lº L $B Z L$fy sp gp L$p Q V$Zu kp Å X$u S> v$ R> : dp v$u

Transkript

1 Registration of News Paper No. GUJGUJ/2015/65432 Pages: 8 Price : Rs. 3/- Annual Subscription : Rs. 800/- Posting Licence No. RAJKOT / 678 / ,posted at rajkot-rms published & posting dt.-daily (evening) VALID UP TO ; saurashtrakranti@gmail.com Web: S > pny$dp dlprihfpóu p d mpdp 51 aºv$ JQy A 51 gpm ê$öpn u b gp rihg]n p gpmp c¼sp A v$i L$ep lsp. hj v$fçep Aphsp A L$ DÐkhp dp rihfpóu h y ApNhy s ds> rhriô$ dlðh L$pfZ L $ rihfpóu A v$ hpr^v$ h dlpv$ h rih p AhsfZ y h Year: 4, Issue: 119 (Monday) sóu, âl$pil$, dyöl$ A dprgl $: NY$hu Aip L$ dymycp, âl$pi õ p : 125, õv$pf Q çbf, lqflf Qp L$, Q p àgp V$, fps>l$p V$ cpfs p vy$íd.1 dkyv$ ÆhpX$hp pl$. k p ^^ gpnu ÃkkrfMíkkLke MkuLkkyu yk{eo nkuâmãkx Úke ¾Mkuzâku : {MkwË Srðík nkuðklkku Ëkðku (A S>Þku kdpqpf) Lkðe rëõne,íkk. 4 ºkkMkðkËe MktøkXLk suþu {kunb{ëlkk ezh {MkwË yínhlkk {kuíklkk ynuðk ðå[u swëk swëk nuðk ykðe hìkk Au. nðu yuðk nuðk ykôþk Au fu {kuíklkk ynuðk ylku yvðk ðå[u ÃkkrfMíkkLke MkuLkkyu íkulku økrfk u Mkktsu Mkkík ðkøþklke ykmkãkkmk {MkwËLku hkð Ãkze ÂMÚkík çkuí nkuâmãkx k{ktúke çknkð Ãkwh{kt rþ^x fhðk{kt ykôþk Au. Mkwºkkuyu fìkw Au fu su ð¾íku yínhlkk {kuíklkk nuðk ykðe hìkk níkk íþkhu ÃkkrfMíkkLke MkuLkkyu íkulku økkiúk øklke ÂMÚkík suþlkk fubãk{kt rþ^x fhe ËeÄku níkku. {kuíklkk ynuðk ðå[u suþu {MkwË Srðík nkuðklkku Ëkðku fþkuo Au. suþu rlkðuëlk òhe fhelku fìkw Au fu íku Srðík Au. suþu çkk kfkux ÂMÚkík xùu Lkøk MkuLxh Ãkh ¼khík îkhk fhðk{kt ykðu k nw{ klke (A y. p p.5 D f) {nkrþðhkºkelkk ÃkkðLk Ãkðo Ãkh «Þkøkhks{kt yksu {nkfwt¼lkk ytrík{ MLkkLk{kt rºkðuýe Mktøk{ ¾kíku ðnu e MkðkhÚke k¾kulke MktÏÞk{kt Øk wyku W{xe Ãkzâk níkk. lº L$B Z L$fy sp gp L$p Q V$Zu kp Å X$u S> v$ R> : dp v$u lº dy edóu lsp Ðepf NyS>fps pzuv$pf b phhp p kl$ë L$ep lsp : d v$p y pzu, pzu l] Z pfk R> : PM Åd Nf, sp. 4 : kp fpô² u kp u dp V$u Nyfy Np thv$tko kfl$pfu lp [õ V$g p hp dl$p y A A d. u. ipl kfl$pfu d qx$l$g L$p g S> p u.æ (A yõ psl$) rhûp }Ap u hu lp õv$ g p hp dl$p y ApS> hx$pâ^p f ÞÖcpC dp v$u p lõs sl$su A phfz Üpfp gp L$p Z L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. Ap âkn dy edóu rhs>ecpc ê pzu, A peb dy edóu r su cpc 5V$ g krls AÞe dlp ycphp D [õ s füp lsp. Åd Nf, h X $ p â ^ p f Þ Ö d p v $ u A Å d N f u N y ê $ N p t h v $ t k O k f L $ p f u lp [õ5v$g p hp dl$p y A A d. u. ipl d qx$l$g L$p g S> p hp u. Æ. lp õv $g p hp dl$p y gp L$p Z L$ey lsy. âv$i MX$ N pdþx$$mps s u k c p e p Å B l s u. S > d p r h i p m k epdp gp L$p D [õ s füp lsp. hx$pâ^p f ÞÖcpB dp v$u y ApNd sp S> gp L$p A cpfs dpsp L$u S>e p pfp gnpìep lsp. f ÞÖcpB dp v$ua S> d v$ u kbp ^sp L$üy lsy L $, lº L$B Z L$fy sp gp L$p Q V$Zu kp S> Å X$u v$ dy edóu lsp Ðepf NyS>fps pzuv$pf b phhp p kl$ë L$ep lsp, d v$p y pzu, pzu l] ê$ gpm p MQ b gu Åd Nf u Nyê$ Np thv$tko kfl$pfu lp [õ V$g u hu rbëx$]n y A ê$ gpm p MQ b gu A d. u. ipl d qx$l$g L$p g S> u lp õv $g y gp L$p Z hx$pâ^p dp v$ua L$ey Z p f k R >. h X $ p â ^ p b ^ p dlprihfpóu p h u iycl$pd pap, cp mp p kp y cgy L$f. sd b^p Mbf R> L $ d p y aphsy u dp Vy$ S> L$fhp y, ey ldzp. Ap Zp S>hp p pk fpag lp s sp Adpfp A L$ Ås l] A s p A L$ Z bqs l]. L$p N k u kfl$pf f âlpf L$fsp S>Zpìey lsy L $, v$f Q V$Zudp L$p N k v$ hpdpau p sph Aphu Åe l gp u kfl$pf M X $sp dym b pìep. f Þ Ö c p C d p v $ u A A d. u.ipl kfl$pfu d qx$l$g L$p g S>dp r h r h ^ r h j e p d p A æ e p k L $ f s p A yõ psl$ p (A d.a k./a d.x$u) A A d. b u. b u. A k. p â d hj dp Aæepk L$fsp eyhp rhûp }Ap A X$p ¼V$fp kp êbê khpv$ L$ep lsp. h X $ p â ^ p î u A l p [ õ V $ g p h p rbëx$]ndp v$v$}ap A psu kpfhpf A kyrh^pap, Apeyõedp cpfs AsN s S>êfuepsdv$ v$v$}ap rh p dyëe A psu kpfhpf A lp õv$ g p hp rbëx$]ndp rhûp }Ap A psu kyrh^pap AN rhns d mhu hpl $a ep lsp. Apfp Áe L$rdí fs>ers frh A d qx$l$g L$p g S> p X$u X$p. qv$ u v $ k p C Ü p f p h X $ p â ^ p s p A Þ e dlp ycphp AphL$pfhpdp Apìep lsp. A p â k N Å d N f r S > p L$g ¼V$ffrhiL$f, a L$ëV$u X$u X$p. rhs>e p V$, A qx$. X$u X$p. kp Nsp Q V$Æ, A qx$. d qx$l$g kyrâþv$ ÞX $ÞV$ X$p. qv$ L$ rshpfu, X$p. ky^uf dl sp, X$p. cö i ìepk, X$p. kyf ¹Ö k u krls AÞe A Ý e p L $ p, X $ p ¼ V $ f p D [ õ s füp lsp. (1.14) fps>l$p V$ il fdp afu dpl $V$]N L$fu il $ s hp k ëkd Å BA R> d g / aud g k g fu + BÞk V$uh L$p ÞV $¼V$ : kp fpô²$ ¾$prs kpýe v$ q L$ f u B- f PDF d mhhp dpv $ Ap p dp bpbg f u dp A hp sp f Ap y pd, s ds> il f y pd gmu hp V$¹kA L$fp. Adpfp ÓL$pf bpbsdp L$p C aqfepv$ lp e sp Ad Ap bf f S>Zphp dp saurashtrakranti@gmail.com

2 kp fpô²$-nys>fps p v$f L$ rs> pdp ÓL$pf r dhp p R> k5l $ L$fp kp fpô²$ ¾$prs ÞeyT A ÞX$ rdqx$ep âp.gu.122, 125 õv$pf Q çbf lqflf Qp L$ Q p àgp V$ fps>l$p V$. saurashtrakranti@gmail.com web: contact: WhatsApp L$fp sdpfp ÞeyT "kp fpô²$ ¾$prs'dp S> p rgõv$ b u sd Z Nh A ychp sdpfu Apk pk b su L$p B Z OV$ p,kdpqpf,kdõep L $ sõhufp Adpfp ky^u lp QpX$p. L$p B Z OV$ p L$ kdpqpf u rhns D f Whats App L$fp saurashtrakranti@gmail.com web: Ap S> f Ap u Ål fps Æhp v$f Ap hp dpv $ f ap L$fp A hp d k S> L$fp.

3 Page: 2 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs bpgch dp Ad qfl$p krls p v$ ip p nuap p bx $ ip ep Åep 400 S> V$gp fnb fnu nuap p bx $ ip ep Åep gp L$p u fsy>aps Ýep dp gb Aphsp hj 5 qv$hk ky^u ip fpmhpdp Aphi : Aê$Z v$h Myb kyv$f Apep S> L$fhp bv$g gp L$p A k ¾ $V$fu Aê$Z v$h Arc v$ pw$ìep ( k p f p ô ² ² ² $ ¾ $ p r s L $ p e p g e - f p S > L $ p V $ ) f p S > L $ p V $, s p. 4 f r h h p f b p g c h M p s N y S > f p s, b r T g, e y f p, t k N p y f, A d q f L $ p k r l s p u h ^ y fnb fnu nuap p bx $ip ep Åep l s p. 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R k nu k s ykuðh{kt ur u ƒu [kuøk y u yuf Aøku VxfkÞkuo nœku. ur k ŒkuVk e ytëks k fkhýu Œu u {kºk 19 ƒku {kt yzäe Ëe Vxfkhe nœe. 8{kt ykuðh Ëhr{Þk ßÞkhu ur u {kfoðwzu ƒkuõz fþkuo nœku íþkhu ðumx EÂLzÍ e xe{u 93 h ƒ kðe eäk nœk.ue e yk yzäe Ëe ð zu{kt ðumx EÂLzÍ ŒhVÚke kiúke Íz e Ëe Au. ßÞkhu yk nu k zuhu u{eyu 20 UËku{kt yäze Ëe Vxfkhe nœe. u{eyu 24{e {u, 2010{kt kwúk yr fk k{u yutrxk{kt yk hufkuzo ƒ kôþku nœku. ßÞkhu ðõzo uð e ðkœ fheyu Œku kiúke Íz e yzäe Ëe ku hufkuzo kwúk yr fk k yuƒe rzrðr Þ o k k{u Au. Œu{ u 2015{kt ðumx EÂLzÍ e k{u 16 ƒku {kt 50 y u {kºk 31 ƒku {kt ul[whe ƒ kðe nœe. t qýo r heí e ðkœ fheyu Œku ðõzo f ƒkë tlþk uðk e ònuhkœ fh kh ur u yk 5 ð zu {u[ku e uýe{kt 4 R h{e 424 h ƒ kôþk Au y u {u ykuv Ä r heí ku yuðkuzo ý kuœk k k{u fþkuo Au. yk Ëhr{Þk ur e huhkþ 106 y u MxÙkRfhux hne. r heí{kt ur u 2 yzäe Ëe y u 2 Ëe Vxfkhe Au. ßÞkhu fw 20 [kuøk y u 39 Aøk kôþk Au. ICCyu Vøkkðe BCCI e {kt, kf. u ðõzo f Úke ƒnkh fhðk ku fþkuo RLfkh yktœhhküùeþ r fux rh»kë (yke e e)yu ykœtfðkë Wí Òk fh khk Ëuþku kúku tƒtä Œkuzðk k ƒe e eyke u ykún u XwfhkðŒk fìšt fu, yk «fkh k {k{ k{kt yke e e e fkue ¼qr{fk Úke. w ðk{k ykœtfe nw{ k{kt eykh eyuv k 40 sðk ku k ƒr Ëk ƒkë ƒe e eykeyu yke e e u ºk ¾e u ðirïf tmúkk y u Œu k ÇÞ Ëuþku u ykœtfeyku u þhý yk Œk Ëuþku kúku tƒtä Œkuzðk e y e fhe nœe. ƒe e eyke k yräfkheyu k{ yk ðk e þhœu fìšt, ykðe fkue t¼kð k nœe fu yk «fkh e ðmœw Úkþu. yke e e [uh{u u M ü fþwo fu, fkue ý Ëuþ ku ƒrn»fkh fhðk ku r ýoþ hfkh k MŒh h fhðku òueyu y u yke e e ku yuðku fkue r Þ{ Úke. ƒe e eyke u ý yk ÏÞk nœku htœw Œu{ AŒkt «ÞJ fþkuo nœku. ƒe e eyke ku ºk krfmœk k të¼o{kt nœku su k h ¼khŒu ykœtfeyku u þhý yk ðk ku ykhku kôþku Au. yk {wæku þr ðkhu [uh{u þþktf { kunh e yæþûkœk{kt ÞkuòÞu e yke e e e ƒuxf{kt WXkððk{kt ykôþku nœku, htœw Œu u ðäw {Þ yk ðk{kt ykôþku. ƒe e eyke wt «rœr räíð fkþoðknf r[ð yr{œk¼ [kiähe fhe hìkkt nœk. ƒkuzo k yräfkheyu fìšt, ÇÞ Ëuþku k ykx k ƒäk ¾u kze krfmœk w h e{kt h{u Au y u Œu yk «fkh k ykún u õâkhuþ {níð yk u, nk whûkk e [Œk nœe y u Œu u {níð yk ðk{kt ykôþwt Au. Mkk{u Auzu {kne ¼kR Q¼u k nkuþ íkku ðäw rð[khðklke syh LkÚke: fuëkh òäð ¼khŒ y u ykumxùur Þk ðå[u niëhkƒkë{kt h{kþu e nu e ð zu {u[{kt fuëkh òäðu ƒux y u ƒku ƒt uúke þk Ëkh «Ëþo fþwo. òäðu 87 ƒku {kt 9 Vkuh y u 1 r õ h e {ËËÚke kuxykwx 81 h e E h{e Œku Œuýu 7 ykuðh{kt 31 h yk e u 1 rðfux ý eäe. fuëkh òäð u wtëh «Ëþo {kxu {u ykuv Ä {u[ ku yuðkuzo yk ðk{kt ykôþku. {u[ ƒkë fuëkh òäðu fìšt fu Œu kuœk e ƒku rðþu ðäw Úke rð[khœk, htœw Œu e {ò u Au. Œuýu fìšt fu, {khe ƒku e kiúke khe ðkœ yu Au fu nwt Œu k rðþu ðäw Úke rð[khœku.{u[{kt fuëkh òäð y u {nulÿ n Äku e e ðå[u þk Ëkh kxo hþe ÚkE. Œu rðþu òäðu fìšt fu, ykumxùur Þk{kt ý y{u ykðe s kxo hþe fhe nœe. ßÞkhu ƒeò Auzu {kne ¼kE Q¼u k nkuþ Au Œku ðäw rð[khðk e syh Úke nkuœe.fuëkh òäðu yk fìšt fu Œuykuyu Äku e k uúke ½ýwt þeïþwt Au. Œuykuyu sýkôþwt fu ßÞkhu Œu þkux h{ðk ku «Þk fhu Au Œku Äku e Œu{ u xe{ e syh {wsƒ xfe u h{ðk e kn yk u Au. r h r h ^ â L $ p f u d p R > g u A p Å B b p m L $ p f p d p r Q s e p l s p. V $ p L $ ] N A X $ V $ d b X $ S > V $ p q L $ N A Þ X $ V $ d b X $ S > d p Z k S > h p r h r h ^ A h p Å L $ p Y $ u i L $ s s p N f p V $ L $ S > duw$p yfdp bpgrinz ko Mps kpõl $rsl$ L$pe ¾$d k ß bpml$p Üpfp pv$l$, Ðe, v$ hu hv$ p krls u L $rsap fs > L$fpC Ap MpdX$m, Ap MpdX$m spgyl$p p duw$p yf Mps Aph gu duw$p yf ys bpgrinz ko ipmp dp L$gp kqfsp pdl$ kõl $rsl$ L$pe ¾$d y cpf v$bv$bpc f Apep S> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. Ap L$pe ¾$ddp bpgdqv$f u gc ^p fz 1 u 5 p bpml$ Üpfp pv$l$, Ðe, v$ hu hv$ p hn f fap d L$fhpdp Aphu lsu. Ap L$gp kqfspdp duw$p yf u ApSy>bpSy> dp Aph gu v$f L$ ipmp p ApQpe Ap, duw$p yf ys bpgrinz ko p V²$k¹V$uAp, bu Apf ku L$p X$} V$f, ku Apf ku L$p X$} V$f s p dp V$u k epdp duw$p yf hpkuap Å X$pep lsp. Ap L$pe ¾$d kdp bpv$ s S>õhu rhûr AAp kþdp hp dpv$ v$f L$ ^p fz dp Aph gp â d, rüsue A s sue bpml$p A L$ A L$ kv$}aul $V$ s p dp d ÞV$p Ap u bpml$p p DÐkpl h^pfhpdp Apìep lsp. Ap D fps ApS> kõ p p A L$ rinl$ s p A L$ ¼gpL $ L $ S> Ap A p sp p 30 hj u Z h^y Ap kõ p A Z L$ep R> s Ap gp N k r h k A h p X $ Z A p à e p lsp.(3.6) y ² ² ¹ ¹ u h ^ â L $ p f p A h p Å k p c m s p b p m L $ p A p v $ u s e p l s p. b p g c h - r Q ë X $ L $ g b s p k p f p ô $ - L $ à R > V $ k r b X $ k nðu nwt yuf e LkÚke,{khk SðLk{kt fkur ¾kMk Au: ftøklkk hlkkiík yufxùu ft k h kiœ kúku òýu fu rððkë nt{uþk òuzkþu ku s hnu Au. õâkhuf kuœk e rvõ{ku u E u Œku õâkhuf kuœk k ykðk kûkrýf ytëksúke Œku õâkhuf kuœk e rh uþ rþ u E u [[ko{kt hnu Au. nk {kts ykðk yuf ELxhÔÞw{kt ft kyu yuf ¾w k ku fþkuo Au. ft kyu fìš fu Œu yuf ¾k rh uþ rþ {kt Au. òu fu Œu fku e kúku rh uþ rþ {kt Au Œu ytu nk òýfkhe yk e Úke. ft kyu fìš fu nwt yksfk ¾wƒs ¾wþ Aw fu{fu {khk Sð {kt fkue ¾k Au. nðu nw yuf e Úke.{erzÞk rh kuxt o y w kh nk {kt s ft kyu yuf ELxhÔÞw{kt rh uþ rþ Mxux u E u òýfkhe yk e nœe. ft kyu n Œk fìš fu nk {khe sëe{kt ý fkue ¾k Au. ft kyu fìš fu yksu su {wfk{ h nwt W¼e Aw íþkt huøþw h zuxª suðw {khk {kxu nðu syhe Úke. nk yuðw syh nœw fu Œu u yuf kúke e syh nœe su Œu u kúk yk u Wí krnœ fhu Œu k Ëhuf kt{k kúk yk u.rh kuxo y w kh ft k ßÞkhu rh uþ rþ {kt þwt yuõ uõx fhe hne Au Œuðw waâw Œku ft kyu fìš fu nw ßÞkhu 20 ð»ko e nœe íþkhu {khe ÔÞkÏÞk ftef y nœe yks fkhý Au fu nðu Œu u nulz fhðe ¾wƒs h Au fu{fu Œu nu k fhœk ¾wƒs kfx ƒ e [wfe Au.òu fu Œu u Sð {kt fux kf fzðk y w¼ð ý ÚkÞk Au. ý ft k wt fnuðw Au fu nwt sõëeúke {wðyku fhe òð Aw y u yk ðäðk{kt {k wt Aw. ft kyu yk fìš fu yíþkh wäe{kt fux kþu yvuh ÚkÞk Ëhuf ƒúufy ƒkë kœw nœw fu nðu {khe ð kev ¾Œ{ ÚkE E, ý fux kf {rn kyku Ae Vhe ÃÞkh fhðk kœe. yk yuf ¾wƒs wtëh y w¼ð Au. æäk fãkqhlku sl{rëðmklke røk^x { e: rvõ{ MkknkuLkku çkeòu {u føk qf rhðe fhkþku yksu ƒkur ðwz e ykrþfe o Øk f qh ku sl{rëð Au. kuœk k sl{rëð h Økyu VuL u {kuxe e^x yk e Au. xqtf {Þ{kt Øk f qh e rvõ{ knku rh eí Úkðk e Au. rvõ{ e «kuzõþ e fkþoðkne nk [k e hne Au. yk ðå[u yksu Økyu kuœk k sl{ rëð h knku e ðäw yuf Í f ƒœkðe nœe. yk nu k «¼k k sl{rëð h «¼k ku wf y u rvõ{ e yuõþ r fðl Ëþkoððk{kt ykðe nœe. íþkhu nðu Øk k sl{rëð h knku ku ƒeòu {u f wf rhðe fhðk{kt ykôþku Au. su k xùu h u nsw Úkkuze ðkh Au ý rvõ{ e yk {u f r fðl ý xùu húke f{ Úke Ëu¾kE hne.ðerzþku{kt Øk ˃t qf{kt sh ykðe hne Au. ðk ðerzþku{kt «¼k ý Œu e kúku òuðk { e hìkku Au. 01:02 uflz k ðerzþku{kt «¼k kúku Øk ƒtëwf [ kðœe òuðk { ðk e Au. Økyu ƒk½e{kt ý ykðku rvþh u hku à u fþkuo nœku nðu knku{kt ý Œu yuõþ uf hku fhœe òuðk { þu.sýkðe ËEyu fu rvõ{ u wsœ zkþhuõx fhe hìkk Au. rvõ{ wfk AwÃkeyu çku rëðmk{kt 18 fhkuzlke f{kýe fhe fkšœf ykþo y u f]rœ u rvõ{ wfk Aw eyu yku zu{kt ƒkuõ ykurv h þk Ëkh f{kýe fhe Au. yk rvõ{ yuf hku{uâlxf fku{uze rvõ{ Au. r ð E rh uþ rþ k {wæk h ƒ u yk rvõ{ u fku{uze ytëks{kt hsq fhðk{kt ykðe Au. rvõ{ u «þt fku ¾wƒs të fhe hìkk Au. yk s fkhý Au fu rvõ{yu ƒu rëð {kt 18 fhkuz e f{kýe fhe eäe Au. wfk Aw eyu þw ðkhu Ä{kfuËkh yku fhœk nu k rëð u s 8.01 fhkuz e f{kýe fhe nœe. A Þ X $ V ² $ X $ k A k p k u A i D ¾ $ d k y v $ f A p e p S > L $ f p e y l s y. r Q ë X ² $ L $ g b p k ¾ $ V $ f u A ê $ Z v $ h A S > Z p ì e y l s y L $, i l f u S > p p D Ð k p l A g p L $ p u f S y > A p s Ý e p d p g B A p N p d u h j µ A p i p p Q q v $ h k k y ^ u p f p M h p p r Z e g h p e p R >. n u A p õ i L $ f s p b p m L $ p M y b d Å X $ u. f h u h p f f p S > L $ p V $ p b p g c h M p s bp guhyx$ L $ p g u v $ p k M p p Q v $ f c f p d l p g ApV $ N g fu kpd ep Åep lsp. Myyb k f k A p e p S > L $ f h p b v $ g k ¾ $ V f u A ê $ Z v $ h g p L $ p A M y b - M y b A r c v $ p W $ h g. ( 1. 3 ) L $ip v$ Mps bp lv$ Æh kp u kv$nu d mp ep Åep 250 u h^y eyhl$ eyhsua kv$nu d mpdp cpn gu^p L $ip v$, L $ip v$ p bp Ù krdrs p kæep Üpfp NpeÓu pl $ kp kpev$u Apb X$L$f ch Mps Æh kp u kv$nu d mp y Apep S> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. kv$nu d mp dp bkp Qpk u h^y eyhl$ eyhsuap A cpn gu^p lsp. Ap d mp y Dv¹$OpV$ Å CÞV$ L$rdñf Ap a CÞL$dV $n Afthv$ kp V$L $ (ApC Apf A k) p hfv$ lõs Dv$OpV$ L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. kp kp kd l byù hv$ p dngv$u âpnv$e u L$fhpdp Aphu lsu. Ap L$pe ¾$d AsN s krdrs p kæe X$uL $ dyr>x$uep Üpfp baudhsamaj. Org/h bkpcv$ y Z gp [ÞQL$ L$fhpdp Apìey lsy Asdp krdrs p kæe S> Þsu cpc ^ymp Üpfp S>Zphhpdp Apìey L $ v$f L$ rs> p A spgyl$pdp Æh kp u kv$nu d mp y Apep S> L$fhy Å CA.(2.7) Rþk økwók ÃkkMku nk {kt çku rvõ{ku Au : rhãkkuxo{kt Ëkðku çkkur ðwz{kt MkuõMk rmkbçkku íkhefu òýeíke hnu e Rþk økwók nk {kt çku {kuxe rvõ{ Ähkðu Au. su{kt nuhkvuhe rmkrhílke rvõ{ nuhkvuhe-3lkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkkÞ Au. yøkkwlke çktlku rvõ{lku MkV íkk {éþk çkkë yk rvõ{ Ãký MkV hne þfu Au. WÃkhktík íkulke ÃkkMku Ëuþe {ursf Lkk{Lke Ãký rvõ{ Au. {kuxk ¼køku MkkurþÞ r{rzþk{kt ÃkkuíkkLkk MkuõMke Vkuxkyku {wfelku [[ko{kt hnulkkh Rþk økwók kr{ krx{kt hnuðk {kxulkk ík{k{ «ÞkMkku fhíke hnu Au. íkulkk [knfku Ãký íkulku MkuõMke hku {kt òuðk {kxu s ðäkhu RåAwf hnu Au. Rþk økwók nk {kt RLMxkøkúk{{kt fux kf Lkðk MkuõMke Vkuxku {wfe [wfe Au. sulkk fkhýu íku Mkíkík [[ko{kt Au. íkulkk MkuõMke VkuxkLke [khuçkksw «þtmkk ÚkR hne Au. ßðu he çkúklz {kxu Ãký íku nk {kt Lkðk Vkuxk Ãkzkðe [wfe Au. su ík{k{lkw æþklk ¾U[e hìkk Au. Rþk økwók çkkur ðwz ylku MkkÚku MkkÚku Ërûký ¼khíkLke rvõ{ku{kt fk{ fhe hne Au. íkulke ÃkkMku rvõ{kulke ykuvh ykðe hne Au. òu fu íkulke ÃkkMku {ÕxeMxkhh rvõ{ku ðäkhu ykðe hne Au. íku çkkëþknku, YMík{{kt Ãký Lkshu Ãkze níke. nk {kt Ãký íkulke ÃkkMku fux ef Mkkhe rvõ{ku nkúk{kt Au. 32 ð»keoþ Rþk økwókyu çkkur ðwz{kt ÃkkuíkkLke furhþhlke þyykík sòkík-2 rvõ{ {khvíku fhe níke. yk rvõ{{kt íkulke MkkÚku R{hk nk~{eyu ¼qr{fk yëk fhe níke. òýfkh kufku yu{ Ãký fnu Au fu Rþk fkurãkfh ylku khk Ë kk ðå[u r{ [nuhk íkhefu Rþk økwók Au. fux kf kufkulkw fnuðw Au fu Rþk økwók nkur ðwzlke çþwxeõðelk yulsur Lkk òu e suðe Lkshu Ãkzu Au. íkulke suðe s ¾wçkMkwhíke íkulke ÃkkMku hnu e Au. òu fu yk fwþ yr¼lkuºkelku nsw MkwÄe çkkur ðwz{kt yux e MkV íkk { e LkÚke. { krfk-yswolk fãkwh nðu yur«{kmk{kt ølk fhþu yswolk fãkwh ylku { krfk yhkuhk ¾kLkLkk MktçktÄkuLku RLku ¼khu [[ko [k e hne Au. çktlku fux ef ð¾ík yuf MkkÚku Ãký Lkshu Ãkze [wõþk Au. yswolk fãkwh ylku { krfk yhkuhk ¾kLk {kºk RðuLx Ãkh s Lknª çkõfu MkkÚku rðëuþ{kt Ãký Vhðk {kxu sr [wõþk Au. MkkÚku MkkÚku rzlkuh zux, {wðe zuxtmk ylku Ãkkxeo{kt Ãký çktlku MkkÚku Lkshu Ãkze hìkk Au. yuðe [[ko AuzkR økr Au fu yk çktlku nðu ølk fhðk sr hìkk Au. yºku WÕ u¾lkeþ Au fu AuÕ k fux kf Mk{ÞÚke yuðk nuðk ykðe hìkk Au fu { krfk ylku yswolk fãkwhu ku¾tzðk klkk Ãkkuþ rðmíkkh{t yuf yuãkkuxo{ulxlke ¾heËe fhe [wõþk Au. nk {kt yk {fklk{kt RLxurhÞhLkw fk{ [k e hìkw Au. LkðuMkhLkk nuðk Lke ðkík fhðk{kt ykðu íkku yswolk fãkwh ylku { krfk ÃkkuíkkLkk MktçktÄkuLku Lkðe ô[kr Ãkh R sðk {kxu íkiþkh Au. yklkk {kxu xwtf Mk{Þ{kt ølk fhlkkh Au. yur«{rnlkk{kt çktlku ølk fhe þfu Au. r¾úmíke ÃkhtÃkhk {wsçk çktlku ølk fhu íkuðk Mktfuík Ëu¾kR hìkk Au. òu fu çktlku íkhvúke fkur ¾w kmkku fhðk{kt ykôþku LkÚke. òu fu çktlku «u{{kt nkuðklkk nuðk íkku Mkíkík ykðíkk hìkk Au. nðu òuðk kþf çkkçkík yu Au fu íku{lkk ølklkk Mk{k[kh õþkhuþ Mkkt¼ ðk { u Au. ðfo LxLke ðkík fhðk{kt ykðu íkku yswolk fãkwhlkku fux ef rvõ{{kt fk{ fhe hìkku Au. su{kt ÃkkLkeÃkíkLkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkkÞ Au. ßÞkhu rðþk ¼khØksLke rvõ{ Ãkxk¾kLkk yuf økeík{kt { krfk Lkshu ÃkzLkkh Au. { krfk yhkuhk ¾kLk yksu Ãký íkulke MkuõMke ylku M e{ çkkuzelkk fkhýu Vku kuymko{kt kufr«þ Au. ykx e ðþ{kt Ãký íku òuhëkh rvxlkumklku ò ðe hk¾ðk {kxu ík{k{ «ÞkMk fhu Au. ÃkkLkeÃkík økkuðkhefhlke {kuxe rvõ{ hnu e Au. r«þtfk [kuãkhklku ÞwrLkMkuVLkk økwzrð yubçkumkuzhúke nxkðku w ðk{k nw{ k k sðkƒ{kt ¼khŒeÞ ðkþw u k îkhk kf k ƒk kfkux{kt fhðk{kt ykðu e yuh MxÙkEf h yk¾ku Ëuþ ðo {nu w fhe hìkku Au. Þk rëð ku{kt u k e ƒnkëwhe u ƒku eðwz ELzMxÙe k Mxk uo ý k{ fþwo. yuõxùu r«þtfk [ku zkyu EÂLzÞ yuhvku o k kuxo{kt yk ykðe Au y u xtðex k {kæþ{úke Œuýu IAF u sþ në ÏÞwt Au. htœw krfmœk u yk ðkœ hk ykðe. krfmœk îkhk yku ke Þkr[fk Ëk¾ fhœk r«þtfk u UNICEF k wzrð yulƒu zhúke nxkððk e {kt fhe Au.Þkr[fk{kt fnuðk{kt ykôþwt Au fu- ƒu Ëuþku e ðå[u òu LÞwÂõ Þh ðkuh ÚkkÞ Au Œku Œu kúke VõŒ u VõŒ Œƒkne s Úkþu. UNICEF e ƒúklz yubƒu uzh nkuðk k fkhýu r«þtfk [ku hk u EÂLzÞ yuhvku o k Vuðh{kt xtðex fhðwt òueyu. yuõxùu u þktrœ y u r» ûkœk ku rh[þ yk ðk e syh nœe. Œu k îkhkfhðk{kt ykðu wt ÂxTðx UNICEF k ƒúklz yubƒu uzh nkuðk k fkhýu ¾kuxwt Au y u Œu yk Ë rzíðo Úke fhœe.œ{ u sýkðe ËEyu fu Þkr[fk h nòhku kufkuyu ke fþko Au. uxeþ {kt õâkt ý siþ-yu-{kunb{ë ku WÕ u¾ Úke ÚkÞku. Œ{ u sýkðe ËEyu fu 14 Vuƒúwykheyu w ðk{k{kt ÚkÞu k ykœtfe nw{ k ku sðkƒëkh yks ykœtfe tx nœku.

4 Page: 3 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs pguspzp p Æhp f ÆL$ sóu õ p u... ykíktfe yính Ãkh ÞwyuLk «ríkçktä {qfþu íkku þwt ymkh Úkþu? y{urhfk, rƒúxu y u kt ykœtfðkë {k{ u ¼khŒ ku kúk yk e hìkkt Au. ykœtfe { që yính u ðirïf ykœtfe ònuh fhðk ku «MŒkð tþwõœ hküù whûkk rh»kë{kt hsq fhðk{kt ykôþku Au. ykœtfe tx suþ-yu-{kunb{ë ku t[k f { që h ŒksuŒh{kt s w ðk{k{kt ÚkÞu k eykh eyuv k sðk ku h ÚkÞu k ykœtfe nw{ k ku ykhku Au. y{urhfk rnœ ºkýuÞ Ëuþku k «MŒkð ¼khŒ {kxu {kuxe fqx erœf V Œk Au. ßÞkhu {k ûku krfmœk {kxu {kuxk ykt[fky Au. òu suþ ku t[k f { që u ø kuƒ yktœfe ònuh fhðk k «MŒkð u tþwõœ hküù whûkk rh»kë {tsqh fhe Ëuþu Œku, { që fkue ý MÚk u Þkºkk nª fhe þfu. Œu e t r k só Úkðk e kúku nrúkþkhku e à kþ ý Œu u nª { e þfu. whûkk rh»kë îkhk «rœƒtä {wfkþk ƒkë tþwõœ hküù k Œ{k{ Ëuþku Œu{ k ½hu w fkþëk nux h { që h «rœƒtä kðe Ëuþu. yk «MŒkð u {tsqhe {éþk ƒkë rðï¼h k Ëuþku{kt yính e yulxùe h «rœƒtä ke sþu. yk W hktœ fkue ý «fkh e ykšúkf rœrðräyku e ý {tsqhe nª { u. VkE kâlþþ yuõþ tþwõœ hküù k ÇÞ Ëuþkuyu Œu{ k VtzT u eí fhðk zþu. VkE kâlþþ yu umxt, Efku kur{f rh kuš u t qýo heœu e fhðk{kt ykðþu. ÇÞ Ëuþkuyu kuœk k Ëuþ{kt hnu e { që e fkue ý «fkh e t r k u só fhðk e kúku tƒträœ ÔÞÂõŒ fu tmúkkyku k ykšúkf t kä ku u ç kuf fhðk wt hnuþu. tþwõœ hküù kúku òuzkþu fkue ý Ëuþ k kufku ykœtfe yính u fkue ý «fkh e {ËË nª fhe þfu. xùkðu «rœƒtä e þwt Úkþu y h { që yính h «rœƒtä kôþk ƒkë tþwõœ hküù t½ k fkue ý ÇÞ Ëuþ e Þkºkk { që nª fhe þfu. Þqyu k Œ{k{ ÇÞ Ëuþkuyu Œu{ k nrúkþkhku, nrúkþkh r {koý e xufr f, M uh kxt o rnœ k ykb o kúku òuzkþu fkue ý ðmœw Œu{ k wäe nkut[œe hkufðe zþu. NNp Óu õl $gdp bp X $ p rhûp }Ap dpv$ ep Åep 11 Ly$X$u NpeÓu eo Np X$g, ApNpdu sp. 7 dpq u ^p. 10 A 12 kpeþk L$p dk u bp X $ u f u n p p â p f c h p p R > Ð e p f rhûp }Ap õhõ p h L$ A cedy¼s fus funp Ap u il $ s p s d u funp r rh  A M b S> kpfu fus kpf pe s hp iycl sy u NNp Óu õl $gdp 11 Ly $X$u NpeÓueo y ky v$f Apep S> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. Np X$g p NpeÓu qfhpf p kæep Üpfp Ap eo L$fhpep lsp. Ap e o d p ^ p. 1 0 A 1 2 k p e Þ k L$p dk p rhûp } cpcap - bl p, õl $g p rinl$p A d S>d ÞV$ V$ud Aplºsu Ap u rhûp }Ap u funp r rh  fus kpf pe s dpv$ âp p L$fu lsu.(1.2) ApV$L$p V$dp gp L$kNus L$pe ¾$d ep Åep ( A d p f p â r s r r ^ Ü p f p ) A p V $ L $ p V $ : V $ g k h p k d p S > Ü p f p k Q p r g s r h Û p r h l p f l p C õ L $ g M p s k N u s L $ p e ¾ $ d e p Å e p l s p. N y S > f p s f p S > e k N u s p V $ L $ A L $ p v $ d u N p ^ u N f p k l e p N u e p Å e g L $ p e ¾ $ d d p g p L $ N p e L $ r g j c p C X $ e p A s u V $ u d S > d p h V $ L $ f u l s u. A p L $ p e ¾ $ d d p i p m p p A p Q p e N S > f p, d p v $ d Ó u, c f s c p C c S > g, f Þ Ö c p C Q p g u, Ó L $ p f r h S > e c p C h k p Z u, L $ f i b p d V $ p, r h S > e ^ d g, p V $ c p C N p g p Z u, X $ p. k S > e k M u e p A g p L $ k N u s u k f p h g u d p Z u l s u. ( 2. 8 ) ióy S>e hl$pf^pd su p ârs $p dlp Ðkh p cìe âpfc y y (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) pguspzp, p g u s p Z p M p s s m V $ u u lõsrnqf sfa S>sp 4.5 ql$gp duv$f p Asf Aph gp Æhp yf Npd u b p S > d p î u i Ó S > e h L $ p f ^ p d fuhpf Q fuv $bg V²$õV$ sfa u îu ióy S>e hl$pf^pd su ApL$pf pdu füy Ap kly$gdp v$ hrhdp kv$õe rs> dqv$f u sp.4 dpq u 11 dpq, A S > i g p L $ p â r s $ p d l p Ð k h u sx$pdpf s epfuap Qpgu flu Ap dpv $ rhipm irdepzp kp cìe rh usp Nfu A AS> ârs $p p L$pe ¾$dp dpv $ rhipm X$p d s epf C QyL$ep rhð u AÅebu kdp Ap s u d p 6, 8 0, l Å f õ L $ h f auv$ p rhipm kly$gdp 90 aÿv$ JQp A L$p C Z õ c hnf p 90 låf õl$h f auv$ p X$p d b phhpdp Aphi S> dp A L$kp 6,800 cpáeipmuap b ku îu dõl$pf dlpdó p Å L$fi. Ap ârs $p Üpfp îu dõl$pf dlpdó p âcph A ApÐdL$ëepZ L$fhp u s u rhqiô$ iql$s p epg Ap sp A L$ A y $p p i. rhi jdp Ap S>Áep f fp S> p 1 gpm hl$pf NZ pf A 48 L$fp X$ d õ L $ p f d l p d Ó p Å L $ f p f p rhv $ju kpýhuæ cnhs îu A y dp îuæ d.kp. p yîev$ l y kdpr^ õ m A fm hpmp L$l R> L $ v$f y d Adpk u fpróa Ap S>Áep u yîe c rddp u îu hl$pf p AhpS> Aph Ap îu ióys>e hl$pf^pd u ârsl $rs õhê$ îu v$ hkv$óe rimf b^u rs> pge p QsydyM cnhp p A cdrsdp Aô$L$p Z p Ap rs> d q v $ f p 2 4 s u L $ f f d p Ð d p p Ncpfp âh i AS> p A ârs $p p dylÿ s v$psp..apqpe cnhs îu fps>eik qfæ dlpfps> A AÞe ióys>e hl$pf^pd qfhpf V²$õV$ Üpfp sx$pdpf s epfuap N y ê $ c N h s p u r î p d p p g u s p Z p Mps L$fhpdp Aphp g S> u ârs $p s p. 1 0 p f p S > A L $ S > e N y f y c N h s p u r î p d p i. S > p cìe dlp Ðkh dpq u 11 dpq ky^u M b D pk h L$ DS>hpi. Ap îu ióys>e hl$pf^pddp N Z ^ f d q v $ f,. î p h L $ - î p r h L $ p p j^pge (.kp^y-kpýhæ cnhs D pîe) qfkq k ÞV$f, Np sd g[å^ su Y$u kdpr^ dqv$f, epról$ ch, cfs Q¾$hs} cp S> ipmp, h v$ pd 9 Üpf, L$ëepZL$ h n hpqv$l$p, 12 Ar^ $pel$ v$ h-v$ hu u ârs $p, Np ipmp s ds> dy e îu hl$pf^pd r dp Zp^u kdn 14 fps>gp L$dp Ap îu d õ L $ p f d l p d Ó p S > e p A p, rhs>e pap A Of-Ofdp A O V $ - O V $ d p A p î u d õ L $ p f dlpdó p kss õdfz pap A hp cìe cph kp A îu S> ko p A L $ p L $ S > e k p ^ y - k p Ý h u Æ cnhsp p Apiuhp v$ A dnm â fzp kp Ap dx$m L$ëepZL$pfu s u p r d p Z p d y e Ý e e y A p Ð d L $ ë e p Z d p V $ D Ð L $ $ L $ Þ Ö õ p hp p pnf bp X$}Ndp h v$p L$s dóp ÃQpf u hpsphfz Ny Æ DW$ey AcecpC cp2ýhps>, qv$ cpc róh v$u, S>es W$pL$2, l2 i S>p ópu, v$u L$ X$ep, i g óp S>p u klus p b ldan ZuAp D [õ s 2üp (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, r i h 2 p Ó u A V $ g c N h p il$2 kdr s qv$hk, S>uh y rih kp ApÝepÐd dug L$l hpe R> Ðep2 d l p r i h 2 p Ó u p p h h b l d k d p S >, 2 p S > L $ p V $ p d y M v $ i } s c p C S > p u, h d y M L $ í e c p C i y L $ g, d l p d Ó u q v $ L $ X$ep, L$dg icpc róh v$u p dpn v$i l W $ m d l p r i h 2 p Ó u p p h h As Ns îudsu L$pspb bpbycpc róh v$u y2õl $s kh oprse pw$pðdl$ goyêv$ p cìe L$pe L $d ep S>pep. Ap ^prd L$ Apep S> dp il 2 u ^d du S> spa blp mu k epdp goyêv$ p ëlphp gu^p lsp. Ap L$pe dp ys>pdp b k p2 dpv$ s õ m 2 a2pm u r : i y ë L $ ì e h õ p L $ 2 h p d p A p h g l s u. A p g O y ê v $ d p i p õ Ó u î u k r Q c p C W $ p L $ 2 Ý h p 2 p h v $ u L $ dóp ÃQp 2 u ^prd L$ rhr^ L$2hpdp Aph g Ðep2 cr¼skc2 dóp u hpsph2z NyS>u DW$ey lsy s ds> Ap y S > p d p b k p 2 k õ p s 2 a u y S > p u ì e h õ p Z r h p d y ë e L$2hpdp Aph g. Ap sl $ L$íe iyl$g, v$i}s S>p u, qv$ L$ X$epA S>Zpìey lsy L $ 2pS>L$p V$ kdõs b ldkdps> Ýhp2p rhrh^ L$pe L $dp y Apep S> L$2hpdp Aph R> s ds> rhrh^ ^prd L$ hp Z DÐkpl h L$ DS>hhpdp Aph R> Ðep2 Mpk L$2u rih2póu, h2póu, 2iy2pd S>esu, k2õhsu kþdp, eop rhs, lp mu, ^ym V$u, 2ÿppb^, ys hóp S> hp L$pe L $dp kamsp h L$ DS>hZu L$2hpdp Aph R> Ðep2 dlprih2póu A cp2sdp DS>hpsp dy e sl hp2p dp u A L$ rlþv$y c¼sp Ýhp2p M b S> Apõ p A DÐkpl kp Ap qv$hk rihs>u u A p 2 p ^ p L $ 2 h p d p A p h R >. d l p r i h 2 p Ó u c N h p i L $ 2 p S> y dp Vy$ h A hy dp hpdp Aph R> L $ dlphv$ Qp v$i A V$g L $ d l p r i h 2 p Ó u p q v $ h k i L $ 2 y ê v $ ê dp Ahs2Z ey lsy. L$l hpe R> L $ rihs>u kþ S.K.P. õl $g Mps "Ap fps>l$p V$ Q k V $ p d ÞV$' k ß (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, A k.l $. u. õl $g Mps frhhpf p fp S> Apõ p V²$k¹V$, ¾$uA V$uh Q k A L $ X $ d u, A A k. L $. u. õ L y $ g - fps>l$p V$ p key¼s D ¾$d, Ap f p S > L $ p V $ Q k õ ^ p y A p e p S >, A k. L $. u. õ L y $ g, â Z p d u p L $, fps>l$p V$ Mps L$fhpdp Aph g lsy, S> dp D.hfk. 5 u D.hfk. 13 ky^u p bpml$p A cpn gu^p lsp, A p sp u AphX$s bsph g lsu, Q k u f d s f d s p b p m L $ p d p p Z u bpml$p p dns> p Av$c s rhl$pk pe R> bpml$p u epv$ iql$s h ^ R >, A L $ p N s p h ^ R >, p p bpml$p, Q k p bp X $ D f Ncuf L$íe iyl$g s p v$ri s Å u p dpn v$i l W$m ^prd L$ L$pe ¾$d ep Åep rhs> sp bpml$p Apep S>L$p sfa u kv$}qal $V$ s p V²$p au A pes L$fpC ² fus Q k fds rhqpfu dyh ê u v$ph Q L$fsp Å hp dþep lsp, sdpd 7 1 b p m L $ p A p e p S > L $ p s f a u kv$}aul $V$ Ap hpdp Aph g lsp, A A CS> N y dys>b rhs> sp bpml$p V $ p a u A p A p h p d p A p h u l s u, ( D. h. 7 ) â d r h S > s p v $ i lpkrgep, d us bnx$pc, rhlp t i N p m p, v $ u L $ f u A p â d r l f h p V$ g, L $ p W$½$f rhs> sp e g lsp, 9 hj dp â d rhs> sp fuap ipl, buå ¾$d Dv$e V$ g, ÓuÅ su h X $ p g u e p A p h g l s p, A v$ul$fuap dp â d, dplu fpz fp, buå ¾$d aps dp rlfpzu ÓuÅ ¾$d ä e p k p g L $ u, r h S > s p e g l s p. ÓuS> p sdpd A k.l $. u. õly$g - r â Þ k u p g f d i c p C p c f A q¾$a V$uh Q k A L$X $du p L$p Q FjpN róh v$u, A Apõ p V²$k¹V$ p âdym Nrs gpgp p lõs V²$p auap A kv$}aul $V$ A pes L$fhpdp Aph g lsp. A p s L $ k d N A p e p S > kam b phhp X$p. fum, ^hg ipl, L$ v$h, Asyg dpl$qx$ep, dl k Qp lpz, rhn f Ap A k hpap Ap u S>l ds DW$ph g lsu.(3.18) dlprihfpóu ph h kdõs b ûkdps>, fps>l$p V$ Üpfp kh oprs pw$pðdl$ g^yê$ö ep Åep L$2hp dpv$ îphz dpk R>u bus>p î $ Ahk2 rih p A L$ëepZ L$2hy. s S>u dlprih2póu p qv$hk rihs>u u L $ p dm Ap qv$hk cr¼s, S> -AQ, S>, Arcóp L$, goyêv$ u Ýhp2p rihc¼sp cr¼s p 2N 2NpC rihcr¼sdp gu b u ^ Þ e s p A y c h R > Ð e p 2 dlprih2póu p Ap ph Ahk2 R > ë g p 2 h ó p u k d õ s b ldkdps>, 2pS>L$p V$ Ýhp2p R> ëgp 2 h ó p u A p ^ p r d L $ L $ p e L $ d y Apep S> L$2hpdp Aph R> Ðep2 Ap hóp Z pn2 bp X$]N Mps Ap h ] DS>hZu ^pd^yd u L$2hpdp A p h g. S > d p h q v $ L $ d Ó p à Q p 2 u cr¼skc2 hpsph2zdp kh oprs goy êv$ ep S>hpdp Apìep lsp.ap y S > p d p b k p 2 î Ý ^ p m y A p d p V $ a2pm u ìehõ p 2pMhpdp Aph g. Ap cr¼skc2 Apep S> dp k p 2 p ó V ² $ - L $ à R > b l d A N Z u A c e c p C c p 2 Ý h p S >, k d õ s b l d k d p S > p d p N v $ i L $ L $ í e iyl$g, kdõs b ldkdps> p dym v$i}scpc S>p u,v$u L$cpC X$ep, L $ d g i c p C r Ó h v $ u, q v $ c p C r Ó h v $ u, S > u o i c p C D p Ý e p e, k y 2 i c p C d l s p, S > p v $ c p C ApQpe, S>escpC W$pL$2, l2 icpc y y S>p ópu, v$ÿpuscpc X$ep,ep N Þv$ cpc gl ê, S>e icpc S>p u, gu cpc S>p ópu, i g ópcpc S>p u, v$u L$cpC c V $, L $ e p g p g c V $, 2 p N c p C c V $, c c p C r Ó h v $ u, S > e i c p C c V $, L $ S > c p C c V $, g g u s c p C S > p u, q L $ 2 u V $ c p C p W $ L $, S >. X $ u. D p Ý e p e, e p N i c V $, b l d k d p S > u d r l g p k r d r s p dym ugdb cv $, ^póub cv $, i p c p b X $ e p, k 2 c u b A p Q p e, c p h p b S > p ó p u k l u s p A A N Z u A p D [ õ s 2 l e p l s p A A p c r ¼ s k c 2 L$pe L $d kam b pìep lsp.(1.8) rhfpzu kpeþk L$p g S> p fps>e õsf X$L$p : ap f õv$pf õv $V$k A pes L$fpey y y (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, N S > f p s k f L $ p f p p g S > L$p Þkp V$}ed Ap a NyS>fps AsN s NyS>fps õv$ V$ BÞõV$uV$eyi g f [ÞL$N ä dhl $ (GSIRF) Üpfp Ål f e gu f p Ä e u î $ L $ p g Æ k u e p v $ u d p fps>l$p V$ u A d.a ÞX$ A. rhfpzu kpeþk L$p g S> khp ÃQ ap f õv$pf õv$ V$k A pes L$fhpdp Apìey h j p h j d p V $ A p q f Z p d â d p Z Ó r i n Z rhcpn p AN krqh ASy> idp p l õ s r h f p Z u k p e Þ k L $ p g S > p ApQpe X$p. gpx$hp A pes L$fhpdp Apìey DÃQ rinz y õsf ky^pfhp p fpäe kfl$pf p ArcNd Ýep dp f p M u r i n Z r h c p N A s N s p g S> L$p Þkp V$}ed Ap a NyS>fps Üpfp NyS>fps õv$ V$ BÞõV$uV$eyi g f [ÞL$N ä dhl $ (GSIRF) u fq p L$fhpdp Aphu Ap ä dhl $ Üpfp rhrh^ A p e p d p Ý e p d p f p M u D à Q rinz kõ pap fpô²ue õsf f ÞL$ Ap hpdp Aph ApÐdue eyr hrk V$u p khpll$ NyS>fps õv $V$ CÞõV$uV$eyi f [ÞL$N a dhl $ Üpfp L$p g Å ¾$dpqL$s L$fpC Äe ÐepNh c õhpdua rhfpzu kpeþk L$p g S> u Ap rk[ý^ AN Ap v$ u gpnzu ìe¼s L$fsp S>Zpìey R > L $ e p N u q X $ h p C k p k p e V $ u p f d p Ý e n f d Ä e l q f â k p v $ õ h p d u Æ d l p f p S > u â f Z p A Aprij u R> p ÓZ v$pel$pap dp k p f p ô ² p r h Û p } A p d p V $ f p ô ² u e õ s f u i n r Z L $ k y r h ^ p A p D c u L$fhp p âeð_ L$ep R> s Ap f [ÞL$N u h^y A L$ hms âdprzs ep Ä e Ð e p N h c õ h p d u A Ap rk[ý^ dpv$ L$p g S> p L$pe hpll$ A p Q p e X $ p. L $ p r s L $ g p X $ h p k l u s s d p d r h c p N p p l X $ A AÝep L$p Arc v$ Apàep AÓ A Z D M ue R> L $, Ap V$p p dk õv$ V$k âpá ep bpv$ Ap L$p g S>dp àep f A A àgpbx$ kpeþk p kdþhe kp^u rhrh^ L$p k}t s epf L$fhpdp Apìep Al] dpc¾$p bpep gp Æ, L $d õv²$u A d d qv$¼kdp BÞV$uN V$ X$ B. Sc. & M. Sc. B il $ Ap hj u ^ p. 1 2 R > u p B.Sc. B g ¼ V ² $ p u ¼ k s d S > B.Sc. a w X $ â p k t k N A Þ X $ r â T h i V$ L$ p gp Æ p Aæepk¾$d iê hp p R >. A p D f p s B.Sc. R > u p p õ V $ N S ¹ > e y A V $ X $ u à g p d p B dp g ¼eygf X$pe p rkk A M.Sc. - b p e p L $ r d õ V ² $ u i { i. r h Û p } g n u A r c N d ^ f p h s u NyS>fps u Ap â d¾$d u kpeþk L $ p g S > d p b p e p V $ L $ p g p Æ, d p C ¾ $ p b p e p g p Æ, B Þ X $ õ V ² $ u e g L $rdõv²$u, bpep L $rdõv²$u, d d qv$¼k, L $ r d õ V ² $ u, B Þ a d i V $ L $ p g p Æ d p B.Sc A M.Sc. B i L $ R >. r i n Z k p k õ L $ p f p k d Þ h e p D Ø i u e y r h k g ü y d h ë e y A Ä e y L $ i, Æ h r h Û p A A ç p h f d Þ V $ A p a N ë k h N f âl$ë p ApÐdue N y u kõ pap u Ap mm b u Qy¼ep (3.18) pql$õsp fpõs L$fhpdp sdpd dp fq hx$pâ^p dp v$u kam: fpsy> ^ yh (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, S > ç d y - L $ p í d u f p y g h p d p e gp ApsL$u lºdgp bpv$ â^p dóu f Þ Ö c p C d p v $ u k p â d h p f NyS>fps u dygpl$ps Aphu füp R> Ðepf fpsy>cpc ^ yh L$üy lsy L $, R> p hj u cpfs ApsL$hpv$ p g p r l e p m M à f d p l p d u v $ p f pql$õsp ^ m QpV$sy L$fu dp v$uæa Av$cys fps>l$ue BÃR>pir¼s,gp MX$u s Ðh,kplk,v$ iv$pt A cpfs u spl$ps,ir¼s,kpd e p fqp A qfqe Ap u v$u^p pql$õsp O V $ r Z e X $ h p d S > b y f L $ f u v $ u ^ y ApS> v$ i p A L$ A L$ pnqfl$ y dõsl$ Nh u Dßs R>,ApS> v$yr epa cpfs u ir¼s kpd TyL$hy X$éy R> A p î e Ap Zp gp L$ pel$ hx$pâ^p f ÞÖ dp v$uæ Åe R> s d S>Zphu f p S y > c p C A d p v $ u Æ p N y S > f p s ApNd h^pìey lsy. y g h p d p d p e g p A p s L $ u lºdgp bpv$ â^p dóu dp v$ua kp â d d p õ V $ a h X $ i A p s A d A a A v $ i u e p v $ u d p u pql$õsp p R> v$ DX$pX$u v$u^p bpv$ pql$õsp u Apeps su sdpd QuÅ D f 200 V$L$p Apeps S>L$ps pmu v $ u ^ u R >. L $ p í d u f d p A g N s p h p v $ u spap A psu kfl$pfu kyrh^pap A kyfnp pr>u M Qhpdp Aphu R> A lºqfes spap u ^f L$X$ L$fu 50 L$fp X$ u h^y u k rs S>á L$fu v$ hpc v$ i rhfp ^u âh rñ L$fsp S>dps-Dg-Cõgpd S> hp knw$ f ârsb^ d L$u v$ hpep ApV$gy S> l ] c p f s s f a u h l s u v $ u A p fphu, rbepk A ksgys> p pzu pql$õsp dp S>sp fp L$u v$ hp p r Z e Z g hpdp Apìep.(5.12)

5 Page: 4 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs FRC kfl$pf u L$W$ smu: hpgudx$m au r ed L$rdV$u u v$gpsfhpx$u urs, A kfl$pf u ^ sfpô²$ urs u Mp Nu ipmpap hpguap g V$u flu R> : bpbx$uep, Tpgp y y y y (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, f p S > L $ p V $ i l f - r S > p h p g u d l p d X $ m p â d M A X $ h p L $ V $ t l d s c p C g p b X $ u e p D â d M N S > Þ Ö t k l T p g p u k e L $ s e p v $ u d S > b g p b p k d e b p v $ f p S > L $ p V $ Mps u kp fpô²$ Tp u au f Áeyg i L$duV$u Üpfp Ly$cL$Z u t Öpdp u ÅNu dp v$u klus u õly$gp u au Ål f L$fu ê$p.26 låf u 82 låf ky^u u au Å l f L $ f s p h p g u A p d p A p ò e ey.a kfl$pf rh^p kcp u Q V$Zu l g p L $ f p X $ p u Å l f p s p L $ f u a u r ^p fz i s hu NygbpNp a L$u lsu S> y Q V$Zu R>u k fk fuey C Ney R >. A , , kpeþk p 3000 u S> Ål fpsp L$fu s p L$m kprbs C R> A kfl$pf 4 Tp dp NyS>fpsdp au r ^p fz L$rdV$uAp b phu Ap aukp b p h u L $ f p X $ p p M Q L $ e p f s y rhûp } hpguap g i dpó apev$p ep. u r ^p fz L$rdV$u p AÝen A kæep Mp Nu ipmp p v$gpgp b u b W$p au r ^p fz L$pev$p u A ku L$u s ku L$f d aph s hp d X $ s hp au h^pfp v$gp sfhpx$u u S> d L$fhp dpx$u fuzpd rhûp } hpguap Dg A aapfkua dp u Qygdp X$ep A ANpD p hjp L$fsp X$bg Óbg h^pfp Mp Nu ipmpap L$fu g V$hp p ump fhp p Ap u v$u^p kfl$pf ^ sfpô²$ b u b W$u dy edóu rinz dóua dp ^pfz L$fu gu^y s d N S > Þ Ö t k l T p g p A t l d s gpbx$uepa S>Zpìey lsy.(2.1) Mp Nu ipmpap Üpfp My Apd rinz p h pf fps>l$p V$: qv$ëludp rinz gc R> p pq hj dp OZp ky^pfp ep. S> Apv$i rinz Ý^rs A Apv$i hluhv$u âq¾$ep L$l] il$pe. Ðepf NyS>fpsdp S> lpgs R> s v$e ue Mp Nu ipmpap dp au OV$hp bv$g h^u NC Ap AN hpgu dx$m u epv$udp S>Zphpey lsy L $, NyS>fpsdp Mp Nu ipmpap Üpfp My Apd rinz p h pf pe L$pev$p-r edp p Dgpmuep L$f pf ApMp kpd Myv$ rinz Ar^L$pfu A A aapfku L$rdV$uA ^ydv$u spzu gu^p kfl$pf Z au OV$pX$p L$fhpdp dl$l$d u. dy edóu, rinf dóu krls kfl$pf Ap sdpkp Å C flu S> dp hpguap g V$pC füp hpgu dx$m p qlds gpbx$uep A NSy>cpA Asdp S>Zpìey lsy L $, qv$ëluhpmp L$fhp dpv $ 56 u R>psu Å CA.(2.2) kp fpô²$-l$ãr>dp LIC p âqpf hpl p afu Æh hudp AN dpn v$i Ap i (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, d p h u d p Ó d p V $ A p r L $ kyfnp s ds> crhóe p Apr L$f Apep S> dpv$ AÐes S>ê$fu A hp Æh hudp u Ar hpe sp gp L$p kdåhhp s ds> Æh hudp AN u kpqu A kqp V$ dprlsu dmu fl s h p A p î e u A g. A p C. k u. fps>l$p V$ rhcpn Üpfp kdn kp fpô²$ L$ÃR> ìep u S> ÅN su Arcep iê$ L$fhpdp Apìey Ap Arcep AsN s rhriô$ fus s epf L$fpe gp âqpf hpl p kp fpô²$-l$ãr> p rhrh^ rhõspfdp afu Æh hudp AN dpn v$i A p i A Æ h h u d p A N S> ÅN rs a gphi. sp.1 dpq u iê$ L $ f p e g A r c e p s p. 1 5 k y ^ u Q p g i. A g. A p C. k u. f p S > L $ p V $ rhcpn p qx$rht g d S>f Np thv$ ANfhpg fps>l$p V$ L$Q fu p âpnzdp â Q p f h p l p â õ p L $ f p h s p f p S > L $ p V $ rhcpn p rkr ef qx$rht g d S>f AN hpg ag N Ap a Ap u hudp S> ÅN rs Arcep p R> âqpf hpl p âõ p L$fpìey lsy. Ap âkn AN hpg h^ydp S>Zph g L $ âurded kdekf l] c f h p L $ p f Z b ^ X $ g u h u d p p rgkuap y : Qpgy L$fphhp dpv $ u qfhpchg Tyb i lpgdp Qpgy R> s dp QX$s âurded p ìeps>dp ApL$j L$ h m s f A p h p d p A p h R >. A g. ApC.ku. u pl$su p rgku p pzp rhdp ^pfl$p kdekf dmu fl s d S > â u r d e d c f h p p k v $ i dp bpcg Üpfp dmu fl s dpv $ sdpd r h d p ^ p f L $ p s d p b Þ L $ MpspAp u dprlsu s p dp bpcg bf u p ^Zu A g.apc. ku. u ipmpap dp L$fphu g hp ANfhpg A yfp ^ L$ep lsp.(3.3) by^hpf Ly$hpX$hp Mps "Apfp Áe d mp ' kpõl $rsl$ L$pe ¾$dp, X$pepbuV$ui, g k rdep gp lu krls p fp Np AN (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) f p S > L $ p V $, s p. 4 : gp L$p p Apfp Áe u kcpm g hp. gp L$p Of ApNZ Apfp Áe k hp lp QpX$hp, Apfp Áe AN u ÅZL$pfu Ap hp s ds> NyZhsp kcf âuh ÞV$uh âdp V$uh A ÞX$ L$eyf V$uh Apfp Áe k hpap y f u p X $ h p k k v $ k æ e d p l c p C L y $ X $ p f u e p p A Ý e n õ p f p S > L $ p V $ s p g y L $ p p L y $ h p X $ h p N p d d u X $ g õ L y $ g M p s " A p f p Á e d mp' y Apep S> sp.6 p fp S> L$fhpdp Aph g S > d p A p i f u g p L $ p g p c p } A p A p h p f l p e. A p d m p d p A p f p Á e k d u p f A p f p Á e â v $ i A Q. A p C. h u. A C X $ k d p V $ a p D Þ k g ] N k y f õ í e p g u õ V $ X $ p L $ V $ f p u k h p A p k p õ L $ r s L $ L $ p e ¾ $ d p å g X $ k y N f u X $ p e p b u V $ u k, g k d u e p g p l u k p b u s p k e p N d X $ u V $ i k p f h p f dpn v$i ìek dyql$s Tyb i ApM s pk Apeyh v$ rqql$ðkp hn f y Apep S> L$fhpdp Aph g (3.1) r c g p X $ p u 1 1 L $ f p X $ p M Q hr rd s L$p V$ y gp L$p Z L$fpey (kp fpô²$ ¾$pqs ârsr r^-fps>l$p V$) Afh u, Afh u rs> pdp Apqv$Års R > p s r h õ s p f r c g p X $ p M p s ê. 1 1 L $ f p X $ p d p s b f M Q h r rd s rkrhg L$p V$ p gp L$p Z kdpfp l kfl$pfu kql $V$ lpdk ÆL$ dpl$fp X$p rkrhg A ap S>v$pfu L$p V$ rbëx$]n y DÙpV$ fpmhpdp Aph g s dp dy e dl dp sful $ rh¾$dtkl bu.np rlg, râþku pg X$uõV²$uL$V$ A k iþk S>S>, dp X$pkp p lõs L$fhpdp A p ì e y l s y. L $ p V $ r b ë X $ ] N d p s Ø AÐep^yr L$ knhx$p Dcu L$fhpdp Aph g R> S> dp hql$gêd, õv$paêd, gpcb fu, C-L$pV$, ApsfuL$ fõspap, NpX $, kd apefk av$u, pl$ N i X$, Q p f L $ p V $ ê d, L $ p Þ a f Þ k ê d S > h u A^s knhx$p Dcu L$fhpdp Aph g (1.1) ap ap S> dpfp fdl$x$p! fps>l$p V$: bpëephõ p y Æh S> L$BL$ A p My lp e OZu hms bpml$p iy Nd L $ iy p Nd s ½$u L$fhpdp hpguap Z p MpC S>sp lp e A V$gy S> l] bpml$ dp Opv$pV$ fdl$x$p bv$g r d g¹e hõsydp Æh fp h Ðepf qfhpfs> p AQfS> pdsp lp e Aphu S> hps kprbs L$fsp Ap V$pbqfep ap ap kp r Å v$ dpzsp L $d fp u r¼gl$dp TX$ pc Nep ipev$ bpml$ A hy L$l R> L $, c..ap ap S> dpfp fdl$x$p R>!!(2.3) Np X$g L $ÞÖ Mps bp X $ u pfv$i L$ funp dpv $ fp rdguv$fu ap k u kfl$pfdp dpn y Np X$g, ^p fz 10 A ^p fz 12 u bp X $ u funp ApNpdu 7 dpq u Qpgy B flu R> Ðepf Np X$g L $ÞÖ M p s c s L $ p m d p f u n p v $ f ç e p N ffurs e g lp e s hp funp L $ÞÖp bp X $ Üpfp fv$ L$fu L $V$guL$ Mp Nu õl $gp funp L $ÞÖp apmh g R> Ðepf lh R>u Np X$g p A L$ Z funp L $ÞÖ Mps L$p C Z âl$pf u N ffurs p pe A rhûp }Ap ips A r c}l$ fus funp Ap u il $ s ds> L$p C rhûp } AÞepe p pe s l sy u N p X $ g õ h r c f i p m p d X $ m p lp Ø v$pfp A rinz dóu cy ÞÖtkl Q X $ p k d p, f p S > L $ p V $ r S > p r i n Z A r ^ L $ p f u D p Ý e p e A N p X $ g p L$p C Z âl$pf u N ffuqs AV$L$phhp dpõv$f àgp s epf c s h ^ p f p k æ e S > e f p S > t k l Å X $ Å A p A N f S > A p s L $ f s p cy ÞÖtkl QyX$pkdpA S>Zph g L $, Ap hms ApMp NyS>fpsdp bp X $ u f u n p v $ f ç e p L $ p C Z â L $ p f u N f f u r s p p e A d p V $ k f L $ p f L $ q V $ b Ù R > A l S y > Z ¼ e p e N ffurs su S>Zpe A L$p C h^pf bv$p bõs u S>êf S>Zpe sp syfs d ÅZ L$fip pfv$i L$ funp dpv$ L$p C Z âl$pf u ìehõ p Ap hp s epf Ry>. Ap sl $ fps>l$p V$ rs> p rinz Ar^L$pfu D pýepe S>Zph g L $, Np X$g L $ÞÖ bp X $ u funp dpv$ kh v$ iug Ål f L$f g R> Ðepf A Np X$g L $ÞÖ p c sl$pm p b php Ýep dp fpmu Ap hms v$f L$ funp L $ÞÖ f A L$ A L$ ¼ g p k - h A r ^ L $ p f u k s s l p S > f fl i A funpdp L$p C blpf p AkpdprS>L$ sðhp N ffurs p L$fphu il $ s dpv$ s ds> rhûp }Ap u A ky frht L$fsp rinl$p u kgpdsu dpv$ fsp p guk bv$p bõs sp R> S> Z kp kp fp d g V$fu ap k u Z kfl$pfdp cgpdz L$f g R> Ap dpv$ p ApMp dpõv$f àgp s epf R> S> u Ap hj Np X$gdp bp X $ u funp v$fçep L$p C Z âl$pf u N ffurs l] S > p e A r h Û p } A p A L $ v $ d c e d y ¼ s h p s p h f Z d p S > f u n p A p i s h u b p l ^ f u A p g lsu.(1.3) L $ p D [ Þ k g a p f u ë k f p C V ¹ $ k L$Þhu f v$ âhuz gmpzu u hfzu âhuzcpc kdps> L$ëepZ p A L$ L$pep dp p sp u k hp Ap R> : iyc ÃR>L$p sfa u Arc v$ hjp (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, fps>l$p V$dp kdps> L$ëepZ gnsp L$pep dp ld ip AN kf fl sp âhuzcpc gpmpzu u L$pDÞkug ap f u ëk fpcv¹$k p fps>l$p V$ rs> p p L$Þhu f sful $ r dz L$ L$fpC Ap AN ku uapf p âdym L$dg icpc L$p X$uepA r dz L$ Ó Apàey lsy. âhuzcpc gpmpzu fps>l$p V$ dsv$pf A L$sp dq p klkep S>L$, rhh L$p v$ dp h L$ëepZ Q fuv$ bg V²$õV$ p kæe, fps>l$p V$ il f-rs> p N pll$ kyfnp dx$m p kæe, ep N y S > f p s g p L $ A r ^ L $ p f k r d r s A d v $ p h p v $ p s d S > A p f. V $ u. A p C. A kp rke i p kp fpô² Tp p âdym s ds> il f u S> p p lp [õ V$g Mps S> k hp L $ÞÖ y kqpg L$fu füp Ap sl $ Sy>v$u-Sy>v$u kõ pap, l p Ø v $ p f p Ü p f p â h u Z c p C g M p Z u ( d p / ) i y c ¼ R > p pw$hpc flu R> s d dsv$pf dq p d l i c p C d r l p g u e p v $ u d p S>Zphpey cps> Üpfp "rhs>e kl$ë bpcl$ f gu' L$pe ¾$d k ß Æsy hpopzu cph Nf Mps, urs V $g dl kpzp Mps bpcl$ f gudp Å X$pep y y y y (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) Adv$phpv$, cps> p âv$ i duqx$ep k g u A M b p f u e p v $ u d p S > Z p ì e p k p f cps> p u L $ÞÖue ep S> p AsN s kdn v$ idp rhs>e kl$ë bpbl$ f gu L$pe ¾$d y Apep S> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. S> dp cpfscfdp Av$pS> 3 L$fp X$ dp V$f b p B L $ k h p f e h p p A S > v $ p S > v $ p rhõspfp dp f gu ul$mu lsu. Ap rhs>e kl$ë bpbl$ f gu L$pe ¾$d AsN s N y S > f p s c f d p â s ¹ e L $ rh^p kcp n Ó krls 245 õ p p D f cps> p p Qpf gpm eyhp p Üpfp bpbl$ f guap ep ÅB, S> dp cps> p p fpô²ue D pýen A gp L$kcp Q V$Zu âcpfu Ap dæ dp yf Adv$phpv$ Mps rhs>e kl$ë bpbl$ f gudp Å X$pep lsp, cps> p âv$ i AÝen ÆsycpB h p O p Z u c p h N f M p s, p e b dy edóu urs cpb V$ g dl kpzp Mps, L $ÞÖue dóu fjp ÑdcpB ê pgp kyfs Mps, L $ÞÖue dóu d kymcpb dpx$huep pguspzp Mps s p eyhp dp fqp p âv$ i AÝen X$p. F[ÐhS> V$ g cph Nf Mps rhs>e kl$ë bpbl$ f gudp Å X$pep lsp.(3.5) fpdl$ p dpk iuap dp Dsfu NC R>.s hp ksðh p rimf dp fpfu bp y p S>Þd kfl$pfu p ^Zudp cg lp e. fsy s hpõshdp rs u A ykpf dlp hv$ Qp v$i khs 2002 dlprihfpóu p ph qv$hk R> tlv$y ^d dlprihfpóu dlpðepnu dlpv$ h p pspmdp u ApNd sful $ ÅZ R> Ðepf s S> qv$hk huidp isl$ p dp h DÐ p p dng AhsfZ sful $ dlprhc rs dp fpfu bp y p qfqe L$f dp k u Qp pbap 14 hj u Jdf u bp y u Æh u b u NC.Ap p v$pv$p Äe rócyh v$pk bp y p â d p m A y N l u f p d p d dngnp u rddpkp ky^u p kfmsp u,kls>sp u ¼epf L$ pc Nep, s p epg S> füp.k 1960 u ról$ Npd sgnps>fx$p u l gu dpk pfpez u 824 du Adv$phpv$ u dp k hæh epópdp hp Þd ju Apepdp kf C ANrZsp p hæh bnhpdp Ap y ep Nv$p Ad ëe L$ p õ p ìepk uw$ pr>m îu l ydp Æ õ pr s lp e ìepk uw$ u fq p A hu L $ îu l ydp Æ u Np v$dp dp fpfubp y rbfpæs lp e s d gpn. s Ap L$ pnp L$fhp p DdmL$p Arsd íhpk ky^u lp hp y S>Zphu Q ¼ep R>p.L$ p ld ip ir hpf u A p f c p C, f r h h p f r h f p d p d.l$hrqs S> s dp A hpv$ lp e. L$ p k d e d p õ m, F s y A y k p f g Q u g p Ï l p e. f s y ì e p k uw$¼epf e kdprá ky^u R>p X$hp u l]. khpf u b p f ky^udp Mp p p k Z ÐepN s A L$ kp^ p sful $ Å C il$pe.rhíhcfdp ep ÅC fl gu Ap u A L $ A L $ L $ p h e f k p d p f d s u, fnv$p mpsu v$ri s pe ku^y âkpfz A p õ p Q g d p p e s u A p kde pg p Qyõs ApN lu füp R>p.kpdprS>L$,^prd L$ kdpfp ldp Z bp y OqX$epm p L$pV$p u S>fpe ApOp pr>p sp u. L$ p p rhfpd R>u bp y ku^u sgnps>fx$p u hpv$ L$X $. cg eya k u 18 L$gpL$ u dykpafu lp e A R>u y : e fp p v$ ip dp S>hp y lp e sp Z sgnps>fx$p Aphu R>u S> S>hp y L$üy.¼epe fp L$pZ l].l$ p L$u rinz,apfp N¹e, fpô² L$ëepZ,^d,Ly$v$fsu Apasp hn f rhjep L $[ÞÖs L$fu AbÅ u rhså k hp L$fu sp Z s y î e ¼epf e Ap gu^y u, fdps¹dp S> âdym NÎep R>.A V$gy S> l] p s L $ p sp p qfhpf p L$p C kæep s p hluhv$dp âs¹en L $ fp n fus kl$mpe gp fl sp u. L $hp ApQpf!! lp s p kde dys>b D ep N C Åe s u L$pmÆ S>êf g hpdp Aph R> k ¼k hl $f, ql$ßf,rhqfsu Års, kfv$pf ip Qpge dpv$ Ap L$ p Np L$fu fq pðdl$sp u A L$ hu l g Z L$fu R>. dp fpfubp y p Æh f Np^u dyëep,apv$ip kss v$ Mp v$ R>.Mpv$u l fhu, ð s h p u kpv$nu, fpô²^d kðe pg hn f p Ap pgl$ - p jl$ füp R>p. ð s Tæcp, ^p su A L$pmu L$pdmu bp y u ApBX $[ÞV$V$u b u NC R>.Qp, crs>ep p õhpv$ Nd Z s y A qx$l$i Ap bp^u i¼ey u.hq ârsbùsp Ap p Æh dp.dp fpfubp y p ApS> S>Þdqv$hk kss bubus pe r esl$f g L$pe ¾$d ¼epf e A^ fp R>p X$ép u.ap ld ip L$l sp Apìep R>p, L $ lº L$p C y Nyfy u dpfp L$p C Q gp u. dpfp L $ p C a p g p h k u. A p A p M u dp hås lº dpfp ãgphk dp y Ry>. r Mpgksp y kp v$e bp y u sdpd L$ p L $ âhq dp Y$byfpe gy u. d^yf gpn gp iåv$ âkpv$ s p d m fq pl$pf L $ ks> L$ p pd u S> h l Q rh e u rhipmsp Ap p ifumu ip ^hu AOfu V$uL$pL$pf lp e A rhqpfc v$ u Sy>v$ X$sp L$p C ìer¼s lp e sp Z s AapV$ â d L$fhpdp S>fpe L $ Q p i l p e. r d Õ e p r c d p u kprlðel$pfp Z Ap lmh lp D px$u s â d u Arcc s L$fsp füp R>p.L$p C r fpi L$fhp y bp y p õhcphdp u.gpmp p qfqe R>sp ìer¼sns fus kp L$p C pd u ÅZ fps> urs, kñp L$pfZ u fsy Asf Åmhhpdp s d u syg p B il $ s d u. kpdpþe dpzk p Of L $ hpx$ue p s cp S> gb gu^p p A L$ v$pmgp dpv$ bp y Ty X$p u d l g ky^u p kp L$p C p sul$p gpn R>.L$p C ^d L $ kâv$pe y MX$ -dx$ ¼epf e l]. tlv$y, dy[õgd, ium, CkpC kp L$p C s Ap dp p sp p ^d Nyfy v$ Mpsp füp R >, C õ g p d ^ d } L $ p e ¾ $ d p d p s d u D [õ rs A kpâv$prel$ kv$cph p r dp Zdp AÞe cpn cs>ìep kdn rhíhdp dpó dp fpfubp y A L$ S> A hp kp^y -ks R> L $ s p QfZdp v$k êr ep u 10 L$fp X$ ky^u u fl$d dyl$hp u krhh L$ d pc R>.k 1977 u bp ya c V$- v$rnzp õhul$pfhp y b^ L$ey sgnps>fx$p p rhrh^ âl$g¹ p es>dp p pf px $ rqól $V$ ^pd dpó dýeõ u L$f sgnps>fx$p f bp y y A pf l s dpv$ s d y r hpkõ p Z ApS> Npddp R> Npd u A L$ k hpap bp ya p sul$u NZu L$fu Äepf bp y u sgnps>fx$p D [õ rs lp e Ðepf khpf 9: 30 L$gpL $ A kps> 5: 00 L$gpL $ rqól $V$^pddp kp L$p B kfmsp u s d dmu il $ âkpqv$l$ QuS>-hõsyAp u fp S> A L$ v$i p }Ap c]åsp fl rinz, kprlðe, gp L$kNus, L$gpS>Ns krls p bpf S> V$gp A hp X $ âkpv$ sgnps>fx$p v$f hj kdps> ufk fsy s p Qe L $ Ùrsdp bp y ¼epe u. v$f L$ y A L$ õhsó dpmmy R>.L$gp L $ L$gd u Ap R>p Å Z u s p g p L $ L $ g p L $ p f p b p y A h [íhl$ dq fp px$ép R>.chpC L $ V$ L$gp Æhs fpmhp u s d u d d pó R>.khpv$, kdpfp l dpv$ bp y y ApNÏ L$ped DOpXy$ fl V³$,gh, L$p ç i i p Ap kv$ny{ Qpl pfp u k ep ApL$piu r k s p f p A p u A r ^ L $ R > k p hlpg,kp p õhul$pf y v$qfepqv$g kp p sp ys p kynr^s A ychpey R > b p y p p f k - k ¹ i p d p f Å Z A p b ê q a ë d y N u s NZNZsp lp e. ÆÞl ld cyg p Qpl lp AL$kf epv$ Aps l ApS> p dng qv$ Äeîu cphhv$ p... kl$g : smycpc kpx$kyf h mphv$f, cph Nf ƒk ¼ð y u r[õzù õ ƒ ŒÚkk kihküù yulz fåa uxt ƒúez o yulz xùuz o yu kur yuþ îkhk hksfkux k ƒk ¼ð {kt ƒzo þku wt ykþkus fhðk{kt ykôþwt nœwt. su{kt 35Úke ðäw «òrœ k ûkeyku ykf»koý wt fulÿ ƒlþk nœk.su{kt 400 «fkh k yðks fkzœku úu uhkux ykf»koý wt fulÿ ƒlþku nœku. ƒzo þku{kt {ú wshkœ{ktúke htƒuhte ûkeyku òuðk {éþk nœk. yk r ðkþ ykumxùur Þk, ykr fk, ƒúkíe, Þwhku, k wh y u y{urhfk k ûkeyku ý òuðk {éþk nœk. e tfk k ðzk «Äk hk e rð { ½uyu yu{ k Je «ku. {iºke rð { ½u kúku yktäú «Ëuþ k rœá{k k k rœá rœ{kt ¼ðk ðufxuïh kt {trëh{kt se u Ëþo fþko nœkt y u qò-y[o k fhe nœe.

6 Page: 5 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs rih ÝhÅfp lz, bfa p qv$ìe Äep rsqg N u TpMu s p kpõl $rsl$ L$pe ¾$dp y Apep S> b ûply$dpfut Üpfp dlprihfpóu u cìe DS>hZu Afh u, âår sp b ûply$dpfu Bíhfue rhíh rhýepge, Np^u Nf Üpfp f d r s p f d p Ð d p r i h p q v $ ì e AhsfZ u epv$npf dlprihfpóu 4 d p Q, k p d h p f r i h Ý h Å f p l Z, bfa p qv$ìe Äep rsqg N u TpMu, kpõl $rsl$ L$pe ¾$dp y rhi j Apep S> L$fhpdp Aph g c p f s u p h c d u f õ h N u õ p p d p V $ d p r fpl$pf rih fdpðdpa âår sp b ûp p kpl$pf s dp qv$ìe AhsfZ L$f g A d yóe v$ h b phhp p c r N f L $ p e d p V $ p s p p k u ^ p r v $ i s m a ¼ s b l p Ü p f p k Q p r g s A r v $ r i s, â Å r s p b û p L y $ d p f u C í h f u e r h í h r h Ý e p g e u õ p p L $ f g. S > u e p v $ N p f 8 3 d u r i h S > e r s - d l p r i h f p Ó u f r h Ý e p g e p r h í h p v $ i p d p A p h g 8,500 k hpl $ÞÖp p 9 gpm S> V$gp rhó b ûply$dpf cpc bl p rih Ý h Å f p l Z b p v $ r h í h L $ ë e p Z, i p r s, r h í h b ^ y Ð h, A p v $ A â d p âl$ p a gphi A rhrh^ ApÝep[ÐdL$ L$pe ¾$d Üpfp rihr sp p kv$ i S> S> ky^u lp QpX$i. Mpd p dlpv$ h u cìe ip cpepóp ul$mu Mcprmep, Mcprmepdp 126 hj u ul$msu Mpd p dlpv$ h u rih ip cpepóp ApS> khpf fndl g ipmpa cìe S> A Y$p g Npfp kp ul$mu lsu. khpf Mpd p V ² $ õ V $ p V ² $ õ V $ u ^ y h c p B s p AN ZuAp Üpfp 250 ql$gp Qpv$u u rih- ph su A NZ i u ârsdp S> pgmudp b kpx$sp cprhl$p Å v$i dpv $ DdV$u X$ép lsp. 126 hj u r L$msu Ap i p c p e p Ó p f N d l g i p m p A u T h f u b Å f p Q l p V $ X $ u d B b Å f d p B r h S > e Q p L $ B Mpd p dlpv$ h dqv$f lp Qu lsu S> dp W $f W $f cprhl$p Üpfp S> A õ h p N s s p Å, a º g l p f L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. k h p f M c p r m e p â p s A r ^ L $ p f u X $ u. k u. Å i u A S > aºglpf L$ep lsp. S> d u kp V²$õV$u ^ y h c p B, c f s c p B i p u, â p Z g p g Å i u, r l s Þ Ö c p B A p Q p e, l s g c p B b p X $ p, fp ÑdcpB kpl$qfep rhn f Å X$pep lsp. (5.9) fpó Qpf âlf u Apfsu Mcprmep p Mpd p dlpv$ h, fpd p dlpv$ h krls A L$ rih dqv$fp dp Qpf âlf u fpó Apfsu s p ^prd L$ L$pe ¾$dp Z ep Åep Qpqv$NY$ p pv$uep ÆL$ Apluf kdps> hpx$u Mps L $ip v$ Apluf eyhp dq Üpfp R>Ì$p kd l g p Ðkh k ß 30 hv$ suap A âcyspdp Ngp dpx$ep: fl$sv$p L $ç ep Åep DX$p k p L$u Nf âp.rinz krdrs Üpfp róqv$hkue kpõ¾y$rsl$ L$pe L$d k ß 1500 S> V$gp bpml$p A Av$c s L $rsap ufiu lp v$ v$pfp - rinl$p Üpfp 3.55 gpm p Q L$ iluv$ ax$dp A Z L$fpep (kp fpô² ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$ N f â p d u L $ r i n Z krdrs fps>l$p V$ Üpfp AV$grblpfu hps> eu lp g dp DX$p k p L$u 2019 róqv$hkue kpõ¾ $rsl$ L$pe L$d e p Å e p l s p. S > A s N s N f â p d u L $ r i n Z k r d r s k Q p r g s k f L $ p f u i p m p A p S > V $ g p bpml$p A 77 L $rsap fs > L$fhpdp Aphu lsu. rirnl$p bl p Üpfp Z N y f y d Ó k d p r h i j L $ r s A p f S > L$fhpdp Aphu lsu. i r h p f h õ V $ T p p kpõ¾ $rsl$ L$pe L$d DX$p k p L$u f p S > L $ p V $ p ^ p f p k c ¹ e Afthv$cpB f epzu p lõs v$u ânv$phu L$pe L$d p iycpfc L$fhpdp A p ì e p l s p. L $ p e L $ d p A ^ e n d ef rb pb ApQpe A R> X$php p b p m L $ p õ V $ S > f y p X $ h p b v $ g p N f p r d L $ r i n Z k r d r s p âepkp rbfv$ph¹ep lsp. bpml$p u A v $ c s L $ g p L $ p s y L $ u â i k p L $ f u lsu. Ap sl $ õhpns âhq Nf p r d L $ r i n Z k r d r s p Q f d f Þ Ö r k l W $ p L y $ f Ü p f p s p Apcpfhu^u il f cps> dlpdró s p r i n Z k r d r s p k v $ õ e ql$ip fcpc fpw$p X$ Üpfp L$fhpdp Aphu l s u. L $ p e ¾ $ d y k Q p g A p Q p e p Sy>Bb dpl$x$, iunul$p v$u piub ip u s p v$i pb d mriep Üpfp L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. A p s L $ L $ p e L $ d d p ^pfpkc¹e Afthv$cpB f epzu,d ef rb pb ApQpe,ipkL$ n sp v $ g k y M c p B Å N p Zu,il f cps> d l p d r Ó s p r i n Z k r d r s p k v $ õ e q L $ i p f c p B f p W $ p X $, r i n Z k r d r s Q f d ¹ Ö r k l W $ p L y $ f, r i n Z k r d r s p h p B k Q f d c p f r s b f p h g, p g u k A ^ u n L $ A p f. b u. T p g p, L $ p p f k p A r ^ L $ p f u f r h Q y X $ p k d p, r i n Z k r d r s k v $ õ e d y L $ i c p B d l s p, q L $ f Z b d p L $ q X $ e p, A ë L $ p b L $ p d v $ p f, S > N v $ u i c p B c p Å Z u,r^fs>cpc dynfp,õhr fcf ipmp p k Q p g L $ p A S > e c p C V $ g, A h ^ i c p B L $ p N X $, q f d g c p C f X $ h p, L $ p r i L $ c p C ê p f p s p qv$ icpb kv$pqv$ep âdym âp dul$ rinz k^ fps>l$p V$ dlp Nf prgl$p krls p dlp ychp lps>f füp lsp A bpml$p u Av$c s L $rsap Å C Arcc s ep lsp. N f â p d u L $ r i n Z k r d r s Ü p f p f p S > L $ p V $ p p g u k Ar^nL$ fpô²ue A hp X $ Apf.bu.. Tpgp riëx$ A Z L$fu kþdp L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. âp dul$ rinz dx$m p âdym qv$ icpb kv$pv$ ep, dx$m p lp v$ v$pfp s p sdpd rinl$p Ü p f p A p s L $ y g h p d p i l u v $ p n ^ p S > r g A } i r l v $ a p m p d p f L $ d p Q L $ A Z L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. Nf p rdl$ rinz krdrs p iunul$p bl p p âpqu fpk ¾y$rs L$gp dlply$cdp r S > p L $ n p A â d L $ d A p h s p fpkdp rhs> sp rinul$p bl p y ipg Ap Y$pmu kþdp L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. L $ip v$, L $ip v$ p Apluf eyhp dq Üpfp R>Ì$p kdyl g y Qpqv$NY$ p pv$uep pk Aph g Aprlf kdps> u hpx$udp R>Ì$p kdyl g y Apep S> L$fhpdp A p ì e y S > d p Ó u k h v $ r s A p A âcyspdp Ngp dpx$ep lsp kdyl g dp Å X$pe gp eyngp Aprlf eyhp dq sfa u g p ^Zu Ly$hfbpC y d p d ê k p s a f p k l p e k l u s u k y r h ^ p A p u Z ì e h õ p L $ f p h u Ap hpdp Aph R> s ds> qv$l$fuap L $ f u e p h f k p f p ^ q ¾ $ ó p u R > b u Qpv$u p rk½$p klus u c V$ Ap hpdp Aph kdyl g dp L $ip v$ spgyl$p D f p s N u f k p d p Å d N f Sy> pny$ Æ p klus p opsus> p A p N h p p D [ õ s f l u s d ^ u k p k l L $ p f A p u k d y l g p Apep S> dp klcpnu b k d y l g d p Å e p A p d p e p A p A p d r Ó s d l d p p d p V $ u k e p d p D [ õ s f ü p l s p k d y l g d p Å X $ p s p s d p d o p s u S > p k d y l g dp yfsu kyrh^pap dmu fl s dpv$ Aprlf eyhp dq Üpfp Apep S> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy S> dp opsus> p sfa u Z yfsp kp kll$pf dmu fl R> s u v$f hj Apluf eyhp dq Üpfp kdyl g y Apep S> L$fhpdp A p h R >. c N h p Æ c p B b p f X $ (^pfpkæe spgpgp) S>hplf QphX$p ( ^ p f p k æ e d p Z p h v $ f ) V y $ c p C cpvy$(kp fpô² A S>ey. V²$k¹V$ âdym) cumycpc hpfp sfuep(aprlf AN Zu Å d N f ) g M d Z c p C u W $ u e p (Apluf AN Zu Sy> pny$) dpgv$ bp p v$przep (Apluf AN Zu L $ip v$) f ÞÖcpC c V$pfuep ( yh âdym Ap. L $. Adv$phpv$) fpsy>cpc c X$p (âdym Æ. ri. ko Sy> pny$) e dpê (rbëx$f hp u-sy> pny$) L$fi cpc b p v $ f ( â. A p. k. L $ i p v $ ) r g i Nf Zuep(Aprlf AN Zu Sy> pny$) c p h i c p B k p g L $ u ( f h Ö p A p. AN Zu) X$pepcpC Tg^fp, v$ hpcpc dpgd (^pfpkæe L $ip v$) Np thv$cpc bpfuep(sp. cp. âdym) ep N icpc kphrgep (. p. âdym) klus p ApN hp p D [õ s füp lsp kdn L$pe ¾$d y kqpg X$p. r kn Apluf s p Apf. bu. fps>suepa L$f g lsy. k d y l g d p f ¼ s v $ p L $ ç y Z Apep S> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy S> dp v$pspap A f¼sv$p L$ey lsy kf^pf p Å ju qfhpf p ApNZ êx$p Ahkf kf^pf r hpku dl ÞÖcpC S> ÞsucpC Å ju A L $gpib p ky yó Qu.Ace p g d m bnkfp p k fphx$ A lpg Adv$phpv$ r hpku Aip L$cpC W$pL$f p ky yóu Qu.qfÝ^u kp u^p f g sp. 7 Nyfyhpf kf^pf Mps dx$ rh^u A sp.8 iy¾$hpf Adv$phpv$ Mps g rhr^ fpm g (2.9) Qu.Ace Qu.qfÝ^u fps>l$p V$ p p fpmp rhõspfdp õhed k r L$ v$m Üpfp S> ÅN rs tqs rirbf ep ÅC L$pe L$fp Üpfp Ly$fuhpÅ ÐeÆ ds>bys kdps> y r dp Z L$fhp dpnv$i (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, fps>l$p V$ p p fpmp rhõspfdp õhed k r L$ v$m Üpfp S> ÅN rs tqs rirbf y Apep S> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. S> dp v$ i p dlp pel$p X$p.cudfph Apb X$L$f, dpsp fdpbpc Apb X$L$f, Np sd byù, kd pv$ Aip L$, huf d Odpep, ks L$bufv$pk, ks frhv$pk, Äep rsbp azg, kprhóubpc azg, S>gL$pfubpC, R>Ó rs iplºæ dlpfps>, rbfkpdy X $, NpX$N dlpfps>, L$piufpdÆ, X$u.L $.L$p X $Æ C.hu. fpdp õhpdu qfhpf p rhqpfp u AhNs L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. A^îÝ^p, Ly$-fuhpÅ, ìek dyr¼s A Årshpv$ pbyv$ L$fu h QpqfL$ fus ds>bys kdps> y r dp Z L$fhp u L$pe L$fp Öpfp hps L$fhpdp Aphu lsu.(3.18) bp X $ u funp epv$ i[¼s u L$kp V$u NZu v$bpz hnf dpzp : A h dzuepf bp X $ u funp kv$c µ rh^p uµ-hpguap iyc ÃR>p kv$ i pw$hsp kfõhsu rh^pdqv$f p Q fd A hµ dzuepf$ (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$,sp.04 r h Û p c p f s u N y S > f p s â v $ i kg s ds> kp fpô² rinz A k hp kdps> kqprgs kfõhsu rhûpdqv$f kly$g fps>l$p V$ p Q fd A h cpc dzuapf ^p fz u funp p âpfc hp p Ahkf r rdñ sdpd r h Û p } A p b p X $ f u n p D Ð L $ j â v $ i L $ f u C [ à R > s q f Z p d d mhhp u iyc ÃR>p pw$hsp S>Zpìey R> L $, ^p fz u bp X $ funp A N h p g u A p A r h Û p } A p A l L $ p f p Ð d L $ A r c N d v $ p M h h p. hpguap A ksp p f funp l gp L $ Qpgy funpa h^y dpl $ d mhhp v$bpz L$fhy. A kp A epv$ fpmhp A kds>hp S> hu bpbs R> L $, Ap funpa dpó epv$ir¼s u lfuapc sdpfp op L $ AphX$s y d ëepl$ Ap funp Ap^pf sy u Ap u bp X $ f u n p d p Ó e p v $ i r ¼ s u L $ k p V $ u NZhu A tqsp-spz L $ v$bphdp A p ì e p r h p s d p Z h u. f u n p ANpD p qv$hk u gc funp Ap hp S>su hms, funp Ap su hms L $ funp Ap u v$u^p bpv$ rhûp }Ap A hpguap A kp dmu p u- p u b p b s p y Ý e p f p M h y. S b p X $ u funp A rhûp } Æh u kaf p dpó A L$ V$q N p CÞV$ R> A V$g Ap X$ph f kph^ fl hy S>êfu R> A bp X $ funp p X$ph d½$dsp u pf L$fu bpl$u fl gu i nrzl$ kaf sfa ApNm h^hp y bp X $ L $ L$p C Z funp u Arsd OX$uA hj ApMy iy L$eȳ iy ey A b^y S> c gu õhõ - ips s -d u gpõv$ rd uv$ fuqx»$n f Ýep L $[ÞÖs L$fhy A hy A h cpc dzuapf S>Zphu ^p fz b p X $ f u n p k g s d p d g p L $ p funp iprs Z -kamsp h L$ kpf L$fu bp X $-ipmp-rhûp }Ap kh î $ qfzpd d mh A hp iyc ÃR>p kv$ i pw$ìep (3.21) (A y.â d p p y Qpgy) ðkík Ãký Mðefkhe eäe Au.ÃktòçkLkk çknkð ÃkwhLkk rlkðkmke {ki klkk {MkwË yínhu 2000{kt siþlke h[lkk fhe níke. 50 ð»keoþ {MkqËLku RÂLzÞLk yuh kelmklkk ykemke 814 rð{klk y u çkklk{kt uðk{kt ykðu k ¼khíkeÞ ÞkºkeykuLkk çkë u yu ð¾íklke MkhfkhLku AkuzðkLke Vhs Ãkze níke. 2001{kt MktMkË Ãkh ylku sb{w fk~{eh rðäklkmk¼k{kt ykí{½kíke nw{ k, ÃkXkýfkux yuhçkuí nw{ k{kt íku {wïþ ¼uòçkks íkhefu hìkku Au. {kuíklku RLku çku «fkhlkk Ëkðk ÚkR hìkk Au su Ãkife yuf{kt sýkððk{kt ykôþwt Au fu, eðh fulmkhlkk fkhýu íkulkwt {kuík ÚkR økþwt Au ßÞkhu rçklk Mk kkðkh ynuðk {kt sýkððk{kt ykôþwt Au fu, ¼khíkeÞ nðke Ë Lkk nw{ k{kt íkulkwt {kuík ÚkÞwt Au. yuðku Ãký Ëkðku fhkþku níkku fu, yk nw{ k{kt {MkwË økt¼ehheíku ½kÞ ÚkÞku níkku íþkhçkkë íkulku nkuâmãkx {kt ¾Mkuzðk{kt ykôþku níkku. ßÞkt íkulkw {kuík ÚkÞw níkw. cpfs p vy$íd.1 dkyv$ (A y.r> p p p y Qpgy) dy e kep S>L$ Aip L$cpC V $g S>Zpìey lsy L $, L$p V $ s Ap Ó u L$g Ap u " ågul$ N g fu' sp u Mp gu Mpe g R> s u ÅZ L$fu lsu. Ap ÅZ p A yk^p AfS>v$pf Aip L$cpC V $g Qua S>õV$uk îu A s v$h " ågul$ N g fu' S>X$sp h L$ b^pfz A L$pev$p rhê$ý^ s p sdpd kds>z lp hp R>sp S> S> 10 S> V$gp S>hpbv$pf ârshpv$uap L $ S> dp kfl$pf p L$p p f i p A p guk p DÃQ Ar^L$pfuAp Ny Npf sful $ fn lp L$X$pe gpap v$x$hp dpn L$fu lsu. fsy L$p V $ v$i e Ny Npfp v$x$hp u p px$u lsu. A Ap AfÆ p s d p Üpfp r L$pg ep u Ål fps L$fu lsu. Ap A yk^p "fps>l$p V$ dsv$pf A L$sp dq' p dy e kep S>L$ Aip L$cpC V $g u â k epv$u dys>b s Ap Ap rhjedp S>hpbv$pf Ny Npfp pw$ czphhp s p "Mp ' c gphu v$ hp dpv $ A crhóedp buå L$p C Z Ar^L$pfuAp L $ Q V$pe gp gp L$p Üpfp fps>l$ue np p âp Ðkpl u AÞepe Z A N fl$pev$ L$pd L$fsp AV$L $ s hp l sy u Ap rhjedp b^p S> v$i e S>hpbv$pfp v$x$hp p l sy u kyrâd L$p V $dp S>i s hy S>Zph g (2.10) dsv$pf A L$sp dq afu d v$p dp X$pkp u ^u OpQu Apfp Áe dx$m lp [õ V$g Mps X$pepgukuk k ÞV$f p âpfc dp X$pkp, A f h u Æ p p d y e d L $ d p X $ p k p i l f D Ñ f N y S > f p s k l u s Q d l p g, d l u k p N f Æ p k l u s f p S > õ p d p A p f p Á e N f u s f u L $ M y b S > Å Z u s y R > d p X $ p k p i l f u ^ u O p Q u A p f p Á e d X $ m l p [ õ V $ g S > ê q f e p s d v $ A N f u b v $ v $ } A p d p V $ A p i u h p v $ k d p b u f l u R > ^ u O p Q u A p f p Á e l p [ õ V $ g d p r : i y ë L $ X $ p e p g u k u k k Þ V $ f p â p f c s p Æ p p â Å S > p A k f p l p L $ f u l s u q L $ X $ u u N c u f b u d p f u d p X $ p e p g u k u k S > v $ v $ } d p V $ D Q p f l p h p u A X $ p e p r g r k k u k p f h p f O Z u M Q p m l p h p u q L $ X $ u u b u d p f u u u X $ p s p S > ê q f e p s d v $ A N f u b v $ v $ } A p k p f h p f p A c p h d p s p d y M d p ^ L $ g p s p l p h p u r : i y ë L $ X $ p e p g u k u k k Þ V $ f A p i u h p v $ ê b i s d g p L $ p d p Q Q p B f ü y R >. ( ) dp X$pkp, p L $ p q V $ ¼ k L $ V ² $ p g å e y f p p A r ^ L $ p f u A p A b p s d u p A p ^ p f ipdmpæ ÆL$ u bpsdu p Ap^pf L $ p f u X $ L $ u p Ë $ p A p d p R y > p X $ u OykpX$psp Av$pS> v$p Y$ L$fp X$ u h^y p dyëe y 12 ql$gp Qfk p S>Nu S>Õ p S>á L$fu dyõspl$ A Årlv$ pd p b X²$N dpqaepap v$bp Qu gu^p lsp ipdmpæ-fs yf Q L$ p õv$ dpfas fpäedp ApV$gu dp V$u dpópdp iugp v $ p O y k p X $ h p u f h u L $ f p f OV$ p p v$p api L$fhp u kp Qp L$u DW$ép lsp â p á d p r l s u A y k p f, Adv$phpv$ pl$p qv$¼k L$V²$p g åeyfp u V$ud Adv$phpv$-Dv$ yf.lp.48 f Aph g ipdmpæ Apîd Qp L$X$u ÆL$ u b p s d u p A p ^ p f f p S > õ p s f a u A p h s u Q v $ u N Y $ p t k N u L $ p f d p X $ L $ u p Ë $ p A p d p R y > p h u L$pNm p bx$gdp OykpX$psp 12 ql$gp Q f k p S > Õ p k p d y õ s p L $ A Årlv$ pd p b i ip u ^f L$X$ L$fu b i kp u sgpku g hp u kp L $ f p X $ p ê r e p p Q f k p S > Õ p d N p h p f k Ó ^ p f u A p m M d mhhp u kp ip ^Mp m lp ^fu lsu fps>õ p dp u L$fp X$p êr ep p rhv$ iu v$pê fs yf-ipdmpæ dpn l fpa fu L$fhpdp Aph R> byv$g Nfp dpv$ k a l h NZpsp Ap dpn f u lh iugp v$p p OykpX$hpdp Aphu füp R> 2 Ap NõV$-2018 dp Z A kubu u V$ud ÓpV$L$u ipdmpæ ÆL$ u L$pfdp 2 L$fp X$ y 13.5 ql$gp Q f k p S > Õ p k p A L $ i i u ^f L$X$ L$fu lsu ipdmpæ-fs yf fp X$ dpfas eyhp^ ip p fhpx $ QY$phsp A bfbpv$u p ^L $gpsp d p v $ L $ v $ p p S > h p L $ l fp C,Qfk,NpÅ, OykpX$hp Z D ep Ndp g hpsp pl$p qv$¼k só p Ar^L$pfuAp Z Qp L$u DW$ép lsp b i i p r c g p X $ p L $ p V $ d p f S y > L $ f u q f d p Þ X $ d m h h p s S > h u S > l p ^ f u lsu. (5.14) Adv$phpv$ pl$p qv$¼k L$V²$p g åeyfp A 12 ql$gp Qfk TX$ u 2 TX$àep ipdmpæ ÆL$ u L$pfdp u 12 ql$gp Qfk TX$ pey pksp-afsp Apfp u TX$ u X$su kyf ÞÖ Nf A g.ku.bu. (kp fpô² ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, kyf ÞÖ Nf gp L$g ¾$pCd b p ¹Q p guk f apef]n L$fu pksp-afsp Apfp u TX$ u px$ép rhns dys>b p guk S>hp f apef]n L$f pf Apfp u ApgLy$ MpQf kl$p spgyl$p p p mu Npd u kuddp hux$- S > N g r h õ s p f d p b p h m p h à Q u kyf ¹Ö Nf gp L$g ¾$pCd b p ¹Q TX$ u px$ép gp L$g ¾$pCd b pq Apfp u kpegp p guk õv$ i kp u ApNm u L$pe hplu lp ^fu (5.13) Þepfu-1 X $ddp "kp u ep S> p' l W$m d v$p d ep p AhsfZ p h^pdzp fps>l$p V$ il fdp ApS> kp p p k fs> DÁep R> : d ef bu pb (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, fps>l$p V$ il f õ pr L$ S>mpiep ApÆ, Þepfu, cpv$f A d v$p L $ pg dpfas pzu d mhu v$ r L$ 20 rd uv$ pzu rhsfz L$fhp Aph ANpD il f p pzu p âi¹ MybS> rhl$v$ lsp, fsy hx$pâ^p dp v$ua kp u ep S> p l W $ m i l f u s p k p f p ô ² u p Z u u kdõep L$ped dpv$ c sl$pm b phhp dpv$ kp fpô² p X $dp Å X$hp u ep S> p b p h g. S > p A y k ^ p A p S > f p S > Þepfu-1 X $d Mps hx$pâ^p dp v$u p hfv¹ lõs d v$p uf p AhsfZ p Ap gpc h^pdzp L$fhpdp Aph g Ap âkn dp d v$p y Åd Nf M p s u A p g p C A h s f Z L $ f s p hx$pâ^p dp v$ua rihfpóu p ph h u i y c L $ p d p A p s p S > Z p ì e y l s y L $, kp d p A pn íhf u rhó ^fsu f Aphhp p dp L$p dþep S>epf lº dy edóu lsp Ðepf v$ i p dy edóu u duv$]ndp S>sp Ðepf L$l sp lsp L $ sd b^p iy sl$gua R>? Adpfp fpäe pk MpZ M us> p cx$pf u A h^pfpdp pzu u dyíl $gu Adpfu kfl$pf u OZu ir¼s v$yól$pm S> hu Ly$v$fsu Ap rs kpd gx$hpdp h X$apC Å 40 hj dp fpäe pzu u kyrh^p Ap hpdp Aph g lp s sp fpäe p rhl$pk Myb spl$pshp lp s. Ap L$pe ¾$ddp dy edóu rhs>e ê p Z u A S > Z p h g d l p r i h f p Ó u p sl hpfdp cnhp il$f f S>mprcj L$ pe R> Ðepf ApS> fp S> rihfpóu p qv$hk kp fpô² p X $dp dp dp d v$p d ep p rhó uf p S>mprcj L$ B fep S> p u NyS>fps pzuv$pf b pìey v$yól$pm lh L$ped dpv$ cysl$pm b u Nep A p â k N d e f r b p b A p Q p e A S > Z p ì e y l s y L $, A p S > dlprihfpóu p qv$hk Þepfudp d v$p uf y AhsfZ ey il f dpv$ kp p p kyfs> DÁep Brslpk L$l R> L $, NNp d ep y AhsfZ ey Ðepf rihæa s u S>V$pdp s Tugu lsu. dy edóuîua fps>l$p V$ u S>m kdõep v$yf L$fhp fps>l$p V$ d p V $ M p k ê L $ f p X $ p â p S > L ¹ $ V $ Adgdp dy¼ep kp p kp, kp p rhl$pk kyó Qqfsp ey kdps> p R> hpx$p p dp hu ky^u kss L$pd L$fsu kfl$pf b u (5.14)

7 Page: 6 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs ""Tê$Mp '' kdõepap u V $hpe gp Ap Z! Ap Zp kp L$p C u dyíl $gu A R> L $ Ap Zu kdõepap OV$hp p bv$g hpfhpf h^su Å hp dm A p L$pfZp Z Ap Z p s S> Dcp L$fsp lp e Apd kdõepap Dcu L$fhu Ap Zu AphX$s Z kdõepap p DL $g ip ^sp Ap Z AphX$sy u, A kdõepap hnf Qpgsy Z u OZuhpf kpê$ L$fhp S>sp Z A dp u hu kdõepap DÐ ß pe p u L $ dp V$u L$p C Z âl$pf u cfsuap L$fhpdp Aph R> Ðepf s dp dpzk u gpel$ps QL$pkpe A kpfu hps R> Nd s Nd s hp õ p f õ pr s p L$fu il$pe! Ap Z i nrzl$ gpel$ps Å hp p Z ApN l fpmua qx$n u kv$}$qal $V$ s pkua V² $ ]N Z A pe Ap b^y Å C s u gpel$ps âdpz p L$fu A pe R>! L$p CL$ rdl $r L$ Ap Z ipmp p rinl$ b phsp u A rinl$ u AphX$s ^fph pf rdl $r L$ u r eyl$s L$fsp, Apd kpdpþe p L$fudp ApV$gy Ýep dp g hpe R> Z fps>l$pfzdp A hy u! fps>l$pfz u Q V$Zudp Æshp rkhpe AÞe L$p C ÅN rs v$h rdîp (bfp X$p) gpel$ps u S>ê$f X$su u! âp rdl$ ipmpdp czph pf rinl$ u Q L $ p k Z u p e Z S > A p M p k d p S > v $ i u S > h p b v $ p f u õhul$pfhp u R> s L$iu gpel$ps yfhpf L$fhp u S>ê$f S> u! pqdy ^p fz cz gp sp Z Ap Zp Ðep rinz â^p b u Åe R> S> kfhpmp L $ bpv$bpl$u AphX$su lp su u. Apd fps>l$pfzdp u qx$n u Å hpdp Aphsu L $ u CÞV$fìey g hpdp Aphsp, S> p sp p S> ksp p L$ep ^p fzdp cz R> s Mbf u s S> ipmp-l$p g Å p Aæepk¾$d AN p r edp OX$sp lp e A V$g R>u iy pe! S> p sp p qfhpfp u kdõepap DL $gu il$sp u A dpzk kdps> v$ i u kdõep DL $gu il$hp p lsp! Ap Z Ðep v$p rjs gp L$p A L$buÅ v$p rjs W $fh rh np kfl$pf p hpl$ L$pY $ R> kfl$pf rh np D f Z kdõepap sp s u S>ÁepA W$fuW$pd fl ANÐe p L$pdp p r L$pg AN gyãqpc Mp Qfp Ï fpmhp p bv$g L$pd dpv $ L$pe rigsp v$pmhhu Å CA. Z kdõepa L$Qfp p Y$Ngpdp X$u fl Q V$ZuAp ÆL$ Aphsp S> Q V$Zu âqpf dpv $ ep Áe dyøp L$p C u pk l] lp e Z b apd hpzu-rhgpk L$fhpdp Aphi, L$p dhpv$-oprshpv$ hp fhpdp Aphi, lº X$p, sp ap p ^pl$ ^dl$u y hpsphfz kå i! Apd âåa S> kds>v$pfu u L$pd g hp y L$pfZ OV$ pap A kdõepap sp hpfhpf kå i. Z s p kpqp DL $g ip ^u il$pe! s Z kqp V$ kpfp fps>l$pfzu spap u sp kpê$ A Mp Vy$ iy s sp Ap Z A V$g L $ kdps> p s S> Ap u f d d L$fhy S>ê$fu rihg]n u afs kyv$f smph kp dhpf rihfpóu cpáe S> Å hp dm Ap kp kp dhsu rihfpóu p rnf pf u sm V$u u gc p p rihpgep rih p pv$ u NyÆ DW$i Ap kp dqv$fp dp c¼ss> p rihæ p iznpf u gc S>mprcj L$ rbëh Ó kp cpn p âkpv$ ^fu rihæ Myi ydp gphu v$ i sõhufdp Ap sl $ p CQp Mps Anf dv$uf f rihg]n afs kyv$f smph kp L$pedu S>mprcj L$ sp S>f X $ "d^ fy' huf yf âp rdl$ kyrh^pdp "A^ fy' S>gpfpd^pddp dy e dpnp f Ål f kp Qpge S> u: du mhph eyqf g Dv¹$OpV$ hpl $ AV$L$ey huf yf, k y â r k Ù e p Ó p ^ p d h u f y f Ä e k s î u S > g p f p d b p p u S>Þdc rd A L$d c rd L $ Äep bkp hj ep Arhfs cy ep cp S> rh pd ëe Ap hpdp Aph A hp huf yf S>gpfpd^pddp Ä e S > g p f p d b p p y d q v $ f S>Nrh eps R>, Äe bp p p c¼sp v $ i - r h v $ i d p R > Ð e p f h u f y f S>gpfpd^pddp låfp gpmp c¼sp v $ i - r h v $ i u Ä e b p p p v $ i L$fhp huf yf Aph R> huf yf Npd p d y e Q p L $ d y e d p N f Å l f kp Qpge L $ Ål f eyqf g R> S> l] Ð e p f h u f y f v $ i A p h g p epópmyap cpf dyíl $guap p kpd p L$fhp X $ R>, huf yfdp bk õv$ ÞX$ u gc Äe S>gpfpdbp p p dqv$f ky^u hãq ¼epe Z epópmyap dpv$ Å l f e y q f g u, A h u f u s huf yf p dy edpn A hp Np X$g fp X$ f L $ S> s yf fp X$ f Z ¼epe eyqfeg u kyrh^p u, Mpk L$fu huf yf Aphsp epópmy p sp u L$pf L $ bk Ap dy edpn dp S> pl $ L$f R> Ð e p f A p d y e d p N d p S > Å l f kp Qpge L $ Ål f eyqf g lp hp u drlgp epópmyap cpf dyíl $guap dp dyl$pe Åe R>, lp V$ gp dp kp Ap u S>hy X $ R> epóp^pd dpv$ Ap A L$ ifds> L$ bpbs R>, Å L $ bkõv$ ÞX$ pk Aph g S>gpfpdbpN u bpsy>dp A S>gpfpd dqv$f u ÆL$dp Aph g du mhph Qp L$dp kfl$pf Üpfp OZp kde u Ål f eyqf g b phhpdp Aph gy R> fsy Ap eyqf gp ÅZ L$p C Dv$OpV$ u fpl Å C füy lp e s d s bþep Ðepf u lsy> ky^u b^ lpgsdp spmp dpf g R>, A L$ sfa kfl$pf õhãr>sp Arcep u hpsp L$fu flu R> Ðepf buæ sfa epóp^pd huf yfdp epópmyap R >V$L $ Ål fdp goyil$p L $ NyfyiL$p L$fhp ds>b f b hy X $ R>, R> p L $V$gpL$ kde u kfl$pf Üpfp epóp^pd huf yf âhpk õ m sful $ Ål f L$fhpdp Apìey R> Z epóp^pd huf yfdp epópmyap dpv$ p e p u k y r h ^ p A p S > u Ð e p f h pfuap p d mc s âñp DL $ghpdp Q çbf Ap a L$p dk r óam e p Ó p ^ p d h u f y f d p A p h u A L $ epópmyap dpv$ u kyrh^pap D gå^ L$fphhpdp Aph s hu epópmyap u s ds> huf yf hpkuap u gp L$dpN DW$u (3.12) V$ud BÞÖ ug iluv$ S>hp p dpv$ ax$ A L$Ó L$ey fps>l$p V$ Q çbf Ap a L$p dk u ufksp u h pfudp pfps>nu V$ud BÞÖ ug ax$ p Q L$ L$g L$V$f kp àep (kp fpô² ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$,sp.04 sp.14 a b yapfu p fp S> yghpdp e g ApsL$hpv$u lºdgp L$pfZ iluv$ e gp huf S>hp p dpv$... V $ u d B Þ Ö u g a p f e y... Ü p f p S>kv$Zdp fpäel$np p Að ip k ß f hpg Qpg, L$pW$uephpX$u hr> fp -hr> fu, b fg f k, Aðkhpf L$p iëe âv$i krls p L$pe ¾$dp DS>hpep S>kv$Z sp. 4: S>kv$Zdp hp dpl $qv»$n epx $ k p d r Ó q v $ h k u e f p S > e L $ n p p L$pW$uephpX$u A dpfhpx$u Aíh ip, âv$i s ds> fdsp Ðkh y Apep S> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. Ap Apep S> fps>e kfl$pf p iy iy pg Mpsy s d S > L $ p W $ u e p h p X $ u l p k b u X $ k A kp rka i Np X$g A ^ õv$x$ byl$ A ÞX$ lp k rb X$k a X$f i Adv$phpv$ p klep N u s ds> NyS>fps L$pW$uephpX$u A d p f h p X $ u A í h p g L $ k l L $ p f u d X $ m u N p X $ g, î u c y h í h f u u W $ N p X $ g p A p Q p e O í e p d Æ dlpfps> p kll$pf u L$fhpdp Apìey f p S > L $ p V $ p h ^ p f p k c ¹ e B Þ Ö u g c p C f p S > N y { u f p l b f u fps>l$p V$ il f p rhrh^ rhõspfp dp u apmp A L$rÓs L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. S> kv$c A L$ f gu y Apep S> Æ p Q p e s Q p L $ u r Ó L $ p Z b p N, lsy. Ap Aíh ip dp Q fd S>kv$Z p fps>hu kðeæsly$dpf MpQf, hpck Q fd fps> icpc ÅX $Å A V²$ A p f. X $ u. T p g p k r l s p A p u lps>fudp f hpg Qpg, L$pW$uephpX$u hr> fp -hr> fu, b fg f k, Aíhkhpf L $ p i ë e â v $ i k r l s p L $ p e ¾ $ d p ep S>hpdp Apìep lsp. Aíh ip s ds> âv$i A fdp Ðkhdp Adv$phpv$ p cx$uepv$ u DÑd L$pW$uephpX$u Op X$u s S>g A pmuepv$ p hfð_ Op X$p â d bf Apìep lsp. Äepf fps>l$p V$ p ip f u D Ñ d d p f h p X $ u O p X $ u b Þ V $ u A kyf ÞÖ Nf p fps> kusp yf p Op X$p kygsp â d bf Apìep lsp. ^ d Þ Ö f p X $, c y Þ Ö f p X $, b p g p Æ d q v $ f f p X $ k r l s p r h õ s p f p d p L$fhpdp Aph g lsy. Ap f gu v$fçep kdps> p p pdp p p gp L$p u gc kp L$p CA Dv$pf lp apmp Ap u fpô² dpv$ p sp u klp ycyrs ìe¼s L$f g lsu. Ap kp hãq p qv$hkp dp...v$ud BÞÖ ug ap f ey... p õhek hl$p Üpfp fps>l$p V$ p rhrh^ rhõspfdp S>C gp L$p pk u apmp A L$Ó L$f g A v$f L$ S>ÁepAp gp L$p p Myb S> kpfp ârskpv$ dm g. Ap fus A L$Ó e g apmp ApS> fp S> L$g L$V$f fplºg Nyáp Q L$ Üpfp kyâs L$fhpdp Aph g. L$g L$V$f fps>l$p V$ Üpfp Z Q L$ A Z L$fsu hms...v$ud BÞÖ ug ap f ey... u A p f p ô ² c p h p u L $ p d N u f u b u f v $ p h g l s u A A r c v $ pw$h g lsp.(5.6) k y f Þ Ö N f p h p m p u D Ñ d L $ p W $ u e p h p X $ u h R > f u Q Ö s S > A Adv$phpv$ p cx$uepv$ p hr> fp kphs> â d bf Apìep lsp. pmuepv$ u D Ñ d d p f h p X $ u h R > f u s S > g A Np X$g p hr> fp Öp Z â d bf Apìep lsp. Nfp g hp fdsdp Sy> pny$ p Qpv$uNY$ p syap â d bf A fps>l$p V$ p Ny v$pmp u dpz L$ buå bf s ds> Sy> pny$ p Qpv$uNY$ u sp fg ÓuÅ bf Aphu lsu. f hpg Qpg fdsdp L$dmp yf p kp y â d bf Apìep l s p. Ä e p f b f g f k õ ^ p d p Sy> pny$ p Qpv$uNY$ u sp fg â d bf Aphu lsu. î $ iznpfdp v$x$hp u tinpmu â d bf Aphu lsu. Äepf A í h k h p f L $ p i ë e d p S y > p N Y $ p Qpv$uNY$ p syap â d bf Apìep lsp. dv$l$uap X$ õ ^p dp D g V$p u k p y â d b f A p h u l s u. Adv$phpv$ p fp S>L$p u DÑd dpfhpx$u hr> fu rdël$ V$u fps> v$ u â d bf Aphu lsu A Adf gu p ÅdyX$p p hr> fp Qpv$ â d bf Apìep lsp. (kp fpô² ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, fps>l$p V$ Q çbf Ap a L$p dk kp lpg 459 h pfuap Å X$pe gp b drl p h Q çbf u QyV$Zu Æshp ksp^pfp S > Üpfp b låf u h^y hp kæep Å X$hpdp Apìep lsp. A kde rhhpv$ Z kå ep lsp lh S>epf hy kó Qpgy ey R> Ðepf Sy> p A hp kó AhY$hdp R> L $ Q çbf kp Å X$pe gp fl hpdp apev$p lsp h pfuap p p p-dp V$p OZp d mc s âi¹ p S> kfl$pf pk L $ DÃQõsf fs >Aps L$fu DL $gu il$pe s d fsy DL $gpsp u hp lp Ø v$pfp u Ap fusu u h pfuap pfps> S> u hp kódp h pfu qfþeyag L$fi L $ L $d? A dp V$p khpg b låf A hp R> L $ S> Ap u au Ns V$d dp Qy V$Zu gx$u lpkg L$fhp CÃR>sp S > cfu v$u^u lsu. lh A kó au hp kódp L$p Z cfi? A hu Z QQp Qpgu flu fps>l$p V$ Q çbf Ap a L$p dk A ÞX$ BÞX$õV²$u pk lpg p Zp b L$fp X$ êr ep y cx$p m R>sp k rd pf p b l p h p f u A p p k u k p DOfphhpdp Aphu füp Q çbf u hprj L$ au ê h pfuap S> p hmsfê hj A L$hpf S>dZhpf cf riepm hpsphfzdp Qp dpkp p fn Åçep dp V$p v$x$hp: FsyQ¾$dp L$p ex$p u fds kdp lpg hpsphfzdp AQp L$ bv$gph Aphsp riepm Np fcpe g hpv$m hfky hfky u v$õsl$ v$ sp S>f X$ép lsp.. hp X $.18 p L$p Nu dpg^pfu k g p âdym p ApS> S>Þdqv$hk fps>l$p V$ il f L$p N k hp X $ bf 18 dpg^pfu k g p âdym L$p pcpb ApgNp sf p ApS> S>Þdqv$hk R>. sê$zhõ p u s Ap Np fn dpv $ kss ÅN s flu k hp âv$p fu px $ füp R >. A L $ i y A p L $ s g M p g B S>hpsp fp L $gp Np dpsp u k hpap dpv $ L$p pcpb ApgNp sf kv$pe MX $ N fl lpg s Ap fps>l$p V$ il f L$p N k p hp X $ bf 18 p dpg^pfu k g p âdym L$ ep N p âdym sful $ S>hpbv$pfu füp s ds> k hpl$ue kõ p kp Å X$pe gp ApS> s d p 29dp S>Þdqv$hk knp kb^uap õ lus> p sfa u s d p f iyc ÃR>pAp p ^p ^ hlu füp Lp pcpb "kp fpô²$ ¾$prs' fuhpf sfa u S>Þdqv$hk u M b-m b iycl$pd pap BõV$ Tp X$p L$V$k A kp. Üpfp ki k p ÝhS>qv$ r rdñ 2 gpm p apmp (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$,sp: 4 BõV$ Tp X$p L$V$k A ip rie i fps>l$p V$ Üpfp ki k p ÝhS>qv$ r rdñ cx$p m V $ ê$.2,00,000 Ap hpdp Aph g Ap k hp L$pe dp X$p.d p S> L $iuep (Q fd ) X$p.L$p iul$ V $g (â kux $ÞV$), X$p.Apiuj X$pcu ( k ¾ $ V $ f u ) X $ p. k d u f M V $ ( h p B k â kux $ÞV$) X$p. L$S> duw$p fp (Å BÞV$ k ¾ $V$fu) X$p. fps> i l fdp (V² $Tff), X$p.Np fh h L$fuep (A X$uV$f) s p kdn BõV$ Tp X$p L$V$k A kp kue i V$ud apmp Apàep lsp.(3.20) S>kv$Z prgl$p y f Y$uepm Mpsy! ipil$ n cps> 9 dpkdp A L$ hms Z L$pfp bpfu u b W$L$ bp gphu! prgl$p u A^pL$p y u [õ rs ky^pfhp S>kv$Z, S > k v $ Z N f p r g L $ p u L$pfp bpfu krdrs u b W$L$ R> p h dpkdp A L$ Z hms dmsp Ap AN fps>l$pfzuap dp s V$gu hpsp k c p m h p d m u f l u R >. i l f d p prgl$p kqprgs A L$ Z yõsl$pge Apfp Áe, i nrzl$ l sy rký^ ep u. A L$ dpó afhp p Æg íhf pl $dp S> v$ip lsu A p u bv¹sf lpgs lsy> D pmp Apìep u. A dv$u p dplp g hãq h pfu DÛp Ndp Nrs Aph s hp âepk S>êfu: fpsy> Sy>Å ep Åe h pfuap p Æ.A k.v$u. fuax$, ìeìlpfh fp, Ar^L$pfuAp u l fp Nrs, V²$pqaL$ kdõep S> hp OZp d m c s â i ¹ p h Z D L $ g R >. s p kðhf DL $g Aph A dv$u p dplp g hãq h pfu D^p N Nrs dm A dpv$ S>hpbv$pf Ar^L$pfuAp ApNm Aph : gp L$dpN kps qv$hk gp L$p pzu dm prgl$p p L$d QpfuAp Npf L$fhp Z L$fh fp v$pspap pk fuskf cum dpnhp S>hy X$u füy Aphp dplp g h à Q N s N f p r g L $ p u k p d p Þ e Q V$Zu ep ÅC lsu S> dp cps> 23 L$p N k p 5 kæep QyV$pep lsp. A Ðepfbpv$ L$pfp bpfu krdrs u fq p L $ f h p d p A p h u. c p S > i p r k s L$pfp bpfu krdrs Nf prgl$p y dy e A N d p h p d p A p h R > L $ p f Z L $ kpdpþe kcpdp L$f gp v$f L$ L$pep Ap b W$L$dp u kpf L$fhpdp Aph R> fsy L$pfp bpfu krdrsa h dpk v $ f r d e p s d Z A L $ Z b W $ L $ bp gphu u A L$ hms b W$L$ bp gphu Q çbf Üpfp âepkp L$fhp Å CA. kfl$pf u hplhplu L $ Æ lsy>fu u h pfuap p âi¹ p rl DL $gpe s d fps>l$p V$ Q çbf Ap a L$p dk p L$rdV$u d çbf A kpdprs>l$ AN Zu fpsy> Sy>ÅA A L$ r h v$ dp S>Zpìey lsu Z S> dp A L$dpÓ Q fd S> l p S > f l s p Ð e p f k f L $ p f s f a u Aphsu L$fp X$p êr ep u N p ¹V$p p A L$ L$pdp Q L$hZp L$pfp bpfu krdrs u b W$L$dp kpf ep hnf Å B il$sp l p C s p S > k v $ Z N f p r g L $ p d p A^pL$p y S> hu [õ rs s hy gp L$p dp fqpc füy R> rs> p L$g L$V$f dpv$ Ap s pk p rhje bþep âå S> rhrh^ h fpap cf R> s fl$d ¼ep Åe R>? A fps>l$ue X$uTpB fp prgl$pdp p sp p L$pdp Apkp u u D s p f u Å e R >. Ð e p f S > h p b v $ p f Ar^L$pfuAp A L$pfp bpfu krdrs AN Ýep Ap hp u dpnzu il fus> p L$fu füp (3.8)

8 Page: 7 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs bd bd cp g... rih gl fu ApS> dlprihfpóu : "Æh' A "rih' y rdg fps>l$p V$ krls kp fpô²$cf p rihpgep dp NyÄep lf lf dlpv$ h p pv$ dlprihfpóu Ly$c d mp u ApS> Zp lºrs, fpó qv$nbf kp^y-ksp d NuLy$X$dp iplu õ p L$fi (kp fpô²$ ¾$pqs ârsr r^-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, : S > pny$dp Qpgu fl gp dlprihfpóu Ly$c d mp p ApS> Arsd qv$hk ApS> fpó qv$nbf kp^y-ksp y kfok ul$mi. Ðepfbpv$ d NuLy$X$dp õ p L$fi. kp S> d mp u Zp lºrs i. R> p pq qv$hk u Qpgu fl gp dlprihfpóu p d mpdp dp h dl fpdz DdV$u X$éy lsy. Apif pq gpm cprhl$p A d mp p gpc gu^p lp e s hp Av$pS> R> p L $V$gpL$ qv$hkp u S > pny$ il fdp cpf cux$ Å hp dmu lsu. f gh õv $i bk õv $i Mps Z d mp p V²$pauL$ Å hp dþep lsp. ch p sm V$udp khpf u dp X$ufps ky^u gp L$p p Arhfs âhpl Å hp dþep lsp. ch p p d mpdp Aßn Ódp cp S> âkpv$ gb c¼sp A dlpv$ h p v$i L$ep lsp. kp S> 51 aºv$ JQy A 51 gpm ê$öpn y b gy rihg]n p v$i L$ep lsp. gp L$p A s u kp k ëau Z gu^u lsu. Ap pq qv$hk v$frdep ch p d mpdp L$gpL$pfp A fdtv$ bp gphu lsu. S> dp NpeL$ L $gpi M f p ap dþk u c¼sp cpf âcprhs ep lsp. Ap rkhpe kpbfpd v$h, ql$s}v$p NY$hu krls p L$gpL$pfp A fns S>dphu lsu. ApS> dlprihfpóu d mp p Arsd qv$hk ApS> cpn u âkpv$u y Z rhsfz i. ApS> fpó 12 L$gpL $ f fpns fus qv$nbf kp^y-ksp u fh X$u ep Åi. S> dp sghpfbpæ, gpw$u krls p A L$ L$fsbp fs > i. Ðepfbpv$ kp^y-ksp d NuLy$X$dp iplu õ p L$fi. ApS> kp fpô²$cf p rihpgep lf lf dlpv$ h p pv$ u NyÆ DW$i. fps>l$p V$dp Æh Nf dlpv$ h Mps ^prd L$ L$pe ¾$dp kp afpm y Apep S> fps>l$p V$:2 ep 2p X$, b ûkdps> p k, Æ h N 2 i 2 u. 4 d p Aph g îu 2pd ïh2 dlpv$ h dqv$2dp kp dhp2 rih2pró qv$ A L$rh^ ^prd L$ L$pe ¾$dp y Apep S> L$2hpdp Apìey dqv$2 p yå2u cy ÞcpC cë$, rihc¼s hu cpc y2p rls A L $s cpc d¼hpzp p dpn v$i l W$m kdn Apep S> L$2hpdp Apìey R> s dp rihdqv$2 A gcx$u gpcv$ kp iznp2hpdp Apìey ApMp qv$hk ^prd L$ L$pe ¾$dp dp êprcóp L$, êu p pw$, õsh ys>, AQ kp Ap y y qv$hk dqv$2 p Nc N ldp ^p rsey- dp NV$p l 2u cpn g hp. b p 2 12 L$gpL $ dlpap2su bpv$ cpn âkpv$ y rhs2z bpv$ ârs hóp u S> d Æh N2, op Æh, rih 2p, v $ i m v $ h 2 p, A d u p L $, b û k d p S > p 2 r l i p k p d r l L $ a2pmdp cpn g hp p kps> drlgp kðkn dx$m cs> -^, kýep kde Ap2su 2prÓ p 12 L$gpL $ kpdyrll$ ê p r c ó p L $ Z L $ 2 u d l p A p 2 s u - qv$ dpgp, âkpv$ rhs2z L$2hpdp Aphi. pspm ðf dlpv$ h dqv$f dlprihfpóu u cìe DS>hZu dlp Å, Arcj L$ A afpm y Apep S> N u f N Y $ X $ p s p g y L $ p p bpbfuep Nuf S>Ng rhcpn u L $ Q f u u k p s q L $ g p d u V $ f N p Y $ S>Ng (dýe Nuf) u hãq Aph g A p M p h j v $ f r d e p b h M s A V$g L $ îphz dpk p 30 qv$hk A d l p r i h f p Ó u r r d s k p s qv$hk ky^u My y fl sy k L$X$p hj S > y psm íhf dlpv$ h y rih dqv$f dlprihfpóu r rds spfum.- 1 u 7 dpq ky^u h rhcpn Üpfp My y dyl$pi epóul$p khpf 7 u kps> p 5 hpáep ky^u h rhcpn Ü p f p r h p d ë e f d u V $ L $ p Y $ u A p i. ApS> dlprihfpóu lp hp u psm íhf dlpv$ h dqv$f p dls ^d v$pkæ Nyêr hp Zv$pkÆ Üpfp d l p Å, A r c j L $ L $ f p i s p v$i p }Ap dpv$ Qp, v$ ^, afpm, cp S> âkpv$ u ìehõ p L$fhpdp A p h u R > s d k p h f L y $ X $ g p p rihc¼s AdusNufu Np õhpdu epv$u S>Zph g 550 rhûp }Ap Üpfp rih S> d d N f î u õ h p r d p f p e Z NyfyLy$g Mps ip u dp^hrâev$pkæ õ h p d u u â f Z p A y f p Z u bpgl $ózv$pkæ õhpdu s p yfpzu c q L $ s â L $ p i v $ p k Æ õ h p d u u D [ õ r s d p, r i h f p Ó u u h k Ý e p A r i h Æ c N h p y j p X $ i p Q p f, Q p d s p r c j L $, rihæ p AgN-AgN õhê$ p { Ö p r c j L $ s d S > r i h d r l ç õ s p Ó p N p k p r b g u Ó p u S> L$ey lsy. rihæ cnhp p g]n d rs Y$N azg u dpmpap ^fphhpdp Aphu l s u. S > d p N y f y L y $ g p rhûp }Ap s ds> õ pr L$ cprhl$p Z Å X$pep lsp. kp d p dlpv$ h dqv$f ApS> 42 L$gpL$ My y fl i N u f - k p d p r S > p d p A p h g y 1 2 Ä e p r s r g N d p y â d Ä e p r s r g N k p d p d l p v $ h d q v $ f A p S > r h r h O O p d } L $ A k p õ L $ s u L $ L $ p e ¾ $ d p L $ u c ì e D S > h Z u i. d l p r i h f p Ó u p r h k c p r h L $ p p O k p f p  e p g B k p d p d r f h l g u k h p f 4 hpáe Myëep bp kmn 42 L$gpL$ k y O u M y y f l i. S > f ç e p d l p h  h Å f p l Z, A p f s u k r l s Q p f â l f u d l p Å - y y A p f s u i. A p h s u L $ p g f p Ó 1 0 h p Á e d q v $ f b O i. k p d p A p h s p c p r h L $ p d p V $ f u k f A p k p k Ö p i S > e p r s g N i - â n u Z p, k ë a u p B Þ V $, r i h f p Ó u p r h k k h p f 1 1 u 1 2 f u k f d p b p l d Z p Ö p f p h N p, p g M u e p Ó p k r l s p L $ p e ¾ $ d p r h i j A p L $ j Z L $ Þ Ö f l i. r i h f p Ó u g B k p d p d r f A â h i Ö p f M p k f N b f N u g p B V $ ] N u T m l m s L $ f p i. ep N dyöp A^ pfuðf rih qfhpf Adf p fp Ö õhê$ AOp fu rihspx$h O gp kp d p dqv$f p Brslpk ± d Ðey S>e dlpv$ h Óprldpd ifzpnsd¹ S>kv$Z : h fphm kp d p f dyng ipkl$p A 1457 dp dlçdv$ Tpaf iuhtgn MX$us L$fhp kp d p dqv$f gyv$hp dpv$ ÓZ hms lºdgp L$ep lsp.sy> pny$ p fpå drl pgtkl u fps>ly$hfu du m v$ hu kp d p v$pv$p fd D pkl$ lsu A Äepf dlçdv$ Tpaf ÓuÆ hms kp d p dqv$f f lºdgp L$ep lsp Ðepf bpv$ tlþv$y gp L$p kp d p v$pv$p cyn cdp iuhtgn fpmu v$pv$p u yå L$fsp lsp Ap hps u dlçdv$ NS> u Mbf X$sp Åkykp S>ZpL$fu d mhhp dpv$ Åkykp dp L$ëep lsp. dlçdv$ NT u u qv$l$fu lºfg ÅZ sp s rd m v$ hu ApMuhps u ÅZL$pfu Ap u du m v$ hu A s d p usp hps L$fu sp fpådrl pgtkla kp fpô²$ p ksp õhec îu fpd p dlpv$ h cyv$ hp nóuep kp d pv$pv$p knp s Apìep lsp. dlçdv$ NT u p gíl$f u iuhtgn bqphhp dpv$ gpw$u p ldufæ Np rlg s ds> h Zuv$pk p Qpf qv$l$fp kp kp d p v$pv$p u kp gb Apìep lsp. ldufæ p Qpf qv$l$fp dp O gp pd p qv$l$fp du m v$ hu fnpdpv$ sd kp dp L$ëep A kde rlfp N gæ dlpfps> kp d p v$pv$p k p dp Apìep A L$üy L $ ApNm p W$ep Qpgi A p W$ep Äep b ku Åe Ðep dpfu õ p p L$fhu A kde Asu S>Ng A v$u ql$ pf p W$ep b ku Nep A du m v$ hu u pgmu pr>m dlçdv$ NT u y gíl$f A kp d p v$pv$p knp Aph gp cl$sp hãq gx$pb B lsu NS> u y gíl$f u k ep dp V$u lsu S> p L$pfZ A L$ iuhcl$sp kyfrhfsp v$pmhu lsu A irlv$ ep lsp.s> dp p O gp hpzuep 7 qv$hk ky^u gx$ép lsp A 7 dp qv$hk irlv$ ep lsp. dlçdv$ NT u p gíl$fp iuhtgn MX$us L$fhp dpv$ iuhtgn f sghpf p ÓZ Op dpep lsp iuhtgn dp u cdfp ul$þep lsp.dlçdv$ NT u y gíl$f cpnu Ney ApS> Z iuhtgn pr>m sghpf p Op du mv$ hu A O gpkp d p v$pv$p u hu^uhs yå L$fu õ p p L$fu lsu A Ðepf bpv$ O gpkp d p v$pv$p u kpd p X $Nf f Ofsu dp kdpe Nep A L$peduL$ dpv$ O gpkp d p v$pv$p u kpd bufps>dp fps>l$p V$ p kyârký^ p fprzl$ fpd p dlpv$ h dqv$f ApS> khpf u S> Å sd O gpkp d p p v$i Aphp A du m v$ hu p v$i pl$fp sp sdpfu epóp A^yfu NZpe c¼sp Z c¼sp u cux$ DdV$u lsu. c¼sp A dlpv$ h futhhp vy$á^prcj L$ s p du mv$ hu Apõ p u d p L$pd p dp R> dpspæ Z c¼sp u d p L$pd p yz L$f S>gprcj L$ L$ep lsp. (skhuf: fpsy> bnx$pb) S>Þd d Ðey S>fp ìepr^ uqx$s L$d b^ : Q p dlpv$ h f p S > L $ p V $ M p s Aph gp 140 hj S > p Q p dlpv$ h dqv$fdp A p S > c ì e p r s c ì e s f u L $ d l p r i h f p Ó u y h DS>hpi.

9 fps>l$p V$ fps>l$p V$, õdpv $ rkv$u p õhà Å su fps>l$p V$ õdpv $ rkv$u p õhà Å sy d p y L$p g k ÞV$f pq qv$hk u b^ L$p p f V$f ÅN rsb X$pNf d p p Ar^L$pfuAp u p g Mp gu pmu eyhsu åg L$ d Cg L$f pf RTO CÞõ L$V$f ÓZ qv$hk p qfdpþx$ f Apfp u kl $s d hpx$pa spb l] sp Adf gu u eyhsu p ^pl$-^dl$u u ap V$p px$u hp V¹$kA f hpcfg L$ep lsp: Adf gu p guk R> fr> Apv$fu fps>l$p V$, Adf gu u eyhsu ^pl$ ^dl$u Ap u s p ap V$p kp rieg rdqx$epdp hpcfg L$fu bv$ pd L$fhp u L$p iui L$f pf ApfV$uAp CÞõ L$V$f kl $s d hpx$p p ÓZ qv$hk p qfdpþx$ ds >f s p A d f g u p g u k A p f p u u R> fr> Apv$fu Ap AN rhõs s rhns dys>b A L$ eyhsua NB sp.f8 p fp S> A d f g u i l f p. õ V $. d p a q f e p v $ g M p h g L $ k L $ s S > N v $ u i c p B d hpx$p, fl.ly$cgd f, sp. pg yf, Æ. b p k L $ p W $ p h p m p A p s p rhðpkdp gb s u â dåmdp akphu p sp u kp kb^ bp^hp A g L $ f h p g g Q p h u a p k g p h u p s p p c p m Z A g p N Z u i u g s p p a p e v $ p D W $ p h u p s p p a k b y L $ ApB.X$u. s p hp V¹$kA d k S> p sdpd k L $ bfp eyr¼s-âeyr¼s u d m h u p s p y b p h V $ u a k b y L $ A L$pDÞV$ b phu s dp d fux$ õv$ V$k Ål f L$fu s ds> p sp Adv$phpv$ d y L $ p d p h p V $ g l p V $ g d p g B S > B dlp Nf prgl$p y L$p k ÞV$f R> p pq q v $ h k u b ^ f l s p d p p Ar^L$pfuAp u p g My u NC lp hp y hp X $.13 p L$p p f V$f ÅN rsb X$pNf S>Zpìey h^ydp S>Zpìey lsy L $, il f p Nusp Nf, Mp qx$epf fp, u.a ÞX$. V$u. L$p gp udp X² $ S> y pzu fõsp f afu hýsp ¹ y p sp u kdrs hnf bm S>bfu u ^pl$ ^dl$u Ap u p sp p rbcðk ap V$p px$u, kss åg L$ d Bg L$fu p sp u kp ifuf kb^ bp^hp u d p N Z u L $ f u, s p s p b s p p s p p a p V $ p A p h p V $ k A D f hpefg L$fu. s ds> hp V¹$kA D f p sp p qfqusp Nv$u L$p d ÞV$ p d k S > d p L $ g u a p V $ p k v $ c d p A d v $ p h p v $ p d L $ i f p h g p d p u.a k.apb. kp p sp Å X$su Nv$u L$p d ÞV$ hpmp d k S> hpefg L$fu p s p u k p d p Æ L $ â r s $ p l p u N v $ L $ u a g p C l s u. g p L $ p A f p S > L $ p V $ dlp Nf prgl$p y L$p gk ÞV$f f aqfepv$ L$fsp R> p pq qv$hk u L$p gk ÞV$f b^ lp hp y S>Zphu DX$pD S>hpb Ap sp rhõspf p gp L$p A d fs >Aps L$fsp L$p gk ÞV$fdp ap L$fu X² $ S> AN u aqfepv$ L$fsp Ar^L$pfuAp A S>hpbv$pfudp u lp lp QpX$u u dep v$p p gp pe s hy Ncuf Ny prls L $Ðe L$fu Apfp u k L $ s d h p X $ p u d p s p s p c p B - bl Apfp u âðen A hp fp n fus dv$v$npfu L$fu NyÞlp L$ep hn f b p b s a q f e p v $ L $ f s p A d f g u p guk NyÞlp p Ýep lsp. TX$ pe g Apfp u kl $s lpg hgkpx$p Æ p u L$ fpx$p Q L$ p õv$ Mps Apf.V$u.Ap. BÞõ ¼V$f sful $ afs> båh s d L$p V$ dp fs > L$fsp L$p V$ Apfp u ÓZ qv$hk p p guk qfdpþx$ D f kp g (2.7) MM fu p ep lsp. ÅN rsb X$pNf h^ydp S>Zpìey lsy L $, X² $ S>, fp X$-fõsp, pzu krls p âñp u Ar^L$pfuAp y Ýep v$p fhp R>sp pep p âñp DL $ghp p bv$g õdpv $ rkv$u p õhà p Å hpdp fãep- ÃQp fl sp Ar^L$pfuAp u p g Mygu NC (1.4) 8 kp dhpf Aakp k: õdpv $ rkv$udp Nfubp p dl$p p X $ R> A Adufp u N fl$pev$ rbëx$]np b R> Ap skhuf il f p ksl$buf fp X$ f u Ap rbëx$]n d pa sp X$u px$u lsu. S> rbëx$]n afu QZpC NC (kp fpô²$ ¾$pqs ârsr r^-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, f p S > L $ p V $ d p i r h p f f e p Npddp Nfubp p 100 L$pQp- pl$p dl$p p sp X$u X$pep. sóa L$üy L $ s N f L $ p e v $ v $ b p Z l s y. b u Æ s f a fps>l$p V$ d pa ksl$buf fp X$ f S > N f L $ p e v $ r b ë X $ ] N y X $ u d p g u i ytfwþ hu¾k Ãkh ÃkkrfMíkkLkLkku økku eçkkh : kufku{kt Ënuþík yøkúe{ [kufe- økúk{eý rðmíkkhku{kt økku eçkkh sb{w,íkk. 4 ÃkkrfMíkkLke MkuLkkyu sb{w fk~{ehlkk y¾lkwh Mkuõxh{kt ytfwþ hu¾k ¾kíku yøkúe{ [kufeyku ylku økúk{eý rðmíkkhkulku xkøkuox çklkkðelku yksu òuhëkh økku eçkkh fþkuo níkku. MkhnË Ãkh Mkíkík økku eçkkh{kt çku rëðmk MkwÄe çkúuf hìkk çkkë nðu Vhe økku eçkkh fhðk{kt ykôþku Au. MkhnË ÃkkhÚke fhðk{kt ykðu k økku eçkkh{kt fkurlku Rò ÚkR LkÚke. ðnu e ÃkhkuZu ºký ðkøku økku eçkkhlke þyykík fhðk{kt ykôþk çkkë Mkðkh MkwÄe økku eçkkh òhe hìkku níkku. Mkthûký «ðfíkkyu fìkw níkw fu {kuxkoh þu ylku LkkLkk nrúkþkhku {khvíku ÃkkrfMíkkLke MkuLkkyu W~fuhýeðøkh økku eçkkh fþkuo níkku. «ðfíkkyu fìkw Au fu ¼khíkeÞ MkuLkkyu òuhëkh sðkçke fkþoðkne fhe níke. ÃkkrfMíkkLkLkk økku eçkkh{kt ¼khíkLkk ÃkûkLku fkur LkwfMkkLk ÚkÞw LkÚke. þrlkðkhlkk rëðmku hkòihe rsõ k{kt Lkkiþuhk ¾kíku MkhnË ÃkkhÚke økku eçkkh fhðk{kt ykôþk. ksl$buf fp X$ D f d pa X$udp gui L$ep bpv$ Z rbëx$]n afu QZpC NC: çey.l$rdi f b^y ÅZ R> Z dp k hu p sp u kñp c ëep? L$fu sp X$u px$ey lsy s afu QZpC Ney. S> dp Ap só y dp s OÏ b^y L$l] Åe fps>l$p V$ õdpv $ rkv$u b hp S > C f ü y R >. S > g C N f L $ p e v $ v$bpzp v $f hp S> Å CA. fsy Aakp k u hps A R> L $, il f p rls u Ap hps spap Z p sp y rls Å C füp rbëx$fp Mp m S>C b k gp spap s d kdr s r b ë X $ f y N f L $ p e v $ b p ^ L $ p d L $ p e v $ L$fhp ^d R>pX$p L$fu füp s hy gp L$p dp QQp C füy Nfub gp L$p p dl$p p px$ep Ðepf L$p C sp ApNm Apìey. fsy ksl$buf fp X$ f A L $ N f L $ p e v $ r b ë X $ ] y q X $ d p g u i sp A L$ sp R> V$ Np^u Nf lp Qu Nep lsp A X$udp gui L$fhp u çey.l$rdi f p Apv$ i u fpl... fps>l$p V$: ksl$buf fp X$ f A L$ rbëx$f Üpfp N fl$pev$ rbëx$]n b phpsy lp hp y d p u V$u u ipmp Üpfp Ål f L$fpey lsy. s gc p qv$k Z pw$hpc lsu. A X$udp gui Z L$fpey lsy fsy spap hãq X$sp kñp p Å f afu N fl$pev$ bp^l$pd iê$ ey lsy. Ap dpdg fps>l$p V$ d p p V$pD àgpt N Ap qakf kpnw$uepa S>Zpìey lsy L $, Ap rbëx$]n y X$udp gui L$fhy L $ L $d? s r Z e çey.l$rdi f L$fi. lpg Ap dpdgp u apcg çey.l$rdi f pk s p Apv$ i dys>b L$pe hplu i. Al] AfS> u hps A R> L $, A L$ hms X$udp gui ey s p A A S> lsp L $ rbëx$]n N fl$pev$ sp R>u A L$ u A L$ bpbsp b hpf r Z e g hp pr>m L$p y v$bpz L$pd L$fu füy Ar^L$pfuAp v$bphdp Aphu Nep R> s õ ô$ pe R> Ðepf Ar^L$pfuAp v$bpzdp Aphu d p só MpX$pdp pmi s hy gp L$p dp QQp C füy (2.6) r l ç d s L $ f p f A r ^ L $ p f u u b v $ g u L$fphu v$u^u lsu. Ðepfbpv$ afua rbëx$]n y L$pd iê$ ey lsy lpgdp A p N f L $ p e v $ r b ë X $ ] N y 3 d p m y bp^l$pd C Ney Q A 4 p dpm y bp^l$pd C füy kdn dpdg v$ idp bp^l$pd n Ó fps>l$p V$ d p dpn v$i L$ bþey L $ÞÖ kfl$pf Üpfp fps>l$p V$ krls R> il fp u kv$nu: p u fps>l$p V$, fps>l$p V$ dlp Nf prgl$pa sps> sfdp S> A ap X $bg A N u rb[ëx$n L$Þk àv$ kp kamsp h L$ Z L$fu S> ânrs kp^u R> s u lpdtkn âp S> L¹$V¹$k u fpô²ue õsf p ^ g hpc rhíhdp AprhóL$pf pd gu Ah hu V $ L $ p g p Æ p c p f s d p A a p X $ b g lpdtkn n Ó D ep N L$fu pnqfl$p î $ A khp Ñd NyZhÑpey¼s Of Ap hp p DØ i kp L $ÞÖ kfl$pfa Sy> ky^udp A hp v$uhpv$px$uê dpn v$i L$ âp S> L¹$V$k Ap mmu L$pY$hp A L$ S>bfv$k¹s Arcep lp ^ey R>, S> A L$ dp X $g kdp b u fl A R>u s y v$ icfdp A yl$fz B il $. fps>l$p V$ dlp Nf prgl$pa lpdtkn n Ó S> hu l g L$fu R> s S>f kdn fpmsp L $ÞÖ kfl$pfa (gpcv$lpdk âp S> L¹$V¹$k) v$uhpv$px$uê A V$g L $ dpn v$i L$ âp S> L¹$V$k Ap mmu L$pY$hp fps>l$p V$ krls Ly$g R> il fp u Ap mm L$fu ç e y. L $ r d i f y d p O Z p c v $ u MpÓu Ap u füy çey.l$rdi f ÅZ R> L $, ApMp dpdgp iy R> R>sp L$p C L$pe hplu l] L$fsp A khpg DW $ R> L $ iy çey.l$rdi f p sp u kñp c gu Nep R>? DW$sp khpgp p S>hpb L$epf dmi s L$L$u u fsy spap rbëx$f p Mp m b k Nep R> A Ar^L$pfuAp p dp Y$pdp p V$p cfphu b^ fl hp v$bpz C füy lp hp y gp L$dyM QQp C füy (2.5) fps>l$p V$: rkv$u bkdp hnf qv$l$uv $ 101 dykpafp L$X$pep a b yapfudp 9 gpm u h^y dykpafp A dykpafu L$fu, ê$p.63 gpm u h^y AphL$ 10 L$X$L$V$f Ofc Np, 18 kõ ÞX$ L$fpep (kp fpô²$ ¾$pqs ârsr r^-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$, rkv$u bk k hpdp dykpafp u k epdp qv$ -ârsqv$ p ^ pó h^pfp Å hp dþep Ðepf a by Apfu drl pdp 9 gpm u h^y dykpafp A dykpafu L$fu ê$p.63 gpm u h^y rkv$u bk AphL$ C a b yapfu-2019 dp Q L$]N v$frdep 101 S> V$gp dykpafp qv$l$uv$ hnf dykpafu L$fsp L$X$pep A 50 u h^y L$Þk k pk u h gux$uv$u yfu C lp hp R>sp dykpafu L$fsp L$X$psp L$Þk k pk S>á L$ep 101 S> V$gp qv$l$uv$ hnf dykpafp pk u ê$p.9170 p v$x$ hkyg L$f g kuv$u bkdp N ffus ApQfsp 10 L$X$L$V$f Ofc Np L$fu v$ hpep A 18 L$X$L$V$f kõ ÞX$ L$f g Ns a b y A p f u d p L y $ g 9, 8 3, dykpafp A dykpafu L$fu s p Ly$g ê$p.63,62,434 S> V$gu AphL$ C l p h p y A p k u õ V $ Þ V $ d S > f Ü p f p S>Zphpey (1.6) gp L$iplu kpd Æv$ Qpgu... qågl$ N g fu Mp ghu X$u S>hpbv$pfp "Mp ' c gphu v$ hp dsv$pf A L$sp dq afu d v$p Ny Npfp fn lp L$X$pep R>sp lpcl$p V $ v$x$hp u p px$sp kyâud L$p V $dp S>iy: dsv$pf A L$sp dq (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge-fps>l$p V$) fps>l$p V$,: fps>l$p V$ d p u â nl$ N g fudp S> sp ÅN s L$fpi âå p âh i f ârsb^ dyl$pep lsp. S> lpcl$p V $ p Apv$ i bpv$ fv$ L$fpep lsp A gp L$iplu kpd ipkl$p u Æv$ p fpõs ep lsp. Å L $, fps>l$p V$ dsv$pf A L$sp dq ApV$gp u ksp j dpþep u. s Ap u dpn lsu L $, Aphp r Z e g hp pr>m fl gp sdpd S>hpbv$pfp v$x$ av$l$pfhpdp Aph Å L $, A dpdg lpcl$p V $ p px$u v$ sp kyrâd L$p V $dp S>i. Ap AN fps>l$p V$ dsv$pf A L$sp dq p (A y. p p.5 D f) fps>l$p V$dp d v$p r f p h^pdzp L$pe ¾$ddp d v$ u A L$W$u L$fhp kfl$pfu- M p N u b k p p D e p N (skhuf: c stkl fpw$p X$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$pqs ârsr r^-fps>l$p V$)fpS>L$p V$: d v$p p uf Þepfu-1 X $ddp Aphsp s h^phhp d p Üpfp L$pe ¾$d ep Åep lsp hx$pâ^p dp v$u Åd Nf u d v$p p uf h^phi Ap L$pe ¾$ddp d v$ u A L$W$u L$fhp cpf ^d R>pX$p ep lsp. dpzkp c Ny L$fhp kfl$pfu bkp, Mp Nu ipmpap u bkp A fps>l$p V$ u rkv$u bkp p D ep N L$fpep lsp Þepfu X $d bkp p à à p gpáep lsp.(2.11) L$pe ¾$d yfp ep bpv$ gp L$p dp C QQp k p u e p S > p u i y f p S > L $ p V $ 20 rdr V$ u h^y pzu dmi...! ApS> u "hpx$ S> QucX$p Nm ' s hu [õ rsdp u Apd S> sp blpf L$pY$hu M bs> S>ê$fu NZpe R>, s u "õhfps>' p Ap koj kss S> ApNm h^pfsp fluiy A b^p S> fps>l$ue np s d u lpg u Q V$Zudp V$uL$uV$p h Qhp u c rdl$p A kfl$pfp fqhp u c rdl$pdp u L$ped dpv $ vy$f L$fpi s hp ApÐdrhðpk Ål f L$fpe g -fps>l$p V$ dsv$pf A L$sp dq fps>l$p V$ u ârký^ sy kp fpô²$ ¾$prs kpýe v$ r L AMbpfdp sdpfp rhõspfdp b su L$p B Z OV$ pap, s ds> rhõspf u kdõep u dprlsu Adpfp L$pep ge Mps ê$bê$ d Bg L $ hp V¹$kA Üpfp dp L$gu il$p R>p, Ap g dprlsu kp fpô²$ ¾$prs sdpfp pd kp ârký^ L$fu kdõep p kdp^p p âeð L$fi. hp V¹$kA saurashtrakranti@gmail.com A X² $k: 125, õv$pf Q çbf, lqflf Qp L$, Q p àgp V$, fps>l$p V$ SAURASHTRA KRANTI (DAILY EVENING) Editor, Printer Publisher & Owner : GADHAVI ASHOK MULUBHA, Place of Publication : SAURASHTRA KRANTI KARYALAYA 125, STAR CHAMBER, HARIHAR CHOWK, PANCHNATH PLOT, RAJKOT ,ph.No.(0281) Printed at: SAURASHTRA PRINTERY, ATIKA SOUTH ARATI SOC. DHEBAR ROAD RAJKOT GUJARAT.