E Mb ]0:E0 5; @32# J30?3.=a0.3L)3 "8K%3 )3>8> Mb 7"8K% 60:/0 98 676K-7 $ D3V )*3* 6373a; (28*)-25 0 2.8a $ 02*0.;0 +)5:Eu 67YÜ.(151 :1389 +L +J*$) 28*) 3ZF 92-3L25 35 )3>8> M3A, )K20 ÉB. $ 2$ 928 $ 0=a`( 1'/ M'( $ )3>8> &Ö=3V 35 79'> 2> '0 79\ É8B% b?5 )>8> ]0:E0 6025 8# 23-, )3# +30 60` 9'> )>8> ]0:E0.1 :'02`) )5:E )b 5; 6025 637?=#3L?3! )'3> DP8K% J.L0.2 p>0 2)(4 H02=7 2-,?5 = ]0:E0 D3; 3! 6025 Y- 00 J.L0.3 p0 )A 6:!2.> 5 )K: <=0 }0)AO 3! 60235 ]0:3E0 M:3/ M:3,.4 p35)3 )3AS D35B.0 3# ze 5 2.%85?!.(141 :9-7) %! 2>02> '0 )2 67-E $ 3cI 635?.3> )3 &#/ )AV0 HB5 $ )S8 &IAE &5W?5 )>8> ]0:E0 á3,5 C324 J30 '0 $ 0 XZ, 25 YZ )%I 628*Y8-6025 79\ 07 $ 7-E $ M23 938 G>0$ $?#/ J. '0?.>T25 6Z 90,?5 $ L) 7KE 8,$2%.3'02`) 9\ '0?."KL?! )#eà &I=4?#/ D=ak $ 7?.>0T I.0?5 +8-!E $ )%3GT 02' 0 7X D=ak ^8-S 6025 9K J2.Z5 90) 0 ]0:E0 +$J0'0
865 E K4:<?;;!PF?@ >I"U 66; 2B )3AeO $ 93Z` 67X$2* 628*"KL '0 ^ +79\ 8a# $ ze $ 0 6KL\ 8a# D3=l?35 903)3?! >0 2!! J0 CIO DV.L)?#/?5 )=l)5 C: $ 387?3> 90 6Ç 3. 35 7)>25.(12 :1381 +6à) 5 0$80?#/ )>8> 923! )32# )35:E 0 T ]:E )>L 6Na0 +87 J8.B :>0 9- X2.* )3>8> ]:3E?5 D'0 60$ &` 25 0 T 6Ç B &A7$ 9*76Ç :>0 X$23*?3! 3L)3 X0 9%3 3>0 )3PI, H:*?! 87 J8$ +7) )VT )3PI, 34?35 37]:3E 3 7: 67; $ 72KA-, 5 )70?F '0 X!]B.0 $ 90 6Ç 3. J835 )N.3=-7 25?! >0 ).TL?#/ 87 J8>.28*) Y8-.(194 :1384 +Ja\) 0 8!_ 7X$2* 6z,0 9*76Ç J> +J +?I=4 *+,- ) '0 )37$2* 63> '0 6238*Y8-3 302 376'35 &2b '0 )~:/ 90,?5 1P.~0 &2b.3>0 )! $ M'( )VT 628*Y8-6025 9%P.~0?! >0 (2N'5 $ '0 H85) 902N'5 &3bEP $?=3>O?35 )PI, 8L?5?! >0 )02N'5 628*Y8- &S8. 1P.~0 "8K% 6371P.3~0 "8K%3 83L..37 379\ 93> 2W!0E?5 )` $ '02`) T ^ 3L)3 "8AO$?:S X2e F 676'5 25! XÅ$?5 $ )c 67 25! 5 )>8>.(77 :1381 +?28%5) 6373T02` 1P.3~0 u3 6z,0.08-70 5 85 X2eF 676'5 DP.~0 (Snyder, : 381 390 3L= 235025 379\ YZ3> 3>0 JK- )a$ +K2L 1P.~0 9\?5 <52.(1961 6Ç 9'$ +3L5 3! 2N'35?> 5 ";0E :>0 M'( )k02l 1P.~0 "8K% 6025 9*25?! )-Z> 25 }'0.L5 628*Y8-,; 2W!0 $ 25025 5 902N'5 &-7 J.23N "K3L D3V 9*'5 &-7 T5 }'0 5 25025 5 +$\) >?5 1P.~0 237?3! )-Z3> $ L5 25025 )a-.e0 671P.~0 &-7 2N'5 27 YZ> }'0.L5 1P.~0. (77 :1381 +?28%5) L5 1P.~0 &S8. Z $\) >?5 2N'5 60235 )3>8> 6379'3> $ 37X$2* +020 60R* O0 h 27 '0 >0 D=, 1P.~0?3! 3>0 )3' 1P.3~0 "K3L J23M>2.)-a` $ )5B.0 1070 17?5 98>?3!)a3E +0 '8 AS 6z,0 2W!0E 6Ç?5 60?85! "8K% )8# 9; )3` 902N'35.(37 :1391 +)355) 0 8.T0 0 9\ 67)>2! '0 )-8 )5:E X$2* m87 37 H73! ";03E?35 0 379\ 938 C30 M3, 90:38?!.7 )71P.~0?5 J.>8`.(78 :9-7)
1393!"#$ 4 44 866./ /0 ]0:E0 + J0.0 76'5 &2b "-K 0 9\ 90)?! >0 )L$ )>7 "# >0 02;?! L)?.2* 2b 2eV28o h-s 5 6'5 u 902N'5 90,?5 )>8> C324 '0 )5:E ZF )-a` Mb )>25?5 +?ai J0.>25 C0?5 2NK 5 60?kI 3> M23 60\ '0 )30:8?5 D5B.0 '0 ` ]0:E0 '0 u 27.Y'02`) )>7 "# u3 0 ]0:3E0 '0 u3 237 '0 XL! V = Y80) += J0 25. 70T.Y0 S 4 $ S 3 +S 2 +S 1 67Y>0?5 áaw ZF +J0255.Y87 9% áaw u 5 D5B.0 3 &3#/ ]:3E 90$238` 3V $ X'00 $ )>7 "KL 7áAW E S ]:3E J20324Y3! $ áaw J2uF! S 1 $ J20242` $ J2â:5 S 4.>0 áo5 S 4 >S 3 >S 2 >S 1 :J0255.>0 $ ]:3E u3 2N%3 u 27?! Y8>25 áaw ZF J0 98 C0 &ki?5 Y870T)?35 ^352 u3 "3T0 0 AW ZF J0,; +J0255.>0 9\ C24 '0 XL! 60\ Y37! 90) 2' ae?>?5 0 áaw ZF J0.Y87) 02; Y7! 2' DV.0 02; 1 K J23u3F!?! >0 )' +\ 70T?00?! )A(?5 7áAW 6025 )8%-7 J2.Z5 3I# )8%3-7 0 +)8%3-7 h3 J30.L) X0 6/ áaw J2â:5 "5I áaw.l5 2 "KL?8=L 0) )Z "KL +W 6025.Y80T) 2 K
867 E K4:<?;;!PF?@ >I"U 66; 2B 9\ 6$ )EP3V0 903) 6O?5 +J0255.>0 1#. "KL J0?! >0 JL$ 2*0?! Y80).! 288Ö 7E 288Ö 9$5 0) r~ 6/ +W 6025.2! -,0 J30 +J0255. 70T 5l E +! 288Ö áaw he0 288Ö 9$5 áaw u rç h3c J30.Y83!)3- X7%3 XL! 60\ noa '0 ]0:E0 YZ> 6288Ö?AE2.>0 XL X0 9% 3 "KL 3 K?3K\ 9$35 >25 )!2.% )>ÇY7?5 0) $S áaw $?! 2*?S8. 90) +Y8>25 )>ÇY7?5 }$ J8-7 5 :8 0 2N $S áaw $ 2*0.! 288Ö 9%7E.>0 XL X0 9% 4 "KL X\>?5 &S8. 4 K 35 dy83>25 á3aw 4 60235 )3>ÇY37 &ki?5 Y80) \?! >0 ã2k 0ä> J0 E 9\?3! 3>0 9\ 63 J30 '0 I.0.8> Y870T )>ÇY7 u?5 E 288Ö )!0 J30 3I# )8%-7?! 2* 2b 5 0 +! 288Ö >0 JK- ]0:E0 )z#5 YZ> 30 +37 2388Ö 0 37YZ3> >0 JK- DEPV0.5 70T Y-88 X0-7 E 288Ö $ J23â:35?%8-7 ]:E J2â:5 +W 6025.7)- 288Ö 0 ãk> $ XN/ X*m87 )7KE?!!) YKE )%0$.5 70T J2uF!?%8-7 ]:E J2uF!
1393!"#$ 4 44 868 &38P,0 '0?3.2*25) %3 X0 2388Ö R3*$' $ )~:/ "(?5 0?. 02I.>0 >7D?!.(K20 PI.>0 D=l $ 60` 6025 )A5 ^ +DX! ]0:E0 YZ> 288Ö J0 "-O J8[-7 J30 0:S DV?5 ]0:E0 2*0 +)=,?5.L0 70T 79\ J85 6'5 $ )>8> Y.8> "!.8> 70T )A! DA5 ^?5 +2Ry5 0 uf! D0288Ö :02; J0?5 )>7 "# 672 S 1 S 2 S 3 S4 5 K S1+S2+S3+S4 =100 S3 01 S3b = ------------------- 6+S3S S6 01 S6b = ------------------- 6+S3S 50 2 S S2b = ------------------- 3+S2S S3 50 S3b = -------------------- 3+S2S S3 S6 S3+S6 S2 S3 S2+S3 S3b S6b 01 S2b S3b 50 S1b S1+S4 b = S2 + S3 b = 50 S3b S2b Sib <50 S4b 6 K
869 E K4:<?;;!PF?@ >I"U 66; 2B 4 Y37 "3# '0 #5 +Y8L5?.L0 X'00Y7 q]:e ZF D5B.0 '0 #5 2*0 :)WT "# :L0 Y870T X'00Y7 q]:e S 1 S 2 S 3 S4 S 1 S 2 S 3 S4 7 "KL '0 3#5 +3L5?.3L0 )3kT 30:0 "K3L Y7! ]:E ZF D5B.0 '0 #5 2*0 :0 70B é 288Ö Y7 '5 "# S 1 S 2 S 3 S4 S 1 S 2 S 3 S4 8 "KL "8K%3 623#I 23 Y7! ]:E ZF D5B.0 '0 #5 2*0 :8 )WT "# $ $ 35)3 H7! )-! ]:E J2â:5 $ J2uF! YZ> +)>7 "# '0 #5 +7.5 70T )5:Eu )b 12# "# '0 "=; ^0/ J0.5 70T 5l?8 ]:E ^3k;?35 3E0$ ]:3E.3>0 M'( 38; $ ";0E +L5?.L0 /$ 62=?K\ 6025 3K8`?35 Y3Ü 9-L 5 )a$ +! 9\ J:N/ 0 0\ e0 0 H02* )>8> D0'= 93K0 $ 3! A3> 93eaB '0 0 )5:E "8K% CE?! >) S\?5 Mb J0.:8T)25.(160 :1354 +XÜ$$) - 2O D; 90007?5 0 K8` 679'> h J0 '0 Xe.>0 S 1 S 2 S 3 S4 S 1 S 2 S 3 S4 9 K
1393!"#$ 4 44 870 "3# '0 #5 +7 "8K% ]O 62 Y7! ]:E ZF D5B.0 '0 #5 2*0 J23â:35 $ J23u3F! YZ3> $ 5) H7! )-! ]:E &8 ]:E $ YZ> +)>7.2! 70B 288Ö ]:E S 1 S 2 S 3 S4 S 1 S 2 S 3 S4 10 K $ J30?3! 0 60?AV 2*0.Y8! "V$ Y7?5 0 4 "KL )>ÇY7 &ki $ Y870T) 60?3kI 5?*ZF )>ÇY7?5 98> 6025 +Y28N5 2b GTX` u 0 Y7 5?kI $ Y83!)3 08` 7GTX` = ;?5?/ 5 0?kI J0.Y8- ]B.0 0 GTX` J0 '0.Y8>25?*ZF )>ÇY7?5 Y80) 82J5 X7%3 ).a3e G3TX3` J2X! +L X0 ã2l 1 "KL?! )7aE 98 '0 938 '0 +"8a J8-7?5.28*) 02; ]:E J2â:5 "5I ]:E J2uF!?! L).Y:*25 I# )8%-7 ae 90,?5 0 ae J0?> 9\ 11 K J835 )3>-A DP3# +)3N-7 )3>ÇY7 "8K% $ 7áAW rç 9K ãpv0 '0 #5.0 '38 37X0 Y.38> 63K-7 "3-O?5 )a0. 67D$S.7 é 0) ]0:E0 DP3# 3S0 á3,5 hc J0 Ä(-.E0 $ L 70T 7áAW E 288Ö => ãpv0 H73! 628N-%3F O?5 ]:E 27 )N!T -.E0 9F +L 70T ]0:E0 J85 /. 70T )3K :0 3/$ 2 '>"K% &8E $ +>0 ÉB% 4 "KL?! 49-7 J0 "# '0 #5 $ >0 25025 "T0 &8E 5 èt &8E?! "T0 &8E 62N $ èt &8E.25) J85 '0 $!) )WT 0 2N-7 X'E $
871 E K4:<?;;!PF?@ >I"U 66; 2B "3# 3-,0 '0 #5 02' +>0 Y.8> 92! G=z DEPV0 J0 60: '0 2N )K ># 905 J0.7) "8K% 0 ^52 E "! @ 2NK 5 áaw $ J0 )>7 0 3T $3S ]0:3E0 '0 )3K 23b +1P.~0 &2b 5 C5k?!)V 2â:5 ]:E?!.0R* 02/0?5 0 T Y8-0) +! A/ 233.# 0 M3b J30 $ 7!).% $ )N*F '0 ]0:E0 J0 98 1P.~0 H08` )=A43O0 ]0:E0 '0 u 27?[F "# '0 #5 L) X7%.(180 :1386 +)c;)!) @3;. 0 9\ 9%3I0 5 0)?%8-7 1P.~0 &2b 5 C5k Y7'5 2N ]:E?> +! '0 J83[-7 $ 3L)3?3#e-a0M3, 30 ^23> $ {2V DI0 á,5 : J0.!?.3L0 60?3=/ $ D!2E ]0:E0 7) X'/0 $!) 628*A/ (5 u 5 D-8- $ 235)3 (5 0 6K-7 6025 TL 7)*Å$ J0.L) )#-/ DI0 á,5?! L5.7) H7! 0 KL -.E0 12,?35 +)3>7 Y873e '0 Xe.3>0 5 +76'5 &2b 6025 )A-K 9[-7 +)>7 "# &2b?3! 3>)3 C30?35 Y37 35 63O?5 9\ 9-a` ]0:E0?! >0 60?kI &~00 = 25.!) ã2k 0 )72 b J5 $ 5) H7! ";0E?5 +Dc# $ DP.T0 +3L5 S 4 $ S 3 +S 2 +S 1 D35B.0 '0 3` ]:3E 3ZF '0 M0! 27 60\ YZ> 2*0 +r>0 J0 :\) >?5 2' 672 5 ]0:E0 '0 M0! 27 60\ L"# S1 50 S1b =------------------- 4+S1S S2 50 S2b =------------------- 3+S2S S4 50 S4b =------------------- 4+S1S S3 50 S3b =------------------- 3+S2S. 3456 # 6.: (78 ; 2% +902Z + $0 êf +Ya, J-E2a0=, &-/2 +/ KE $ >8> +(1384) '2.8` 6* ] +5. Ja\.1.K2\ PI.>0 &8P,0.2.XN D0%.0 +902Z +$0 êf )>8> 67.K $ DEPkV0 ë72 +(1391) :$2` +)55.3
1393!"#$ 4 44 872.2V# XN &>ä +902Z +Y%L êf +)>8> H0 }'\ +(1381) J8E +?28%5.4.' D0%.0 +902Z +$0 êf +6028.! r=,)a, &-/2 +)0' 6-# +(1386 M8A$ +9.>`.5.8e XN%0 2% +Y; +$0 êf +)>8> MA, )>L}$ +(1385) V 8> +I8IE.6.?*\ 2% +902Z +$0 êf +2Z* u8 J8Oa0=, &-/2 +)>8> )>L?#/ )= +(1389)"80 +L p0 +J*$.7.J8A!02 D0%.0 +902Z +YS` êf +)c; "zea050 &-/2 +>8> YA, V0 +(1354) +XÜ$$.8 +384 3c28A, $ )*:5 8E$ &-/2 +"A-a0J85 G50$ w#. 67?2b +(1384) D250 +102*:.a p:-8/ +)2~$.9. ; 2% +902Z +MZF êf.) 2% +902Z +YK $ 85 êf +>8> YA, 6785 +(1389) J-E2a0=, +Ya,.10.902Z XN%0 D0%.0 902Z + u A/ +)>8> 67Z $ )>>0 IE +(1371) "zea050 +)c;.11 +$0 ê3f +$0 3A/ +)3>8> )>L?#/ 6-70 +)->; )A,-O +62 2; &-/2 +(1388) 9* X$2*.12.62=70 D#ak K%7$Å` + 902Z +M3ZF ê3f +)e3> )/E -O280 &-/2 +)>8> MA,?2b $ }$ +(1387) 62/ +2!.>0 p +}.13..62=70 D#ak K%7$Å` D0%.0 +902Z ; 2% +902Z +$0 êf +àe6à 67X$2* $ ]0:E0 +(1384) -E0 +X0'8I.14.X2.* D0%.0 +902Z +)5:E 67Mb $ )>8> ]0:E0 +(1381) )A#8E +6à.15 <= - 376'35 &32b $ )38-40 G02L 628*Y8- áo5 6725! +(1389) ^8 +MI )E +2ÖV0 +)Oa050.16.(9.5 $ Z5) 13 -L +)%7$Å`-)-A, +6.;0 67./ +)P>0.;0 92! 0 -)>8> D,P40 +)e> íe -O280 &-/2 +M> 9Z/ )02*D2W! $ )>8> ]0:E0 +(1378) )> )5 +8->0.17.(28 $ 02T) 141-142 -L +)%7$Å` )-A, +6.;0 +)3S$2 -)3-A, +)3c &%0 $ ë72 +76'5 &2b?%; 6Å02.>0 +(1387) )-, 'Z5 $ J80 +60/.18.(Z5) 40 -L +J:35 1P30 ).T3L?3#/ "38AO 5 :X2'$. "8AO 6'5 &2b 25! +(1383 ) c-o +?N 60/.19.(9.') 15 -L +)%7$Å` -)-A, +),-./0 X &A 3> +)%37$Å`-)3-A, +90230 )3>L?#/ &AS +6'>?2b )-8b 60:50 +H! 6z +(1381) # +)=AF.20.(Z5) +$0 -L +MZF +)%37$Å` -)3-A, +);3IE D3I8IO &3AS +@A.B 67?.L 76'5 &2b 2KA-, $ #50 +(1387) ì0 +2*0.21.(2Z) 29 -L +)>8> MA, $ IE K%0 &A +Z'5 6 2V, +(1372).(9.5 $ Z5) 47 -L "8A/ +L$.22 4 (! 23. Mac Millan, John (1996), Games, Strategies & Managers: How Managers Can Use Game Theory to Make Better Decision, Oxford University Press, USA. 24. Myerson R. B (1997), Game theory analysis of conflict, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 25. Rapoport, A (1974), Game Theory As a Theory of Conflict Resolution, D.Reidel press, Boston. 26. Shubic, Martin (1967), Games for Society, Business and War: Towards a Theory of Gaming, Wiley Press, New York. 27. Snyder, Richard C (1961), Game Theory and the Analysis of Political Behavior, in Rosenau, International Politics and Foreign Policy.