,,,,,,,,,,,,.. /... /. /

output port baffle input port

rods cones Sensitivity 10 0 S-cone 10 1 M-cone L-cone 10 2 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 nm750nm Wavelength

10 0 10 1 2005 Quantal sensitivity 10 2 10 3 1978 1931 10 4 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 nm750nm Wavelength

/

2.0 1.5 1964 10 1931 2 z Colour matching functions [p.u.] 1.0 y x 0.5 0 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 nm750nm Wavelength ( ) = ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) = + + = + + = + + + + = = =

0.8 510 nm 0.7 0.6 500 nm 0.5 520 nm 530 nm 540 nm 550 nm 560 nm 570 nm 580 nm y 0.4 590 nm 600 nm 0.3 0.2 490 nm 620 nm 650 nm 780 nm 0.1 0 480 nm 470 nm 460 nm 380 nm 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 x = = = ( )

510 nm 500 nm 0.5 530 nm 550 nm 560 nm 570 nm 580 nm 590 nm 600 nm 610 nm 620 nm 640 nm 780 nm 490 nm 0.4 v 0.3 0.2 0.1 480 nm 470 nm 460 nm 450 nm 380 nm 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 u = = + + + + = = + + + +.

= = + + = + + = + +. = = + + = = + +. + + =, = = = = + + = + + = + + =.

2000 K 3000 K 4000 K 6000 K 10000 K 10000 K 6000 K 2000 K 3000 K 4000 K ( ) = ( ) [ ]

=. /. / +. / +. =. / +. / +. / +. =.. +.. =.. +.. =+.. +..

= ( ) +( ) +( ). =. ( =,...,). =

= ( ) +( ) +( ). = ( ) +( ).

0.8 510 nm 0.7 0.6 500 nm 0.5 520 nm 530 nm 540 nm 550 nm 560 nm 570 nm 580 nm y 0.4 590 nm 600 nm 0.3 0.2 490 nm 620 nm 650 nm 780 nm 0.1 0 480 nm 470 nm 460 nm 380 nm 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 x

/ / Ec phonon emission energy Ev momentum

= = =. E c E t E v a b c d = ( + )+ ( + ).

=. =, / = + + + ( ) =.

Ec Ev =, =,

=, = = Ec Ev =

Ec escaping electrons electron blocking layer escaping electrons carrier distribution Ev

Ec Ec1 subbands energy Eg1 Eg2 Ev Quantum wells z Ev1 subbands sapphire substrate n-type GaP p-type GaP AlGaInP n-type GaN p-type GaN MQW n-type GaN p-type GaN roughning p-contact n-contact n-contact p-contact n-contact p-contact n-contact

= + + + = ( ( / ) ) ( ) = +, =.

1.0 I[A] 1.0 I[A] 0.5 0.5 0 red diode U[V] 0 green diode U[V] 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 1.0 I[A] 1.0 I[A] 0.5 0.5 0 blue diode U[V] white diode U[V] 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 / = ( ( ( )/ )).

blue InGaN green InGaN red AlGaInP 400 450 500 550 600 650 nm700nm Wavelength red AlGaInP green InGaN blue InGaN 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 ev3.0ev Energy

( ) = ( ) ( ) / Boltzmann distribution density of states intensity FWHM (1.8kT) energy 1.8 2.0 2.2 Eg 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2eV Eg+kT/2 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 high energy slope 3.2eV log(intensity) energy 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2eV 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2eV = +/ ( ) ( ( ) ) =..

60 C 10 C 550 600 650 700 450 500 550 600 400 450 500 550 350 500 650 800

a) luminous flux at nominal current [lm] 81.2 77.1 76.7 72.2 green 70.6 white e) peak wavelength [lm] 645.3 red 519.3 green 16.2 0.49 b) radiometric power [W] 50.1 red 14.9 blue 639.1 517.2 459.3 441.3 460.5 blue 442.6 white f) full width at half maximum [nm] 34.65 green 28.00 white 0.29 32.30 0.24 0.16 3.92 c) voltage at nominal current [V] 0.38 red 0.25 blue 0.21 white 0.15 green 23.60 21.05 19.75 23.25 blue 21.75 red 3.80 3.66 3.83 red 3.61 blue 32.9 g) luminous efficacy [lm/w] 3.52 17.7 d) power efficiency [%] 3.56 green 3.40 white 30.0 29.6 white 28.0 29.0 green 10.8 9.7 6.4 14.3 red 10.0 blue 8.70 white 6.10 green 18.7 red 6.09 5.88 blue 20 30 40 50 60 C heatsink temperature 20 30 40 50 60 C heatsink temperature

a) luminous flux at nominal current [lm] 86.3 66.8 81.8 green 50.0 57.0 white e) peak wavelength [lm] 652.2 red 18.4 0.41 b) radiometric power [W] 29.4 red 17.4 blue 645.6 520.5 459.7 442.8 522.4 green 461.0 blue 444.7 white f) full width at half maximum [nm] 0.33 0.19 0.18 0.30 red 0.30 blue 0.16 white 0.16 green 34.6 36.8 green 24.7 blue 22.9 red 3.72 c) voltage at nominal current [V] 22.7 20.8 3.67 3.64 3.31 17,0 16.3 white 3.58 red 3.55 white 3.54 blue 15.5 d) power efficiency [%] 3.19 green 36.0 24.9 g) luminous efficacy [lm/w] 35.4 green 19.0 22.2 white 12.4 7.4 7.0 11.5 red 11.6 blue 7.10 green 6.30 white 11.4 red 6.94 6.82 blue 20 30 40 50 60 C heatsink temperature 20 30 40 50 60 C heatsink temperature

/ / / / /

= / +. = +. ( )=( ) ( )+ ( ) ( ).

1.0 I[A] 1.0 I[A] 0.5 0.5 temperature increase temperature increase 0 red diode U[V] 0 green diode U[V] 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 1.0 I[A] 1.0 I[A] 0.5 0.5 temperature increase temperature increase 0 blue diode U[V] white diode U[V] 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 ( ).. ( ) = (.. )+( ) (.. ) ( ), =.

10 1 10 0 Thermal capacitance [J/K] 10 1 10 2 die die attach 10 3 heat slug TIM heatsink 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Thermal resistance [K/W]

die die attach heat slug TIM heatsink dissipated power ambient temperature XY Graph Current I I Tj V I Ploss V XYZ Pin Tj Rth(hs a) IT2IV IV2XYZ Static thermal model Rth(hs a) /

80 60 Flux [lm] 5 2080 Rth(hs-a) 60 Flux [lm] 40 20 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 I [A] 40 20 Rth(hs-a) 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 I [A] 5 10 15 20 = = / /..

= = / / = = = = ( ) ( ) ( ), = = = ( ) ( ) = = =

= = = =. = + +( + )( )

60k 50k 40k 30k 20k B50/L70 Lifetime [h] 700mA 1000mA 350mA 10k 10k 700mA InGaN diode Tj [ C] AlGaInP diode Tj [ C] 0 0 100 110 120 130 140 150 50 70 90 110 130 150 60k 50k 40k 30k 20k B50/L70 Lifetime [h] 350mA

= ( ), =, Flux 76.7 77.0 16.2 81.2 d 0 0 0 0

v* 0.001 0.5183 0.001 u* 0.5433 0.0535 0.5717 0.1739 0.1258 0.2087 0.4960 Flux 76.7 77.0 16.2 81.2 Idc 0 0 0 0

v* 0.01 u* 0.01 0.5433 0.5183 0.0535 0.5717 0.1739 0.1258 0.2087 0.4960, =,

tristimulus X tristimulus Y tristimulus Z X,Y,Z d If,peak 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.38 y T s T s, AM 1.0 0.9 0.8 d T s, PWM x 0.37 0.352 0.354 0.356 0.358 0.360 0.7 0.6 I f,peak /I f, max T heatsink 0.5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

= [ ], =. +. +. =.. +.

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 wavelength shift [nm] hybrid AM -1 PWM -2 0% 20% 20 C 40 C 60 C I avg /I f.max 40% 60% 80% 100% +5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0-1 wavelength shift (nm) AM hybrid PWM -2 0% 20% 20 C 40 C 60 C I avg /I f.max 40% 60% 80% 100% 1.0 duty cycle 1.0 duty cycle 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 20 C 0.2 40 C 60 C I peak [A] 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.4 20 C 0.2 40 C 60 C I peak [A] 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7,, =. +. +.,, =. +. +.

0.74 y AM 0.06 y AM 0.73 hybrid 0.05 0.72 0.14 PWM 0.15 0.16 x 0.17 0.18 0.04 0.13 hybrid PWM x 0.14 0.15 /

+ + + + +

0.8 X 20 0.8 Y 0.6 0.4 0.2 i v 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.8 Z 0.6 0 5 10 15 12 14 0.6 0.4 0.2 i v 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.8 0.6 Prad 20 40 60 80 0.18 0.16 0.4 8 10 0.4 0.12 0.2 i v 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 2 4 6 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.14 0.2 i v 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.08 0.577 v 0.576 0.575 0.574 0.060 0.061 0.062 0.063 0.064 u

3.30 d = 0.2 d = 0.4 d = 0.6 d = 0.8 d = 1.0 3.25 3.20 v 3.15 0.80 0.75 0.70 i 0.65 0 0.01 0.02 0 0.01 0.02 0 0.01 0.02 0 0.01 0.02 0 0.01 0.02 0.0005 0.5737 v 0.0005 u 0.0630 =

colour colour conversion controller LED driver = = = > = + = = =

= = = ( ) ( ) =.. ( ) =.... +. =. +. =. +. =. =. = + = =.. +... + = = + + =............

= = =. = + =... = =.... = /... = + =.. +.. =..... [, ]

Duty cycle 1.0 } Feasible solution range White LED Green LED 0.0 dre dpinv d = dpinv + spinv/10 Blue LED Red LED = / = / = = = Tristimulus [lm] 50 48 46 44 42 40 Z Y X Eab * 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10min 20min 30min 0 10min 20min 30min

0.7 Ir Iin Tj Iout V I Ploss V XYZ Ta Pin Ta Tj IT2IV R IV2XYZ R Tambient Thermal model R 0.7 Ig Iin Iout Tj V IT2IV G I Ploss V XYZ IV2XYZ G XYZ Pin Tj Ta Thermal model G Tj 0.7 Ib Iin Tj Iout V I Ploss V XYZ Pin Ta Tj IT2IV B IV2XYZ B Thermal model B 400 Tristimulus values [lm] 300 X 200 100 Z Y Time [s] 0 300 600 900 1200 1500

temperature colour colour conversion controller LED driver colour colour conversion controller LED driver photodiode

/ temperature colour colour conversion controller LED driver photodiode colour colour conversion controller LED driver colour conversion colour sensor

clear blue green red 400 450 500 550 600 650 nm700nm Wavelength blue green red 400 450 500 550 600 650 nm700nm Wavelength blue green red 400 450 500 550 600 650 nm700nm Wavelength clear violet blue cyan green yellow red 400 450 500 550 600 650 nm700nm Wavelength... =......,...... = =.........

= ( ) = ( ( ( ) ) ) = ( ) 0.8 y 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 x

ir vr red LED model XR YR ZR X Xset PI controller ir,set LED driver ir vr ig vg green LED model XG YG ZG Y PI controller ig,set LED driver ig vg Yset ib vb blue LED model XB YB ZB Z PI controller ib,set LED driver ib vb Zset

ir,set vr red LED model XR YR ZR X Xset PI controller ir,set LED driver ir vr ig,set vg green LED model XG YG ZG Y PI controller ig,set LED driver ig vg Yset ib,set vb blue LED model XB YB ZB Z PI controller ib,set LED driver ib vb Zset 160 X Iin Iout Tj V IT2IV R I Ploss V XYZ IV2XYZ R Ta Tambient Pin Tj Ta Thermal model R 130 Y 264 Z PI(s) Iin Iout Tj V IT2IV G I Ploss V XYZ IV2XYZ G XYZ Pin Tj Ta Thermal model G Tj Iin Tj Iout V I Ploss V XYZ Pin Ta Tj IT2IV B IV2XYZ B Thermal model B

= =., =. : = + + +

< < = = ( + + ) ( + + ) + + +. = ( + )+ ( + + )+ ( + + )+ ( + + ). = + + + + + + + + + = + + + + + = + = < < =. =. = =

G G W R R+G+B W R R+G+B B B Maximal flux [lm] Maximal flux [lm] 150 100 150 100 50 50 0 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Relative intensity [p.u.] 1 0.5 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Relative intensity [p.u.] 1 0.5 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

(,, )=, = { } =, =, = <, <, <,, < < < 60 Luminous efficacy [lm/w] 50 40 30 20 10 0 0K 1000K 2000K 3000K 4000K 5000K 6000K Hybrid 25lm AM 25lm Hybrid 50lm AM 50lm PWM 25lm PWM 50lm 7000K 8000K 9000K 10000K Color temperature

(,, )=, = { } = ( + + ), = <, <, <,, < < < ( + + ),,,,,

Fhybrid FPWM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1.0 10 0.8 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 x 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 y

Fhybrid FAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1.0 10 0.8 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 x 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 y

PFC converter 395 V 30 V DC/DC converter 3 LED driver

If + If,r If + If If,g If + If,b

ig L1 i1 i1+i2 iout vg Cin Cout vout L2 i2 15.0 1.00 12.5 10.0 ripple 0.75 Current [A] 7.5 0.50 5.0 0.25 2.5 Voltage [V] 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ripple magnitude [p.u.] =

( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( ) = ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( ) = = +

= = ( ) = ( ) + = + ( ) = + ( ) ( ) = + ( ) ( ) = + ( ) = + ( ) = + ( ) = + ( ) ( + ( ) = + )( ) ( ( ) + ( ) + + )( ) ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = + }{{} + ( )+ ( )+ ( )+ ( ) + }{{} + ( ) ( )+ ( ) ( ) }{{} = + ( ) = ( )+ ( )+ ( )+ ( )

( ) + ( ) ( = + )( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) + ( ) ( + ) ( ) = + ( )+ ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) = + ( )+ ( ) ( ) }{{}}{{} + ( ) ( ) }{{} = = ( )+ ( ) ( ) = = ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) = + ( ) + + ( ) + ( ) = + } {{ } + ( )+ ( ) }{{} ( ) ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = + = ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( )

= + = = = + ( ) = ( )+ ( )+ ( )+ ( ) = ( )+ ( ) ( ) = ( )+ ( ) ( ) = ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( ) ~ ig(t) ~ i1(t) L1 Vgd1(t) ~ ~ iout(t) ~ vg(t) I1d1(t) ~ I2d2(t) ~ D1i1(t) ~ D1vg(t) ~ ~ vc(t) ~ i1(t) C vc(t) ~ vf(t) Rd ~ i2(t) L2 Vgd2(t) ~ ~ ~ D2i2(t) D2vg(t) ~ vc(t) i2(t) ( ) = ( )+ ( )+ ( )

~ ig(t) ~ vg(t) I1d1(t) ~ I2d2(t) ~ ~ 1:D1 i1(t) L1 Vgd1(t) ~ C ~ iout(t) vc(t) ~ ~ vf(t) Rd 1:D2 ~ i2(t) L2 Vgd2(t) ~ ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( )= ( )= Vgd1(s) ~ i1(s) ~ ~ L1 i1(s) C Rd Vgd1(s) ~ L1 L2 C Rd L2 ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) +

( ) = ( ) ( ) = + = + + + + = + + ( + = ) ( + + ) + = ( + ) + ( ( + ) + ( + ) + + + + = + + ( ) = ( ) + ( ( ) = + ) + + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( )= ( )= i1(s) ~ L1 C Rd Vgd2(s) ~ L2 i1(s) ~ L1 C Rd L2 Vgd2(s) ~ ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) +

( ) ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( ) = + + + = + + = + + ( + ) = ( ) = + ( ) ( ) + + ( + + )+ = ~ ig(t) ~ vg(t) I1d1(t) ~ I2d2(t) ~ ~ 1:D1 i1(t) L1 Vgd1(t) ~ RL1+D1Rtu+D1Rtd 4 C ~ iout(t) ~ vout(t) ~ vf(t) Resr Rd 1:D2 ~ i2(t) L2 Vgd2(t) ~ RL2+D2Rtu+D2Rtd 4

120 Magnitude [db] 0 Phase [deg] 100 ideal Gi1d1 detailed Gi1d1 80 60 40-45 20 0 f [Hz] f [Hz] -90 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6-20 ( ) 200 100 0-100 -200-300 Magnitude [db] Phase [deg] f [Hz] f [Hz] -270 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 0-45 -90-135 -180-225 ideal Gi1d2 detailed Gi1d2 ( ) ( ) ( ) d 2 G ild2 (z) Iref PI z -1 d 1 G ild1 (z) I 1 ZOH

100 80 60 40 Magnitude [db] Phase [deg] 20 8.74 db gain margin 0 360-20 f [Hz] 450 f [Hz] 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 90 180 270 44.2 deg phase margin L RS L () > / =.

= (). () () = +

RS CS RS CS L RL L RL, = / + / = + =( + ) = ( + ) + ( ) = + + = ( ) + + = = =.

() ( () + )/ V2 V1 R1 L RL V1 V2 I1 I2 R2 'R2' I1 Va Vb I2 C1 'C1' Vout 'R1' = = = = +. = = = = = = ( )= ( ) ( )= ( + )= ( )

= ( )= = = = ( + ) = ( + / ) = + / + / = 1 L Rs L L RL Cs =,

=. = =. ()

= = {.,.,. } =. =. =. = % =. = = =( )

10nF LD Ciss=CGD+CGS CGD RG CDS 1nF Coss=CGD+CDS CGS Crss=CGD LS 0.1nF 0 10 20 30V VDS () = = ()

VGS Vsp Vth ID VDS Eon P t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 Eoff / + ()

() R1 R1 V1 V2 I1 I2 R2 'R2' I1 Va Vb I2 C1 'C1' Vout V1 V2 I1 I2 R2 'R2' I1 Va Vb I2 C1 'C1' Vout 'R1' Rbias 'Rbias' 'R1' Vbias

IL1,meas IL1 IL2,meas IL2 /, / / / 7 IL1 [A] 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1000 6 5 4 3 2 1 ADC0 0 2000 3000 4000 0 1000 7 IL2 [A] ADC1 2000 3000 4000

8 6 IL1[A] measurement 6.75A 8 6 IL1[A] simulation 6.75A 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 100 200 300 s 0 100 200 300 s 100% 95% 90% 85% Iout [A] 80% 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15

..