wbh vm M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 21 ww m ^i 2010

wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 21 ww m ^i 2010 M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk

MÖš ^Z : eª vk cöökvkkvj : ww m ^i 2010 cöökvkk mn hvmx m úv`k cö Q` A i web vm I A½m¾v gy`ªy : eª vk, M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm 75 gnvlvjx, XvKv 1212 : AvjZvgvm cvkv : mv R`yi ingvb : gv. AvKivg nv mb : eª vk wcö Uvm 87-88 (cyivzb) 41 (bzzb) e K-wm U½x wkí GjvKv, MvRxcyi 1710 wbh v mi G msl vwu Z eª vk Avwd«Kv Kvh µ gi Ici GKwU cöwz e`bmn 2007 mv ji 1wU I 2008 mv ji 2wU, 2009 mv ji 4wU Ges 2010 mv ji 1wU evqvbk Z M elyv wi cvu vb c q Q GQvov gv qi Mf Kvjxb welyœzv wb q GKwU we kl cöwz e`b Ges mv cöwzk Lei cökvk Kiv nj gzvg Zi Rb m úv`k ev cökvkk `vqx bb cöeümg~ n Dc vwcz mkj gzvgz M elk ev jlkm Yi GKvš wbr ^ m úv`bv cwil` m úv`k m`m : nvmvb kixd Avn g` : kwdkzj Bmjvg, evei Kwei, Avbœv wgb&r, BkwZqvK gwndïxb I KvImvi Avdmvbv Nirjash: Summary of selected BRAC research reports of 2007, 2008, 2009 & 2010, two special report, and one report on recent RED activities. Number 21, December 2010. Published by BRAC Research and Evaluation Division, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.

m~wpcî m úv`kxq: `vwi`ª I Avš R vwzk `vwi`ª wbimb w`em 1 mv cöwzk Lei 6 gv qi Mf Kvjxb welyœzv ^vfvwe Ki P q Kg IR bi wkï R b i Rb `vqx 9 gva wgk wk v: gvb I mgzvmsµvš P v jämg~n 13 evsjv ` k gvbevwakvi j Nb: eª vk mvgvwrk Kg m~wp KZ K msm nxz Z _ i wfwë Z M elyvg~jk AbymÜvb 20 ivóªxq gvwjkvbvaxb cöwzôvbmg~ ni PvKwiPz Z Kg x `i Rb eª v Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR: GKwU mvwe K g~j vqb 25 AwZ`wi`ª `i Rb eª v Ki wbivc` cvwb, ^v m Z cqtwb vkb Ges ^v wewa (Iqvk) Kg m~wpi GKwU g~j vqb 32 AwZ`wi`ª Rb Mvôxi RxebhvÎvi Dci m ú` n vš ii cöfve 36 eª vk DMvÛv M elyv BDwb Ui wekvk I wewfbœ Kvh µg 39 cve Z PÆMÖv gi `xwnbvjv Dc Rjvq g v jwiqv iv Mi cöv`yf ve 42 cöv_wgk ^v mev cö`vbkvix K `ª jv Z my hvm-myweav cvevi Î AZ vek Kxq Ily ai cövc Zv I h _vchy³ e envi: evsjv `k Kgb Ki Q? 45 `uvz I gy Li hzœ m ú K cj x GjvKvi RbM Yi aviyv: GKwU cvbju Rwic 50

kvk msev` Avgiv kvkvwff~z eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi c _ K Avgiv eª v Ki cwipvjbv cwil `i m`m I Avš R vwzk Kg m~wpi wbe vnx cwipvjk gv: Avwgbyj Avj gi AKvj g Zz Z Mfxi kvk cökvk KiwQ Ges Zuvi cöwz Avgv `i Awš g Awfev`b Ávcb KiwQ giûg Avwgbyj Avjg 1975 mv j eª v K hvm`vb K ib Ges eª v Ki Kg m~wpmg~ ni Ab Zg cwz wn m e AvZ cökvk K ib eª v Ki mg Kg Kv Ê i q Q Zuvi Kg cöqv mi A vb ^v i evsjv ` ki cöwzwu Kv Y Ges ciez x mg q Gwkqv-AvwdªKv Ges K vwiexq A ji `kwu ` k ZuviB bz Z eª v Ki Kg Kv Êi m cömviy N U Zuvi Kg cöqv m Kg Kv Êi AvKvi I e vwß Z eª vk Avš R vwzk Kg m~wp AZzjbxq L vwz AR b K i Q GLv b AviI D j L h, giûg Avwgbyj Avjg wbh v mi ïi _ KB Gi m úv`bv cwil `i Ab Zg m`m wq jb wewfbœ mg q wzwb mywpwš Z gzvgz w` q Avgv `i Pjvi c_ K Av jvwkz K i Qb Mixe gvby li mevq Zuvi mxgvnxb D ` vm I wbt ^v_ AvZ wb e`b kyay eªª v Ki wfz ib bq, Dbœqb RM ZI wecyj cöksmv I m vb AR b K i Q Zuvi GB AKvj cöqv Y h k~b Zvi m wó n q Q Zv Mfxifv e Av jvwoz K i Q Zuvi cwievi, eüzevüe I Mixe gvbyl K, hv `i Rxeb K wzwb Zuvi Kv Ri gva g wbweofv e úk K iwq jb cig Ki Yvg qi Kv Q Avgiv Zuvi we `nx AvZœvi kvwš I gyw³ Kvgbv KiwQ Ges Zuvi ^Rb `i GB kvkfvi mn Kievi kw³`v bi Rb cöv_ bv KiwQ

BRAC wbh vm 2010 ww m ^i;21:1-5 m úv`kxq `vwi`ª I Avš R vwzk `vwi`ª wbimb w`em `vwi`ª n Q GgbB GKwU A_ bwzk Ae v hlv b GKRb gvbyl Zvi RxebhvÎvi b~ bzg gvb AR b e _ nq Ges ^í Av qi Kvi Y Rxebavi Yi cª qvrbxq wrwblcî wkb Z cv i bv Pv L `Lv hvq `vwi `ª i Ggb Ae v jv n Q Acywó, ^v nxbzv, RxY kxy evm vb, wk vi Afve Ges ekviz ev Kvb KvR bv _vkv i Mœ `ye j gvbyl mvs wzk ^ QvPvwiZv I AvMÖvmb, RbmsL vi Pvc, A_ bwzk `ỳ kv, mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk mgm v Ges Rjevqy cwiez bi Kvi Y m ó Nb Nb eb v, So I R jv Q vm, Liv BZ vw`i g Zv cövk wzk `y h vmi `vwi`ª Ae v ˆZwi Ki Z cv i `vwi`ª `~i Ki Z mviv wek e vcx cª Póv Pj Q wek _ K `vwi`ª `~i K i GKwU Dchy³ cwi ek Zwii Rb mg ez Av `vjb I cö Póv Ae vnz i q Q KviY GB `vwi `ª i Kvi Y we k GK KvwUiI ewk gvbyl w` b GK Wjv iii Kg Avq K i _v K cöwzeqi GMv iv j wkï gviv hvq hv `i eqm cuvp eq ii bx P GQvov Qq j ii ewk wkï gviv hvq m ú~y fv e cöwz iva hvm g v jwiqv, Wvqwiqv Ges wbd gvwbqv iv M Avµvš n q Gai bi nzvkve ÄK cwiw wz Z wek e vcx cöwzeqi D`hvwcZ nq Avš R vwzk `vwi`ª wbimb w`em w`emwu D`hvc b GeQ ii cöwzev` welq wqj, From poverty to decent work: bridging the gap GB w`bwu cvj bi gva g my hvm nq `wi`ª gvby li cö Póv I msmöv gi cöwz GKvZ Zv NvlYvi `vwi `ª i wei msmöv g Mixe gvbyl K mvg bi KvZv i _vk Z n e Mixe gvbyl K K_v ejvi Rb Ges `vwi `ª i wei msmöv g c` c MÖn Y `wi`ª `i mv Pvi n Z AbycÖvwYZ Kiv nq GB w`em D`hvc bi gva g wbh vm 1

m úv`kxq Avš R vwzk `vwi`ª wbimb w`emwu cö_g D`hvwcZ nq 1987 mv ji 17 A ±vei dªv Ýi ivravbx c vwi mi Trocadero bvgk v b GLv b AbywôZ wekvj GK mgv e k Pig `vwi`ª, mš vm I zavi wkkvi gvby li cöwz mngwg Zv I msnwz Ávcb Kiv nq D j L h, GB vbwu ZB 1948 mv j mve Rbxb gvbevwakvi m úwk Z NvlYvcÎ ^v wiz n qwqj c vwi mi G mgv ek _ K NvlYv Kiv nq h, `vwi`ª n Q gšwjk gvbevwakv ii j Nb GB mgv ek _ K ` p cöz q e ³ Kiv nq `vwi`ª wbimb K i mg ezfv e gvbevwakvi wbwðz Kivi Ae k l RvwZmsNI 1992 mv ji 22 ww m ^i w`emwu K AvbyôvwbKfv e ^xk wz `q RvwZmsN mvaviy cwil `i c _ K m`m ivóªmg~n K w`emwu h_vh_ RvZxq i Z w` q cvj bi Avnevb Rvbv bv nq G Î `vwi`ª we gvp bi Kvh vejx K n Z n e ev em Z hv Z `wi`ªzv I Pig Afve _ K gvbyl K gy³ Kiv hvq RvwZms Ni G cö vebvq mikv ii wewfbœ ms vmg~n K Ges GbwRI jv K `vwi`ª wbim b wewfbœ ivóª K mnvqzvi Avnevb Rvbv bv nq Avš R vwzk `vwi`ª wbimb w`em cvj bi gva g RvZxq i `vwi `ª i wei jovb q h_vh_ e e v MÖn Yi Avnevb Rvbv bv nq GQvov RvwZmsN gnvmwp ei cöwzi Avnevb Rvbv bv nq RvwZms Ni we` gvb m ú `i Ici wfwë K i w`emwu h_vh_fv e D`hvcb wbwðz Kivi Rb `vwi`ª wbim bi cö_g `kkwui mgqmxgv wqj 1997 _ K 2006 mvj ch š GmgqwU Z RvwZmsN KZ K wg jwbqvg Dbœqb NvlYvcÎ NvwlZ nq AbyywôZ nq wek kxl m jb-2005 Gme wek kxl m j b `vwi`ª wbim b ` p A½xKvi e ³ K i `vwi`ª nªv m A_ vq bi wm vš M nxz nq RvwZmsN mvaviy cwil` 2007 mv ji ww m ^ i `vwi`ª wbim b RvwZmsN NvwlZ wøzxq `k Ki (2008-2017) NvlYv `q G `k Ki g~jwelqe n Q, Ômevi Rb c~y Kvjxb Ges Dchy³ RxweKvi ms vbõ (Full employment and decent work for all) GB g~jwelqe MÖnY Kivi gva g wek e vcx `vwi`ª wbim bi Î ev e e e v MÖn Yi A½xKvi cyb e ³ Kiv n q Q Ges UKmB Dbœq bi Rb hme Aek cvjbxq kz mg~n c~iy Kiv cö qvrb we klz Dbœqbkxj `k jvi Î, m jvi IciI i Z v ivc wbh vm 2

m úv`kxq Kiv n q Q mvgvwrk Dbœq bi Ici wek kxl m jb Ges RvwZmsN mvaviy cwil `i PweŸkZg we kl Awa ek bi cö vebvmg~ni GLv b cybivq D j L Kiv nq `vwi`ª wbim bi wøzxq `kk K AwaKZi djcö` I mgwš^z Ki Z Avš wik cöqvm biqv n q Q Avš R vwzk `vwi`ª wbimb w`em 2010 D`hvc b eªª vk eªª v Ki A vw fv Kwm BDwbU wewfbœ Abyôv bi gva g Avš R vwzk `vwi`ª wbimb w`em 2010 D`hvcb K i eªªª v Ki mkj Kvh µg cwipvwjz nq `wi`ª `i Rb Ggb GKwU Dchy³ mnvqk cwi ek ˆZwi Z hlv b Zviv AvZ Kg ms v bi gva g AR b Ki Z cvi e A_ bwzk m gzv AwZ`wi`ª `i mvgvwrk wbivcëv I mvgvwrk cybtgkxki Yi Ici cövavb w` q eªª vk A vw fv Kwm BDwbU w`emwu D`hvc b M nxz k vmvb, ÔRvZxq HK i L e `vwi`ª Õ - Gi Dci we kl i Z v ivc K i KviY eª vk ` pfv e wek vm K i h, `vwi`ª wbim b mikvwi- emikvwi hš_ I wgwjz D ` vm Acwinvh AwZ`wi`ª `i Ici Av jvkcvz K i w`emwu RvZxq Ges vbxq ch v qi D`hvwcZ nq RvZxq ch v qi Kvh µ gi Aš fy ³ wqj emikvwi Uwjwfkb P v bj GwUGb evsjvq UK kvõi Av qvrb, hvi wk ivbvg wqj, ÔDbœqb Î AwZ `vwi`ª : P v jä I m vebvmg~nõ RvZxq `wbk ` WBwj v ii m ½ hš_fv e Av jvpbv Abyôvb Av qvwrz nq D³ Abyôv bi wk ivbvg wqj, ÔAwZ`vwi`ª n«vm:p v jä Ges m vebvmg~n GQvov ` ki 33wU Rjv I 44wU Dc Rjvq AwZ`wi`ª Kg m~wpf~³ GjvKvq i vwj, Av jvpbv I mvs wzk Abyôv bi gva g w`emwu D`hvwcZ nq wej evw e env ii gva g w`emwu D`hvc b we kl e e v MÖnY Kiv n qwqj XvKv kn ii 10wU i Z c~y v b wej ev W `yõmßvn a i Avš R vwzk `vwi`ª wbimb w`em 2010 D`hvc b eª v Ki bvix m`m, z`ª e emvqx, wkw Kv, ^v mwekv, AvBb mwekv I cj x mgvr m`m `i e³e Zz j aiv nq Gme e³ e `vwi `ª i wei ` p A½xKvi e ³ K i ejv n q Q, ÔAvgiv eª v Ki 80 jvl bvix m`m, 2.5 jvl ỳ ª e emvqx, 13 jvl QvÎQvÎx, 44 nvrvi wkw Kv, 80 nvrvi AvBb mwekv I 25 nvrvi cj x mgvr m`m `vwi`ª wbimb K i wb R `i m vebv wekv k wb ew`z _vk ev GQvov wbh vm 3

m úv`kxq RvZxq `wbk jv Z G w`em D`hvcb Dcj c~y c ôvi weávcb Qvcv nq `vwi`ª wbim b eª vk `vwi`ªª wbim bi j eª vk 1973 mv ji w` K `xn vqx Kg m~wp Pvjy K i Zvici _ K wewfbœ ai bi `vwi`ª wpwýzkiy I gvkvwejvi c _ A bk PovB-DZivB cwi q eª vk wb R K c_cö`k K ms v wn m e cöwzwôz K i Q `vwi`ª `~ixkiy I `wi`ª `i gzvq b eª v Ki AmvaviY I eûgylx ` wófw½i Kvi Y msmvb wn m e ms vwu A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wp QvovI ^v, wk v, gvbevwakvi I AvBb mnvqzv Kg m~wp, K wl I Lv` wbivcëv, cwi ek I Rjevqy cwiez bmn `y h vm e e vcbv Kvh µg cwipvjbv Ki Q hv `vwi`ª wbimb I gvbevwakvi cöwzôvq mnvqk f~wgkv ivl Q ez gv b eª vk `w Y Mvjv a i me e nr emikvwi Dbœqb ms v wn m e `vwi`ª wbim b KvR Ki Q Gwkqvi 3wU `k AvdMvwb vb, cvwk vb I kªxjskvq Ges AvwdªKvi 5wU `k jvb eixqv, wm qiv wjib, `w Y mỳ vb, ZvÄvwbqv I DMvÛvq GQvov f~wgk ú weaÿ nvbwz ZI eª vk KvR Ki Q evsjv `kmn Gwkqv I AvwdªKvq eª v Ki Kg m~wpfy³ `k jv Z eª vk `wi`ª I AbMÖmi Rb Mvôx, hv `i ewki fvmb bvix - Zv `i y`ª FY mnvqzv w` q hgb `vwi`ª we gvp b mnvqzv Ki Q, Zgwb bvixi gzvq b AMÖYx f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q Avevi AwZ`wi`ª Rb Mvôxi GKwU As ki Ae v GgbB h ïaygvî z`ªfy w` q Zv `i fvm cwiez b Kiv hvq bv KviY cöwk Y, Kv Ri c~e AwfÁZv, AvZ wek vm I cö qvrbxq ` Zvi Afv e Zviv FY wb q Kv R jvmv Z e _ nq GB Rb Mvôxi Rb eª v Ki AwZ `wi`ª Kg m~wp 2002 mv j ïi nq GB Kg m~wp Pig `vwi `ª i me w`kb gvkvwejv Ki Q m ú` n vš i, cöwk Y, RxweKv wba viy, we kl ^v mev, mvgvwrk Dbœqb, AwaKvi Av`v q mnvqzv Ges cwi k l z`ª F Yi gva g `wi`ª `i Rxebhvcb c wz Z kw³kvjx f~wgkv ivl Q GB Kg m~wpi cªavb `yõwu j wbh vm 4

m úv`kxq n Q; we klfv e wbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª `i Rb Aby`vb cö`vb Ges Ab vb wbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª `i Rb Aby`vbmn FY cö`vb GB Kg m~wp 2007 mv ji g a evsjv ` ki 40wU Rjvq we vi jvf K i Gi g a Ggb 20wU Rjv i q Q, hlv b Pig `wi`ª `i msl v ewk AvMvgx cuvp eq ii g a 8 jvl 63 nvrvi AwZ `wi`ª cwievi GB Kg m~wpi AvIZvq Avm e e j Avkv Kiv n Q AwZ `wi`ª Ae v wbim b Ab Zg mdj D vebx I m Rbkxj D ` vm wn m e Kg m~wpwu BwZg a B we k ^xk wz c q Q ez gv b evsjv ` kb cuvpwu emikvwi ms v eª v Ki GB g Wj ûeû AbyKiY Ki Q GQvov nvbwz, fviz, cvwk vb Ges B q g b GB Kg m~wp ûeû AbyKi Y KvwiMwi mnvqzv `Iqv n Q `vwi `ª i wei jovb e` j w` q Q 30 eqi Av M `Lv cj x-mövg jv K wemz K qk eq i wek e vcx A_ bwzk g `v Avgv `i MÖvgxY A_ bxwz Z_v mvgwmök A_ bxwz Z Lye GKUv weiƒc cöfve d j wb hvi Ab Zg GKwU eo KviY n Q `vwi`ª we gvp b z`ªf Yi e envi GLb cj x A j m wó n Q z`ª D ` v³vi Kg ms vb n Q `wi`ªª Zi Y-Zi Yx `i me P q BwZevPK w`k n Q Gme z`ª D ` v³v `i cªvq mevb bvix d j cj x mgv R bvixi gzvqb hgb NU Q Zgwb `vwi `ª i wei jovb q g qivi AvR cyi li cvkvcvwk HK e n Z cvi Q evsjv ` ki MÖv gi RÛvi mgzv weivr Ki Q, hv mvgvwrk Dbœqb I `vwi`ª we gvp b cw_k r n q _vk Z cv i Avgv `i mevi ^cœ 2020 mv ji g a evsjv `k K GKwU ga g Av qi ` k cwiyz Kiv `vwi`ª wbim b mikvwi- emikvwi ch v q me cöwzeükzv `~i K i HK e fv e GwM q h Z cvi j m ^cœ Aek B ev evwqz n e wbtm ` n AvjZvgvm cvkv nvmvb kixd Avn g` wbh vm 5

BRAC wbh vm 2010 ww m ^i;21:6-8 mv cöwzk Lei eª vk wek we` vjq Av qvwrz Ôeª vk WÕ D`hvwcZ MZ 5 _ K 7 AvM, 2010 Zvwi L eª vk wek we` vj qi mvfvi K v úv m Ôeª vk WÕ D`hvwcZ n q Q g~jz eª v Ki Kvh µg I iƒckí m ú K eª vk wek we` vj qi QvÎ-QvÎx `i AeMZ Ki ZB GB Ôeª vk WÕ-Gi Av qvrb Kiv nq GB Abyôv bi g~j D Ïk wqj eª v Ki iƒckí m ú K eª vk wek we` vj qi QvÎ-QvÎx `i AeMZ Kiv hlv b ejv n q Q, eª vk Ggb GKwU c w_ex Mo Z Pvq hlv b KvbcÖKvi kvly I ˆelg _vk e bv Ges cöwzwu gvby lib wbr ^ m vebv wekv ki my hvm _vk e Avi GiB Av jv K Kg cwipvjbv K i eª vk AvR `w Y Mvjv a cöwzwôz n q Q we k i me e nr emikvwi Dbœqb ms v wn m e eª v Ki Dbœqb Kg m~wp ez gv b Gwkqv I AvwdªKvi 11 KvwU gvby li Kv Q cuš Q M Q GB Abyôv b eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm Zv `i wewfbœ M elyv Kvh µ gi Dci cökvwkz IqvwK s ccvi, g bvmªvd, wbh vm Ges Ab vb cökvkbv cö`k b K i Gme cökvkbv QvÎ-QvÎx `i g a e vck mvov RvMvq M elyv I wbh vm 6

mv cöwzk Lei g~j vqb wefv Mi b jr g v br g U BDwbU 118wU wewfbœ ai bi M elyvg~jk cy K cö`k bx Z Dc vwcz K i eª vk wek we` vj qi QvÎ- QvÎxiv M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi wewfbœ cökvkbv m ú K Zuv `i e vck AvMÖn e ³ K i eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv wbh vm-gi cöwz we kl AvMÖn cwijw Z nq eª vk wek we` vj qi wk Ke ` M elyv wefv Mi wewfbœ cökvkbv I M elyv Kvh µg m ú K Zuv `i AvMÖn e ³ K i G wefv Mi mv _ hš_fv e M elyv Kvh µ g AskMÖn Yi B Qv e ³ K ib Ôeª vk WÕ Abyô b M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi j cwi`k b Av mb eª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvjk Rbve gvneye nv mb, eª vk wek we` vj qi m Uvi di j vs qr-gi cwipvjk ( jww) ˆmq`v mviviqvr Av e`, eª vk Uªwbs wwwfk bi cwipvjk Rbve mvweÿi Avn g` PŠayix, eª vk ^v Kg m~wpi cwipvjk Rbve dvi K Avng` Ges wk vkg m~wpi cwipvjk Rbve kwdkzj Bmjvg cj x mnvqk dvd Ûk bi wek eqic~wz Dcj Av qvwrz Dbœqb - gjv 2010 e½eüy m jb K `ª cj x mnvqk dvd Ûk bi wek eqic~wz Dcj MZ 6 _ K 9 b f ^i Pviw`be vcx GK gjvi Av qvrb Kiv nq cj x mnvqk dvd Ûkb Av qvwrz G gjvq 130wU emikvwi ms v AskMÖnY K i z`ªfy MÖnYKvix D ` v³v `i ˆZwi wewfbœ cy mvgmªx gjvi j jv Z vb cvq Gme mvgmªxi g a wqj Zuv Zi kvwo, dzyqv, KvwgR _ K ïi K i Ni mvrv bvi wewfbœ ikg mvgmöx Avi wqj wewfbœ ai bi Kvi c Y i mgvnvi cj x mnvqk dvd Ûkb Av qvwrz G gjvq wewfbœ wel qi Ici mvzwu mwgbvii AbywôZ nq wbh vm 7

mv cöwzk Lei D³ gjvq ` ki me e nr emikvwi Dbœqb ms v eª vk Zvi wewfbœ Kg m~wpi Kvh µg Zz j a i Gme Kg m~wpi g a wqj eª vk z`ªfy Kg m~wp, AwZ`wi`ª Kg m~wp, wk v, ^v I mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wp, gvbevwakvi I AvBb mnvqzv Kg m~wp, `y h vm, cwi ek I Rjevqyi cwiez b Kg m~wp, eª vk GW fv Kwm, Iqvk Ges K wl I Lv` wbivcëv Kg m~wp ` k I we ` k eª v Ki wewfbœ Kg m~wpi Kvh µg wewfbœ wfwwi kvõi gva g Dc vcbv Kiv nq GB j AviI vb cvq eª v Ki wewfbœ Kvh µg KZ K cökvwkz eb, cyw Kv I evwl K cöwz e`b eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi wewfbœ M elyvg~jk cökvkbv I wbh vm cö`k b I weµ qi Rb D³ j ivlv nq gjvq Avmv `k bv_ x `i G j we klfv e AvK ó K i wbh vm 8

BRAC wbh vm 2010 ww m ^i;21:9-12 gv qi Mf Kvjxb welyœzv ^vfvwe Ki P q Kg IR bi wkï R b i Rb `vqx m cöwz GKwU M elyv _ K Rvbv M Q h, mš vbm ev gv qiv hw` Mf Kvjxb mg q welyœzv ev DrKÚvq fv Mb ZvÕn j Zv `i Kg IR bi wkï Rb `evi m vebv ewk _v K Gme bervz Ki g Zz i nvii ewk G Zvw`b ch š Kg IR bi wkï R b i KviY wn m e `vqx Kiv nz gv qi RxebaviY c wz, Av_ mvgvwrk Ae v Ges Acywó K wkš m cöwz GK M elyv _ K Rvbv hvq h, mš vbm ev gv qiv hw` Mf Kvjxb mg q welyœzv ev DrKÉvq fv Mb Zvn j Zv `i Kg IR bi wkï Rb `evi m vebv ewk _v K Gme bervz Ki g Zz i nvii ewk n q _v K myb W bi K v ivwjb v Bbw wudu Ges evsjv ` ki emikvwi ms v eª v Ki hš_ D ` v M cwipvwjz G M elyvi djvdj weggwm cvewjk nj_ RvY v j m cöwz cökvwkz n q Q G M elyvi cöavb M elk wq jb eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Wv. nvwmgv-b-bvmwib Mf avi Yi 28-42 mßv ni g a i q Qb Ggb 720 Rb gwnjvi gvbwmk ^v G M elyvq ch e Y Kiv nq evsjv ` ki gqgbwmsn Rjvi `ywu Dc Rjv _ K Gme gv q `i M elyvq Aš f y³ Kiv n q Q wkïi R b i 6-8 gvm ch š G ch e Y Ae vnz _v K gv q `i cörbb BwZnvm, Av_ mvgvwrk Z _ i cvkvcvwk Zv `i Rb, g Zz, ivm BZ vw`i DcvËmg~n we k ly Kiv nq R b i 48 N Uvi g a 81% wkïi Rb Kvjxb IRb cwigvc Kiv nq evsjv ` ki `ywu cj x GjvKvq G M elyvwu cwipvwjz n q Q M elyvq `Lv hvq, 19% gwnjv Kg IR bi ev Pvi Rb `q, hv `i IRb 2,500 MÖvg-Gi bx P gv q `i 18% welyœzvi wbh vm 9

gv qi Mf Kvjxb welyœzv Kg IR bi wkï R b i Rb `vqx j Y fv M Ges 26% mvaviy DrKÉvq fv M Avi Gme gv q `i Lye Kg IR bi wkï Rb `evi cöeyzv ewk _v K wkïi AKvj g Zz i Kvi Yi mv _ Zvi Kg Rb Kvjxb IR bi welqwu RwoZ _vkv GKwU D ØMRbK mgm v wbtm ` n GwU ciez x mg q gvbwmk ^v MZ mgm v I wkïi Acwicyó Ae vi wby vqk n q `uvovq M elyv _ K AviI Rvbv hvq h, gvbwmkfv e my gv q `i Zzjbvq welyœzv I DrKÉvq fv M GiKg gv q `i Kg IR bi wkï Rb `v bi nvi cªvq wø Y M elkmy g b K ib h, wkï g Zy I wkïi `ye j ^v i Rb Mf Kvjxb welyœzv I DrKÉv cöavb f~wgkv iv L Ges G Ae v gv q `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v, `vwi`ªª Zv I Acywói cöfve KI AwZµg K i welyœzv hgb `wi`ª gwnjvi Ici cöfve d j, Zgwb D P Av_ mvgvwrk Ae v b i q Qb Ggb gwnjv `i ÎI welyœzvi GB cöfve j Kiv hvq M elkiv G e vcv i wbwðz bb h, cömec~e welyœzv mš v bi Kg IR bi Rb `vqx Kx bv welyœzvi Kv bv kvixwik cöfve i q Q Kx bv m wel qi Zviv wbwðz bb m ez GB M elyvi me P q wpëvkl K welq n Q GB h, `wi`ª gwnjvi Î welyœzv hgb cöfve d j, Zgwb hme gwnjv D P Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v b i q Qb Zv `i ÎI welyœzvi cöfve i q Q ZvB åƒ Yi ev bervz Ki g Zÿ i Î Acywó Ges Ab vb Dcv`v bi m ½ welyœzvi cöfve d j e j g b Kiv nq gvwk b hy³ivóª Ges DbœZ we k i Ab vb v b GKB ai bi M elyv cwipvwjz n q Q Z e welyœzv I DrKÉvi m ½ hy³ mvgvwrk Dcv`vbmg~ ni Ae`vb ARvbv _vkvq wewfbœ ai bi mvgvwrk cö vc U welyœzv Ges Mf Kvjxb ^v Ae v K we k ly Kiv cö qvrb ez gvb M elyvwu M elk `i Rb fvebvi KviY n q `uvwo q Q KviY Kg IR bi QvULvU bervzkiv gvivz K ^v mgm vq fv M Ges `L Z GKUz ewk IR bi eo bervz Ki Zzjbvq G `i gviv hvevi m ebv ev nvii ewk _v K `yf vm µ g GwU A úób _ K hvq Kb KwZcq M elyvq welyœzv ev wbh vm 10

gv qi Mf Kvjxb welyœzv Kg IR bi wkï R b i Rb `vqx DrKÉvi m ½ åƒy wekv ki Rviv jv m úk we` gvb _v K bv, hgbwu ez gvb M elyvq `vwe Kiv n q Q wek e vcx GB D`vniYwU m `nvzxzfv e wgkª Ae vq i q Q j Yxq welq n Q gvz M f åƒ Yi wekvk m ú K Avgv `i we` gvb Ávb mxwgz nevi Kvi Y wba vwiz mg qi c~ e B cöme n q hviqv ev wkïi Rb Kvjxb IRb Kg niqv KZLvwb m úk hy³ Zv ejv KwVb wewfbœ M el Ki g Z G Î nv Z MvYv mvgvb wkqy m ve KviY _vk Z cv i hv gv qi gvbwmk ^v i Dci cöfve djvq Zv bervz Ki Rb Kvjxb IR bi IciI cöfve d j welyœ gv qiv Mf Kvjxb ^v mev MÖn Y Zgb m Pó bvi _vk Z cv i Gme gv qiv h _ó IRb jv f m g bvi n Z cv i welyœzv I DrKÉvi mv _ hy³ wbd ivg ÛvÎ vbb cªªfve Kvb bv Kvb fv e ^vfvwek åy wekvk cöwµqv K cöfvwez K i _v K ez gvb M elyvwu `w Y Gwkqvi `k jv Z gv q `i i Mœ ^v i Î welyœzv I DrKÉvi cöfve m ú K m PZb n Z mnvqk n e wkï g Zy i nvi Kgv bvi Rb RvwZmsN NvwlZ wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j 4-G wkï g Zÿ n«v mi K_v ejv n q Q j gvîv 5-G ejv n q Q 1990 _ K 2015 mv ji g a 5 eq ii Kg eqmx wkï `i g Zz i nvi `yb-z Zxqvsk Ki Z n e ZvB RvwZmsN NvwlZ wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîv AR b Ki Z n j Avgv `i Kg IR bi wkï R b i nvi Kwg q Avb Z n e G Î Mf ve vq gv q `i welyœzv I DrKÉv wpwýz Kiv I Zvi cöwzkv i h_vh_ mnvqzv I mev cö`v bi wbðqzv weav b mvgvwrk I ivóªxqfv e cö qvrbxq c` c MÖnY Ki Z n e -wewfbœ Z_ m~î _ K cöwz e`bwu ˆZwi K i Qb- AvjZvgvm cvkv Z_ m~î: 1. Depressed mothers birth low birth weight babies? http://www.trying-toconceive.com/news/depressed-mothers-birth-low-birth-weight-babies. (accessed on 2 September 2010) 2. Depression link to low birth weight. Press Association, 25 August, 2010. 3. Maternal depression predicts low birth weight. The behavioral medicine report. Mental health, 27 August, 2010. wbh vm 11

gv qi Mf Kvjxb welyœzv Kg IR bi wkï R b i Rb `vqx 4. Mental state affects birth weight. UNBconnect, 27 August, 2010. 5. Sad mothers give birth to smaller babies, study finds, TIME magazine, 25 August, 2010. 6. Sad mothers give birth to underweight babies, research suggests. Aol health, 26 August, 2010. 7. Sad mothers have small babies. Innovations-report, 26.08.2010, http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/studies/sad_mothers_ small_babies_160399.html. (accessed on 2 September 2010) wbh vm 12

BRAC wbh vm 2010 ww m ^i;21:13-19 gva wgk wk v: gvb I mgzvmsµvš P v jämg~n mgxi iäb bv_, gynv ` bvrgyj nk, D mvjgv emg, GGgGg Avnmvb Dj vn&, gv. Avãym mvëvi I Avn g` gvk&zvk ivrv PŠayix e e vcbvi aib I GjvKv Abymv i wk v cöwzôvbmg~ ni g a AmgZv weivr Ki Q mikvi cwipvwjz gva wgk we` vjqmg~ ni cövq meb kni GjvKvq Aew Z Ges Ab h Kvb wk v cöwzôv bi Zzjbvq G jvi fšz AeKvVv gv, wk K `i gvb I wkl bi my hvm myweav A bk fv jv GKB we epbvq Gic ib i q Q emikvwi zjmg~n Z Zxq Ae v b i q Q knivâ ji emikvwi we` vjq I gv`ªvmv gva wgk zjmg~ n fwz i Î cöwz hvwmzv _vkvq Ae vcbœ N ii Q j- g qiv fv jv z j fwz i my hvm c ji Ab vb iv fwz nq Lye GKUv fv jv bq Ggb z j f~wgkv I D Ïk wek e vcx gva wgk wk vi h Pvwn`v I we wz AvR j Kiv hvq Zv g~jz `ywu Kvi Y N U Q cö_gz, wk vi MYZš vqy, wøzxqz, wek vqb Zv m Ë I gva wgk wk v AvR wzbwu P v j Äi m ylxb ewa òz AwfMg Zv, wk vi gvb Dbœqb Ges wk vµg K cövmw½k K i Zvjv evsjv ` ki Rb I G P v jä jv cö hvr GLv bi cöv_wgk wk vi e vck cömv ii d j (87% wbu AwfMg Zvi nvi) gva wgk wk vq wk v_ x `i msl v e o Q g qivi Av Mi P q AwaK nv i gva wgk wk vgywl n q Q The state of secondary education: quality and equity challenges. kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2007) mvi-ms ci AbywjLb K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 13

gva wgk wk v: gvb I mgzvmsµvš P v jämg~n bv_ I Ab vb evsjv ` k cöv_wgk I D Pwk vi ga ez x mgqkvj mvz eqi hv gva wgk wk v bv g cwiwpz GB mvz eqi wzbwu i wef³: wbgœ gva wgk i, gva wgk i I D P gva wgk i gva wgk i Z Zxq Avi GKwU aviv n jv KvwiMwi Dce e v gva wgk ii wk v_ x `i g a 79.4 kzvsk co Q mvaviy Dce e vq, 17.9 kzvsk gv`ªvmv Dce e vq Avi gvî 2.7 kzvsk KvwiMwi Dce e vq AvUwU wk v ev W i Aax b cö_g eo gv ci cix v AbywôZ nq `kg kªyxi ci, hv mvaviy I KvwiMwi Dce e vq gva wgk cix v (GmGmwm) I gv`ªvmv Dce e vq `vwlj cix v bv g cwiwpz gva wgk ch v q z j fwz i Î msl vmz w`k _ K Q j- g q `i g a Kvb cv_ K `Lv hvq bv Z e AvMÖn nvivevi Kvi Y Aóg kªyx _ K Q j `i P q g q `i msl Kg Z _v K mv cöwzk mg q evsjv ` ki gva wgk wk vi Ici ek KwU M elyv Kiv n q Q G `ib GKwU Kiv n q Q GWy Kkb IqvP-Gi c _ K hlv b mvaviy I gv`ªvmv Dfq Dce e vq wbgœ gva wgk I gva wgk i K M elyvi AvIZvq Avbv n q Q GB M elyvq gva wgk wk vq AwfMg Zv, ` Zv, mgzv I A_ vqb wel q AbymÜvb Kiv n q Q Zv m Ë I, bxwzcöyq bi Rb cö qvrbxq Zzjbvg~jK we k l Yi cwi cöw Z wkqz gšwjk Z _ i Afve Abyf~Z n Q `ywu Dce e vi wk vµ gi mgzv I Dce e vmg~n _ K cvk Kiv wk v_ x `i gv bi mgzv wb q cövqkb cö kœi m ylxb n Z nq gva wgk cvk Kivi ci wk v_ xiv Avi KZ`~i cov jlv K i Ges PvKwii evrv i Zv `i MÖnY hvm Zv I ` Zv Kx BZ vw` wel q AbymÜv bi `ikvi i q Q Dchy ³ gšwjk welqmg~ n Z _ i AcÖZzjZv gvbe m ú` Dbœq bi Rb ^qsm ú~y cwikíbv cöyq b evav ^iƒc GB cwi cöw Z GWy Kkb IqvP 2007-G wbgœwjwlz welqmg~n `Lv n q Q: 1. mvaviy I gv`ªvmv Dce e vi D e, µ gvbœqb I wk vµ gi Zzjbvg~jK we k ly, wbh vm 14

gva wgk wk v: gvb I mgzvmsµvš P v jämg~n bv_ I Ab vb 2. Dfq Dce e vi wk v_ xiv gva wgk wk vi wklb D Ï k i KZUzKz AR b Ki Z cvi Q Zv cix v Kiv Ges Zv `i hvm Zvi m ½ m úwk Z Dcv`vbmg~n wpwýz Kiv Ges 3. gva wgk cvk Kiv wk v_ x `i gva wgk DËi wk vq AwfMg Zv I PvKwii evrv i Zv `i AwfÁZv Ges GZ`msµvš welqvejx AbymÜvb Kiv GB M elyvi cö_g D Ïk ev evq bi Rb wk vµg, cvv cȳ K I wm jevmmn cö qvrbxq cöwz e`bmg~n ch v jpbv Kiv n q Q Gi m ½ hy³ n q Q Dfq Dce e vi wk K `i m ½ Kg kvjv I RvZxq ch v qi wk vµg we klá `i AwfgZ biqv wøzxq D Ïk ev evq bi Rb GKwU Afx v ˆZwi Kiv n q Q 1995 mv j cöyxz RvZxq wk vµg mgš^q KwgwU cö vwez gva wgk wk vi wklb D Ïk mg~n Afx v ˆZwii `yb cör b i e eav b wk vq AwfMg Zv ek e w c q Q Giv n Q ez gvb cörb Ges Zv `i evev-gv wfwë wn m e biqv n q Q PviwU wel q mgvbfv e gvu 80wU cö kœi mgš^ q GB Afx vwu ˆZwi Kiv n q Q welq PviwU n Q, evsjv, Bs iwr, mvaviy MwYZ I ˆ`bw `b weávb GKB D Ï k wk v_ x `i Av_ -mvgvwrk I wk vwelqk bvbv Z_ msmö ni Rb GKwU cökœcî ˆZwi Kiv n q Q M elyvi Z Zxq D Ïk ev evq bi Rb 1997 mv j gva wgk cvk Kiv wk v_ x `i Ici GKwU Rwic Kiv n q Q wzb ai bi wk v cöwzôv bi cuvp `j wk v_ xi Ici M elyvwu cwipvwjz n q Q wk v cöwzôvbmg~n n Q mikvwi we` vjq, knivâ ji emikvwi we` vjq, MÖvgv ji emikvwi we` vjq, knivâ ji gv`ªvmv I MÖvgv ji gv`ªvmv gva wgk DËi wk vq AwfMg Zv I PvKwii my hvm-myweav Rvbvi Rb 246wU we` vjq I gv`ªvmv _ K 1997 mv j GmGmwm ev `vwlj cix vq cvk K i Q Ggb 2,887 Rb K biqv n q Q ˆ`ePq bi wfwë Z GQvovI wk v cöwzôv bi 148 Rb cöavb Ges 1,478 Rb Ab vb wk Ki mv vrkvi MÖnY Kiv n q Q wk vµg ev evqb wel q Zv `i AwfgZ Rvbvi Rb wbh vm 15

gva wgk wk v: gvb I mgzvmsµvš P v jämg~n bv_ I Ab vb M elyvi djvdj cö_g evz vwu n jv, e e vcbvi aib I GjvKv Abymv i wk v cöwzôvbmg~ ni g a AmgZv weivr Ki Q mikvi cwipvwjz gva wgk we` vjqmg~n cövq meb kn i Aew Z Ges Ab h Kvb wk v cöwzôv bi P q G jvi fšz AeKvVv gv, wk K `i gvb I wkl bi my hvm-myweav A bk fv jv GKB we epbvq i q Q knivâ ji emikvwi we` vjqmg~n Z Zxq Ae v n Q knivâ ji gv`ªvmvmg~ ni PZz_ I câg Ae v b h_vµ g MÖvgxY GjvKvi emikvwi we` vjq I gv`ªvmv we` vj qi ai bi Dc ivwj wlz bvg GUvB wbwðz K i h, Avgv `i wk v_ x `i Lye Kg msl K fv jv wk vcöwzôv b cov jlvi my hvm cv Q wøzxq evz vwu n jv, h_vh_fv e wk vµg ev evqb Kivi g Zv cö qvrbxq cwi ek wk v cöwzôvb jv Z bv _vkvi d j Ges Av` ZB wk vµg ev evwqz bv niqvq wk v_ xiv Dchy³ gvbm úbœ cov jlv wkl Z cvi Q bv gva wgk wk vqz b fwz i Î cöwz hvwmzv Ki Z nq G Kvi Y `Lv hvq h, Ae vcbœ N ii Q j- g qiv fv jv wk v cöwzôvb jv Z fwz n Z cv i Avi Ab iv fwz nq Zzjbvg~jKfv e Lye GKUv fv jv bq Ggb wk v cöwzôvbmg~ n G ai bi Ae v ch vqµ g mvgvwrk AmgZv evwo q `q Z Zxq evz vwu n jv, wk v_ x `i wkl bi Î mvaviy I gv`ªvmv Dce e vi g a wekvj cv_ K i q Q ez gvb mg qi cwi cöw Z wk kvi I Zi Y `i e o IVvi Rb h ` Zv I hvm Zvi cö qvrb Zvi wbwi L wepvi Ki j `Lv hvq, `ye jfv e cö Z wk vµg AbymiY K i gv`ªvmv jv Z wk v Kvh µg cwipvwjz nq evsjv `k gv`ªvmv wk v evw Ges RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cȳ K ev W i g a Z _ i Av`vb-cÖ`vb I AwfÁZvi wewbgq bv NUvq cv_ K ïay e ob Pj Q PZy_ evz v n jv, gva wgk ch v qi ïi Z wk v cöwzôv b fwz i Î msl vmz w`k _ K Q j I g q `i g a Kvb cv_ K _v K bv Lye ZvovZvwo g qiv AvMÖn nviv Z ïi K i Ges Aóg kªyx _ K Zv `i msl v wbh vm 16

gva wgk wk v: gvb I mgzvmsµvš P v jämg~n bv_ I Ab vb Q j `i Zzjbvq Kg Z ïi K i hw`i g q `i K we` vj q a i ivlvi Rb we kl e wë i q Q, Zv m ez mgcwigvy wklb hvm Zv AR b h _ó bq we q I `wi`ªzvi gz Av_ -mvgvwrk welq jv g q `i K AwaKZi wk vmöny I Kg Î Ae`vb ivlvi gz hvm K i Zzj Z cvi Q bv câg evz v n jv, wk vi gv bi wbwi L wk vcöwzôv bi aib Abymv i h cövwakvi e e v B Zvg a ˆZwi n q Q Zvi d j Lye Aí msl K wk v_ x KB gvbm úbœ gva wgk wk v `Iqv hv Q, hv Zv `i K D Pwk v A_ev Kg Îi Rb hvm K i M o Zzj Z cv i Ab w` K e vck msl K Q j- g q gva wgk ii Dchy³ gšwjk ` Zv I hvm Zv AR b Ki Z bv cvivi Kvi Y Kg Î A_ev gva wgk DËi cov jlvi Rb h_vh_fv e M o DV Q bv lô evz v n jv, `yb cör b i e eav b Avgv `i wk vq AwfMg Zv ek e o Q - Giv n jv ez gvb cörb I Zv `i gv-evevõiv gv-evevi wk vi m ½ ez gvb cör b i Q j- g q `i wk vi m úk GUv wbwðz K i h, Av Mi cör b i wk v I Av_ -mvgvwrk my hvm-myweavi cöfve ez gvb cör b i wk vi Ici c o Q M elyvjä mycvwikgvjv GWy Kkb IqvP 2007 Gi M elyvi djvdj I cöavb evz v jvi Av jv K wbgœwjwlz mycvwikgvjv Dc vwcz n jv: 1. M elyvq `Lv hvq h, gva wgk wk vi wewfbœ Dce e vq e vck cv_ K i q Q wk vi Av qvr bi gvb I mvg_, fšz AeKvVv gv, Rbej me ÎB Dce e vmg~ ni g a my úó cv_ K weivrgvb gva wgk wk vi my hv Mi AmgZv, Gi KviYmg~n Ges Gi d j h AmgZv ˆZwi n Q Zv ^xkvi K i K `ªxq bxwzcöyq b Kv R jvmv bv `ikvi 2. GKwU mgwš^z I GKB gvbm úbœ wklbe e v, wk Ke ` I gšwjk wk vµg, cvv m~wp I wklb D Ïk n jv gva wgk wk vi Dbœqb wbh vm 17

gva wgk wk v: gvb I mgzvmsµvš P v jämg~n bv_ I Ab vb G Î hv cö qvrb ZvÕn jv GKwU Kvh Ki ev evqb cöwµqv I GKwU gqvw` cwikíbv hlv b mikvwi I emikvwi we` vjqmg~n Ges gv`ªvmv _ K `kg kªyx ch š me wk v_ xi Rb cö qvrbxq me my hvm-myweav wbwðz Kiv 3. `kg kªyx k l gva wgk cix vq me Dce e vi wk v cöwzôvbmg~ ni Î cö hvr GKwU g~j vqb cöwµqv Pvjy Kiv `ikvi GKB ai bi g~j vqb e e v Pvjyi cöwµqv I cwikíbvi ev evqb mswk ó `i ` Zv Dbœqb, cix vi gvb cöwgzkiy, cöavb welq ivi Rb kªyx Abyhvqx hvm Zv wbiƒcy Ges GZ`msµvš, bvbvwea cix v-wbix v I M elyvi Rb A_ eivï ivlv `ikvi 4. `ywu mgvš ivj Dce e v wn m e mvaviy I gv`ªvmv wk vi HwZnvwmK weez b Am ú~y ivlvi Kvb A_ nq bv, hw`i mvgäm c~y Dbœq bi welqwu bxwzmz cökœ wn m e _ KB hv Q RvZxqfv e w ik Z wk vµg I wklb D Ïk ev evqb Ki Q bv Ggb wk v cöwzôv bi mikvwi A_ eivï cviqv DwPZ bq 5. mgwš^z wk vc wz cöez b Ki Z n j `ikvi n e RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cȳ K evw Ges evsjv `k gv`ªvmv wk v ev W wk vµg we klá ˆZwi Kivi Rb GKB ai bi wewb qv Mi e e v Kiv GUv ^vfvwekfv eb e qeûj, mgq mv c Ges m ez Aev ei e U ga g ai bi GKwU mgvav bi c_ n Z cv i Pvi-wefvM c wz Gi Aax b, me mvaviy we` vjq I gv`ªvmvq gvbwek, weávb, e emvq wk v I ag xq wk v GB PviwU wefvm Lvjvi Aby gv`b _vk e Dce e v Abymv i wefvmmg~ ni Avewk K welqmg~ ni wk vµ g Kvb Zdvr n e bv 6. RÛvi mgzv mswk ó welqvw` wk K cöwk Y I wk v cöwzôvb e e vcbvi g a i Z `Iqv cö qvrb RÛvi I Dbœqb m ú K mswk ó `i cwi vi aviyv _vkv cö qvrb, KviY GwU bvix I cyi l Df qi m úk MZ GKwU welq hv wk K I wk v_ x mevi ÎB cö hvr 7. gva wgk cvk Kiv wk v_ x `i GKwU eo Ask gva wgkdëi wk vq AskMÖnY K i hviv gva wgk cix v ch š Avm Q bv ev G mi cvk wbh vm 18

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BRAC wbh vm 2010 ww m ^i;21:20-24 evsjv ` k gvbevwakvi j Nb: eª vk mvgvwrk Kg m~wp KZ K msm nxz Z _ i wfwë Z M elyvg~jk AbymÜvb drjyj Kwig, bvcgv KvBqyg, wrqvdwïb nvq`vi I KvRx bri j dvëvn eª v Ki mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wp wewfbœ m~ Îi gva g Rvbyqvwi 2006 _ K Ryb 2009-Gi g a 507wU Dc Rjvi g a 468wU Dc Rjv _ K gvbevwakvi j NbRwbZ cöpzi DcvË msmön K i msm nxz Gme DcvËmg~ ni M elyvg~jk we k l Yi Rb eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm GKwU M elyv cwipvjbv K i al Y me P q ewk msnwvz n q Q (31%) Gi c ib vb c q Q Lyb, GwmW wb c, AvZ nz v, kvixwik wbh vzb I al Yi cö Póv 86 kzvsk awl Z bvix Ges 73 kzvsk kvixwikfv e wbh vwzz bvix h Kvb ai bi ^v mev _ K ewâz nq gvbevwakvi j N bi wkkvi `wi`ª RbMY K we kl K i bvix I wkï `i mb 1986 mvj _ K eª vk cöwz ivag~jk I Avc`Kvjxb Dfq ai bi mnvqzv w` q Avm Q eª v Ki mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wp gvbwek I mvgvwrk m PZbZv m wói gva g Kg m~wpfy³ `i g a Zv `i Pvwn`v m ú K úófv e ej Z I eys Z klvq Gfv e Zviv mvgvwrkfv e msmwvz n Z cvi Q bvixiv Zv `i AwaKvi m ú K m PZb n Q, Zv `i cvibv `vwe Ki Z cvi Q IqvW ch v q cj x mgvr I BDwbqb mgvr MV bi gva g eª v Ki mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wp `wi`ª gvby li we kl K i bvix `i mvgvwrk, e w³mz I ivr bwzk Ae vi Dbœqb, mikvwi- emikvwi mev-m ú` Av`vq, MÖvgxY Human rights violation in Bangladesh: lessons learned from the information gathering system of BRAC social development programme kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvims c (2009) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 20

evsjv ` k gvbevwakvi j Nb: eª vk mvgvwrk Kg m~wpi Z _ i wfwë Z AbymÜvb Kwig I Ab vb gzv KvVv gv Z AskMÖnY Kivmn bvbvwea mvgvwrk Kj vyg~jk Kv R D j L hvm f~wgkv ivl Q Aciw` K gvbevwakvi j NbRwbZ wewfbœ NUbv we kl K i bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv cöwz iv a mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wp mkj ii RbMY K m PZb Kivi Rb KvR Ki Q G Î cj x mgvr GKwU kw³kvjx buiqv K i f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q GB buiqv K i gva g bvix I wkï wbh vzb, al Y, GwmW wb c, Lyb BZ vw` NUbv m ú K Rvbvi 24 N Uvi g a gvv ch vq _ K cöavb Kvh vj q Lei cvvv bv nq eª v Ki Kg m~wp msmvk `i cvvv bv Gme Z _ i Dci wbf i K i eª vk gvbevwakvi j N bi wkkvi Gme wfkwug K Ri wi wpwkrmv I AvBwb mnvqzv cö`vb K i _v K, Ges Zv `i cybe vm bi j g~j eª v Ki Kg m~wpi m ½ m ú ³ `i Î al Y I Lyb nevi m vebv Kg n ji GwmW nvgjv, AvZ nz v Ges kvixwikfv e wbh vwzz nevi nvi ewk wqj mgš^q Ki f~wgkv cvjb K i cövq 340 Rb cöwkw Z Kg m~wp msmvk gvbevwakvi j N bi wewfbœ NUbv wba vwiz Q K wjwce K i eª vk nw Awd m wbqwgz cöiy K i Zviv wbweofv e IqvW mg~ ni cövq 30% GjvKvq KvR Ki Q hv evsjv ` ki 95% Rjv K Aš fy ³ Ki Q Gi gva g `ke vcx msmwvz mš v mi wewfbœ DcvË msm nxz n Q mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wp Zv `i Kvh µ gi evb ii wewfbœ e w³ ev ms v, mš v mi wkkvi e w³i AwffveK, AvZ xq, cöwz ekx, cj x mgvr, eª v Ki Ab vb Kg m~wp Z Kg iz Kg m~wp msmvk Ges BDwbqb cwil `i wbe vwpz m`m ev Pqvig vb `i KvQ _ K cövß DcvËmg~n KI gvbevwakvi j N bi cövgvb `wjj wn m e Kv R jvmvq Rvbyqvix 2006 _ K Ryb 2009-Gi g a GB Kg m~wp gvu 507wU Dc Rjvi g a 468wU Dc Rjv _ K gvbevwakvi j NbRbxZ cöpzi DcvË msmön K i wewfbœ Drm _ K DcvË msmön I Zv msi Yi mnr c wz ei Kivi j B GB Kg m~wp wzbevi DcvË msmön c wzi cwiea b K i Q ez gv b msm nxz GB DcvËmg~ ni ˆeÁvwbK we k l Yi cö qvrb Avi ZvB eª v Ki mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wpi mn hvwmzvq M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm Rvbyqvwi 2006 _ K Ryb 2009 ch š cövß Dcv Ëi Dci m cöwz GKwU M elyv cwipvjbv K i wbh vm 21

evsjv ` k gvbevwakvi j Nb: eª vk mvgvwrk Kg m~wpi Z _ i wfwë Z AbymÜvb Kwig I Ab vb M elyvjä djvdj 2006 _ K 2009 mvj ch š msnwuz 3,000 gvbevwakvi j N bi NUbv 61wU Rjv _ K msm nxz n q Q `Lv hvq, al Y me P q ewk msnwuz n q Q (31%), Gi c ib i q Q Lyb (25%), GwmW wb c (15%), AvZ nz v 12%, (al Yi Kvi YI AvZ nz v msnwuz nq), kvixwik wbh vzb (7%) Ges al Yi cö Póv (7%) M elyv DcvË _ K `Lv hvq, c b iv eq ii Kgeqmx wk kvixiv me P q ewk hšb wbh vz bi wkkvi nq (50% al bi NUbv I 59% al Yi cö Póv) hviv eª v Ki Kvh µ gi m ½ hy³ wqj Zv `i Î al Y I nz vi wkkvi nevi m vebv Kg wqj, Z e Giv GwmW nvgjv, AvZ nz v Ges kvixwik wbh vz bi wkkvi ewk n q Q gvbevwakvi j Nb n Q Acivag~jK KvR hv AvB bi AvIZvq kvw hvm wkš gvbevwakvi j N bi wkkvi eû gvbyl AvBwb mnvqzv jv f ewâz n Q gvî 63% Avµvš e w³ G Î Kv U i Avkªq wb Z c i Q G Î gwnjv `i AvB bi Avkªq bevi nvi wqj 65% Ges cyi l `i 57% al YRwbZ NUbvi m ½ mswk ó gwnjv `i 42% gvgjv i Ry Ki Z c i Q Ges evwkiv gvgjv _ K weiz _v K Ly bi NUbvq cyi li Î ewk gvgjv i Ryi (58%) NUbv N U Q G nvi gwnjv `i Î wqj 23% M elyvq `Lv hvq, Acivaxiv abx, ga weë I Mixe me kªyx ZB mgvbfv e we` gvb D`vniY ^iƒc al YRwbZ Aciv ai m ½ mswk ó `i 35% n Q abx, 36% ga weë Ges 28% Mwie kªyxfy³ Lyb, GwmW wb c, kvixwik wbh vzb BZ vw` Acivag~jK NUbvi Î Kvb ` wómövn cv_ K `Lv hvq wb GwmW mš v mi wkkvi 75.6% Avµvš gvbyl wpwkrmv mev c q Q Ly bi NUbvq G nvi wqj 39% Ges kvixwik wbh vz bi nvi n Q 27% al Yi NUbvq wpwkrmv mev c q Q 14%, AvZ nz vi Î 13% Ges Ly bi cö Póvq 14% wbh vm 22

evsjv ` k gvbevwakvi j Nb: eª vk mvgvwrk Kg m~wpi Z _ i wfwë Z AbymÜvb Kwig I Ab vb Dcmsnvi M elyvq `Lv M Q, al Yi ci A bk mgq awl Zv K hgb nz v Kiv n q Q, Zgwb al Yi Kvi Y m vbnvbxi f q AvZ nz v I Ly bi eû NUbvI N U Q Gme AvZ nz v ev Ly bi NUbvi cq b hšb mwnsmzv ev wbh vzbhy³ i q Q hw`i GwmW mš v mi NUbv meeqmx bvix cyi li g a B `Lv hvq, Z_vwc we q Ki Z ivwr bv niqvq ev Nwbó m úk Mo Z Awb Qv cökvk Kivq bvix `i g a GB SuywK D PgvÎvq we` gvb AvZswKZ nevi g Zv KviY n Q GB h, 86% awl Zv bvix Ges 73% kzvsk kvixwikfv e wbh vwzzv bvix h Kvb ai bi ^v mev _ K ewâz nq gvbevwakv ii G ai bi j Nb n Q GKwU Acivag~jK cöeyzv Ges h Kvb Dbœqbg~jK Kg KvÊ Ges MYZvwš K cöwµqv K Zv e vnz K i ZvB, mgvr Rxe bi GB kî `i wei jovb q kw³kvjx HKgZ M o Zvjv `ikvi gvbevwakvi j Nb UKmB Dbœqb K evavmö K i G Î `ikvi cöwz ivag~jk Kg m~wp evsjv ` k emikvwi msmvb jv gvbevwakvi j N bi Î cöwz iva M o Zzj Z hme Kg m~wp cwipvjbv Ki Q Zv Z mvg _ i w`k _ K ^ízv hgb `L Z cviqv hvq, Zgwb `Lv hvq mikvwi ch v q ivr bwzk mw` Qvi Afve d j Gme Kvh µg gvbevwakvi j Nb GKwU Acivag~jK cöeyzv hv Dbœqbg~jK Kg KvÊ I MYZvwš K cöwµqv K e vnz K i mgv R Gi wei msne cöwz iva M o Zzj Z n e mwnsmzvi wkkvi gvbyl K hgb mnvqzv w` Z e _ n Q, Zgwb wbf i hvm Dcv Ëi ^ízvi Kvi Y mgm vwui ev e wpî cviqvi `y i n q co Q ^ímsl K msmvb hgb eª vk, AvBb I mvwjk K `ª, e v mš v mi mvgwmök KviY cöwz iv a m Pó i q Q G Î eª v Ki mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wp cy ivfv M i q Q Z e m ú` ^ízvi Kvi Y GB Kvh µ gi myôz wekvk I cöe w n Q bv ZvB, evsjv ` k gvbevwakvi j NbRwbZ NUbvmg~n gvkvwejvq eª vk mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wpi gvbevwakvi j Nb cöwz iv ai Rb biqv e e vmg~n K AviI kw³kvjx Ki Z n e Gme e e vi m ½ wbh vm 23

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BRAC wbh vm 2010 ww m ^i;21:25-31 ivóªxq gvwjkvbvaxb cöwzôvbmg~ ni PvKwiPz Z Kg x `i Rb eª v Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR: GKwU mvwe K g~j vqb bvivqy P `ª `vm, bvcgv KvBqyg, gnrvexb Lvb I drjyj Kwig eª v Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR ÔKj vy cök íiõ g~j D Ïk wqj PvKzwiPz Z Kg x `i ` Zvg~jK Kv R cöwk Y w` q eª vk cö`ë F Yi mnvqzvq bzzb Avqea bg~jk Kv R wb qvwrz Kiv Kj vy cök í AskMÖnYKvix `i g a e emv Kivi cöeyzv ewk wqj ivóªxq gvwjkvbvaxb cöwzôvbmg~n emikvwiki bi d j PvKzwiPz Z Kg x `i Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó I Zv `i Rxebgv bi Kvh Ki Dbœq bi j eª vk Ab vb KwZcq mn hvmx cöwzôv bi mnvqzvq GKwU mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR ïi K i hv ÔmvgvwRK Kj vy cökíõ bv g mgwak cwiwpz GB cök íi g~j D Ïk wqj wkí KviLvbvi PvKwiPz Z Kg x `i cöwk Yi gva g Kg ms v bi e e v K i Zv `i RxweKvi SuywK Kwg q Avbv Ges m ú `i h_vh_ e env ii gva g Zv `i Rxe bi DbœwZ NUv bv I wbivcëv wbwðz Kiv GB cök í Kg x `i h wel q cöwk Y `Iqv nq m jv nj Mv g Um, WvBs wcöw Us, Kv Vi e K wcöw Us I UBjvwis; nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, Mi -QvMj cvjb, gvqpvl I mewrpvl; WªvBwfs I Mvwo givgz; I qwìs, cvbc wdwus, iwd«rv iui I Gqvi KwÛkb givgz; cvuwkí, eybb wkí, ivmvqwbk wkí, B úvz wkí; iwwi- Uwjwfkb givgz I gvevbj mvwf wms; Ges n RvZ wewfbœ wkí mvgmöx Social protection package for the retrenched workers of state-owned enterprises: a quick assessment. kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2009) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 25

PvKwiPz Z Kg x `i Rb eª v Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR `vm I Ab vb Z e D j wlz cöwk Y QvovI GB cök íi Aš f y³ Lvbvmgy ni m`m `i Rb ^v mev, wkï `i Rb wk v mnvqzv Ges Avq-ea K Kv Ri Rb z`ª FY mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv nq hv Z K i Zv `i A_ bwzk gzv e w cvq GB M elyvi D Ïk wqj eª v Ki Kj vy cök íi GKwU g~j vqb Kiv GB cök íi Aš fy ³ Lvbvmg~ ni gvby li RxebhvÎvq Kx cöfve c o Q Zv Abyaveb Kiv we klfv e GB cök íi ev evq b myweav fvmx `i PvKwi I Av qi Î, m ú `i Î, Lv` wbivcëv Ges ^v I wk vi Î Kx cöfve c o Q Zv Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q eª v Ki Ab vb m Rbkxj Kg m~wpi g a ÔKj vy cökíõ wqj Ab Zg PvKwiPz Z ev QuvUvB niqv Kg Pvix `i wb q KvR Kiv mnr KvR bq KviY ÔKj vy cökíõ GKwU mgwš^z mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR wn m e PvKzwiPz Z Kg x `i mvgvwrk-a_ bwzk wbivcëv weav b mnvqk n Z cv i Giv Qwo q-wqwu q _vkvq G `i e vcv i AbymÜvb Pvjv bv GKUv P v j Äi e vcvi cökíwu ïi n qwqj 2005 mv ji RyjvB gv m Ges mgvß nq 2009 mv ji ww m ^i gv m GB cökíwu PvKzwiPz Z Kg Pvix `i Rxebgv bi mvwe K Dbœq b Zv `i m ú` ev g~jab M o Zzj Z I mwvkfv e Zv e env i mnvqzv w` q Q G Î ` Zv e w Z cöwk Y, PvKwii wbivcëv weavb, Lvbvmg~ n wpwkrmv mev wbwðzkiy I Lvbvi wkï `i Rb wk vfvzvii e e v Kiv nq GB cök í z`ªfy I Ab vb mvwf mmg~n hš_fv e e envi K i myweav fvmx `i Rxebgv bi Kvh Ki Dbœq bi Póv Kiv nq ÔKj vy cök íiõ ïi _ K kl ch š gvu 46,689wU Lvbv K cök íi AvIZvq Avbv M Q Gme Lvbvq Ae vbkvix PvKzwiPz Z mkj Kg x cök íi Kvh µ g AskMÖn Yi Rb civgk jvf K i Q GUv j gvîvi 45,000 Lvbvi P qi 4% ewk cöwk Yi Î GB cökí j gvîvi 96% AR b K i Q G Î 22,214 Rb Kg x ev Lvbv m`m `i wewfbœ cöwk Y hy³ Kiv m eci nq gvu 13,137 Rb Kg x I Lvbvm`m z`ªfy jvf K ib, hv j gvîvi P q 5% ewk PvKzwiPz Z Kg x `i 15,423 Rb wkï wbh vm 26

PvKwiPz Z Kg x `i Rb eª v Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR `vm I Ab vb wk vfvzv jvf K i hv j gvîvi P q 14% ewk wqj PvKwi cö`v bi Î j gvîv wqj 500, hlv b AwR Z n q Q 1,139 Kj vy cök íi GjvKv e e vc Ki g Z, cökíwu m e v P mdjzv c q Q wk v, ^v I z`ªf Y wkš cök í ` Zv cöwk Y (Skill training) AskwUi e envi Kg wqj cökíwu g~j vq bi AvM ch š (2009 mv ji m Þ ^i ch š ) wk v, ^v Ges z`ªfy GB cök íi me P q mvdj RbK welq wqj wk vwelqk Kvh µgwu we klfv e mdjzv c q Q Kg Pvixiv wk vfvzv cvevi Rb Zv `i ev Pv `i we` vj q cvvv Z Drmvnx wqj GB cök íi AvIZvq Avmvi c~ e Kg Pvix `i Av qi GKUv gvuv Ask e q nz i Zi Amy Zvi wpwkrmvq Aek GB ÔKj vy cök íõ Ask bevi d j Ri wi wpwkrmv mevq e qmvkªq Kiv m e n q Q M elyvq `Lv hvq h, ÔKj vy cök íõ AskMÖnYKvix Lvbv jvi GKUv wekvj As k QvMj, bškv, wmwjs d vb Ges gvevbj dvb Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk wqj Aciw` K cökífy³ bq Ggb Lvbvi Î Mi cvj bi msl v hgb ewk wqj, Zgwb ewk wqj wi v/f vb Mvwoi msl vi ÔKj vy cök íiõ g~j D Ïk wqj PvKzwiPz Z Kg x `i ` Zvg~jK Kv R cöwk Y w` q eª vk cö`ë F Yi mnvqzvq bzzb Avqea bg~jk Kv R wb qvwrz Kiv cök íi cöfve g~j vq b PvKwi ev KvR cviqv K cöavb welq wn m e g b Kiv n q Q cök í AskMÖnYKvix Ges cökífy³ bb GB `yõai bi Lvbvi we k ly _ K `Lv hvq h, AskMÖnYKvix `i g a e emv Kivi cöeyzv ewk wqj AskMÖnYKvix PvKzwiPz Z Kg x `i 26%-Gi cöavb ckv wqj e emv cökífy³ bq Ggb PvKzwiPz Z Kg x `i Î G nvi wqj 18% G _ K evsv hvq h, cök íi Kvh µ gi Kvi Y AskMÖnYKvix `i GKwU weivu Ask e emvq RwoZ n q Q Aek GB we k l Y ïaygvî PvKzwiPz Z Kg x `i cöv_wgk ckv `Lv bv n q Q, Lvbv m`m `i mvgwmök ckvmz cwiez bi wpî G Î mȳ úó bq M elyvq `Lv hvq 7% AskMÖnYKvix Lvbvi gvbyl wemz GKeQie vcx `xn vqx Lv` NvUwZ gvkvwejv K i Q, hlv b cökífy³ bq Ggb Lvbvi wbh vm 27

PvKwiPz Z Kg x `i Rb eª v Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR `vm I Ab vb Î GB nvi wqj 15% Aek cök í AskMÖnYKvix I AskMÖnKvix bq Dfq ÎB A a KiI ewk Lvbvq Lv` NvUwZ `Lv M Q wewfbœ mg q cök í Ask bqv Lvbvmg~ n Lv` DØ Ë Lvbvi nvi wqj ewk z`ª FY MÖnY Zvr wyk Avw_ K Pvwn`vc~i Y mnvqk nq e emvi Rb m ve g~jab hvmv ZI GUv mnvqk nq M elyvq `Lv hvq, Avw_ K myweav cvevi Rb cökífy³ Lvbv m`m `i mâq Kivi cöeyzv cökífy³ bq Ggb Lvbvi cö vc U GKB ikg _v K evwywr K cöwzôvb mg~ n ( hgb GbwRI Ges e vsk) mâq Ki j my` cviqv hvq Aek M elyvq `Lv hvq h, cökífy³ I cökífy³ bq Dfq Lvbvi ÎB 40% AskMÖnYKvix Zv `i mâq Gme cö_vmz evwywr K cöwzôv b iv L we` gvb `vq- `bvi we k l Y cök í AskMÖnYKvix I Ask bqwb Df qi Î Kvb Zvrch c~y cv_ K `Lv hvq bv gnvr bi KvQ _ K D P my ` FY biqvi cöeyzv Dfq Lvbvi ÎB b~ bzg wqj AskMÖnYKvix Lvbvmg~ ni Î ewk wqj ^v I m vwb Ukb cök í AskMÖnYKvix I cökífy³ bq Df qi ÎB ^v m Z cvqlvbvi e envi h _ó ewk wqj (92% ebvg 88%) Dfq Lvbvi ÎB Amȳ Zvi aiy wqj Awfbœ Z e wpwkrmv mev MÖn Yi nvi cökífy³ `i g a ewk wqj GUv _ K evsv hvq h, AskMÖnYKvix `i Î Kj vy cök íi BwZevPK cöfve covq Zviv wpwkrmv mev MÖn Y Drmvnx wqj Aek wpwkrmv e q en b Ask bq wb Ggb Lvbvi Zzjbvq AskMÖnYKvix Lvbv jv avi `bvq ewk wbf ikxj wqj Aciw` K cök í Ask bv biqv Lvbvmg~n Zv `i wbr ^ Avq ivrmv ii Dci ewk wbf ikxj wqj cökífy³ Lvbv jvi Î we` vj q hvevi eqmx Kb v wkïi 89% we` vj q hvq Acic cökífy³ bq Ggb Lvbvi Î G nvi n Q 80% Avevi Q j wkïi Î cökífy³ Lvbvq we` vj q hvevi nvi n Q 79% Ges cökífy³ bq Ggb Lvbvi Î GB nvi n Q 74% Avevi Dfq ai bi Lvbvi ÎB Kb v wkïi Aš fy w³i nvi ewk wqj Q j wkïi Zzjbvq wbh vm 28

PvKwiPz Z Kg x `i Rb eª v Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR `vm I Ab vb cök í AskMÖnYKvix `i Kv Q Rvb Z PvIqv nq RxweKvi Rb m ú`, PvKwi, Lv ` i ms vb, A_ bwzk evrv i AskMÖnY, ^v I m vwb Ukb, wk v Dcv`vb jv KvbwU ewk mnvqk I Kvh Ki we k l Y `Lv hvq 13%-Gi gz n Q Kvb Dcv`vbB RxweKvi Rb mnvqk bq FY MÖnY K 28% RxweKvi Dbœq b me P q Kvh Ki e j g b K i Ab w` K 22%-Gi g Z wk v I cöwk Y RxweKvi Rb mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb K i cökí mswk ó Dcv`vb jvi cövmw½kzv we epbvq wb q AskMÖnYKvix `i Kv Q Rvb Z PvIqv nq cökí Pvjv bvi mgq D j wlz Kvb Kvb Dcv`vbmg~n Ae vnz ivl Z n e AskMÖnYKvix `i 8% Rvbvq cök íi mkj Dcv`vb KB Ae vnz ivl Z n e G Î wk v wqj GKKfv e me P q i Z c~y Dcv`vb, hvi c gzvgz G m Q 29% Gic ib vb c q Q z`ª FY (26%) ^v I m vwb Ukb Zzjbvg~jK Kg i Z c q Q ÔKj vy cökíwuõ Kx ai bi YMZ cwiez b Avb Z m g n q Q Zv Rvb Z PviwU Km vww m úbœ Kiv nq Gme Km vwwi gva g cökí ev evq b Kx Kx cöwzeükzvi m ylxb n Z n q Q ZvI Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q GKwU Km vww _ K Rvbv hvq Rbve ÔLÕ (M elyvi bxwz Abyhvqx bvg Mvcb ivlv nj) PvKwiPz Z nevi Av M Av`gwR RyU wg j 2/3 eqi a i KvR KiZ GgbwK wgj eü nevi Av MI wb Ri ^í Av q cuvp m` m i msmvi Pvjv bv Zvi c `yi n e vcvi wqj Rbve ÔLÕ Gi wqj `yb Q j Ges GK g q PvKzwiPz Z nevi mgq Zvi g q I QvU Q j z j fwz nq eo Q jwu câg kªyx cvm Kivi ci `wr i KvR wkl Z ïi K iwqj Zvi emzwfuv Ges Pvl hvm wkqz RwgI ez gvb wqj Av`gwR RyU wgj eü _vkvi Kvi Y wg. ÔLÕ 2,10,000 UvKvi cbkb jvf K iwqj GB UvKv _ K m 100,000 UvKvi FY cwi kva K i ev`evkx UvKvq m emzwfuvq GKwU evwo evbvq Zvici vbxq evrv i wewµi D Ï k m cv bi e emv `q Zvi eo Q j 1,200 UvKv ez b `wr i KvR ïi K i QvU Q jwui Mv g Um Kg xi KvR cvq Gi g a B GK wbh vm 29

PvKwiPz Z Kg x `i Rb eª v Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR `vm I Ab vb jvl UvKv avi K i Rbve ÔLÕ Zvi eo g qi we q `q GB FY cwi kv a m 60,000 UvKvq Zvi evwowu wewµ K i `q ciez x mg q 2007 mv j ÔKj vy cökíõ Zv K PvKzwiPz Z Kg x wn m e mbv³ K i cökífy³ K i Rbve ÔLÕ Rvbvb cöwk Yi mgq eª vk Zv K 75 UvKv hvzvqvz eve` w` q Q GQvov cöwk YKvjxb `ycy ii LveviI cö`vb Kiv n qwqj& ÔKj vy cök íõ _vkvkvjxb mg q Zvi Kvb Q j- g qb zj MgbKvjxb bv niqvi Kvi Y Kvb wk vfvzv cvq wb Z e wg. ÔLÕ 50,000 UvKv FY wb q Zvi eo Q ji Rb `wr i `vkvb `b Zvi e emv fvjb PjwQj ZvB cö_g FY cwi kv ai c i wzwb AviI 50,000 UvKvi wøzxq wkw i FY MÖnY K ib e emvq wewb qv Mi Rb Zuvi `wr i `vkv bi e emvi K jei AviI e w cvq m 3-4 Rb Kg x wb qvm `q wb Ri QvU Q j Mv g Um KviLvbvi PvKwi _ K h _ó Avq bv Kivq Zv KI e emvq jvwm q `qv nq `wr i `vkvb _ K gv m Zvi cövq 15,000 UvKv Avq n Z _v K Gici m bzzb evwo ˆZwii Avkv g bi g a jvjb Ki Z _v K ÔKj vy cök íiõ mnvqzvq m ^v m Z cvqlvbv vcb I e envi ïi K i Zvi RxebhvÎvi mvwe K Dbœq b ÔKj vy cök íiõ cövß FY I cöwk Y LyeB mnvqk n q Q e j cözxqgvb n q Q ÔKj vy cök íiõ wewfbœ Kvh µ gi ch v jvpbv _ K `Lv hvq cöviw K D Ïk mg~n AR b GB cökí h _ó mdj n q Q Kg D ` vm m wói nvi cök íi wba vwiz j gvîv AwZµg K i Q cök íi cöfve g~j vq b AviI `Lv hvq h, m ú` AR b, gv_v wcqz Av qi e w Z, Lv` wbivcëvi I wk vi Î cök í AskMÖnYKvixiv h _ó BwZevPK AwfÁZv AR b Ki Z mg_ n q Q ÔKj vy cökíõ cwipvjbvi gva g eª vk A bk wkqz Rvb Z m g n q Q me P q i Z c~y KwZcq welq bx P Dc vwcz nj: 1. PvKzwiPz Z Kg xiv wewfbœ GjvKvq Qwo q Av Q KviY PvKzwiPz Z nevi ci Zviv A b KB wb R `i vqx wvkvbvq wd i hvq, hlv b Zv `i wbh vm 30

PvKwiPz Z Kg x `i Rb eª v Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR `vm I Ab vb cvwievwik wkqz bv wkqz m ú` i q Q ZvB G `i Luy R cvevi Rb wgj- KviKvbvi KvQvKvwQ GjvKvq Ges Zuv `i vqx evm v b hvevi cö qvrb nq G ai bi cö Póvq `ikvi nq ch vß mg qi, m ú `i Ges bgbxqzvi 2. cökí ev vevq b bxwzgvjvi Dci wbf ikxjzv we epbvq wb Z n e, e w³ I mikvwi Lv Z mn hvwmzv kw³kvjx Ki Z n e Ges GKwU Awfbœ dvivg MVb Ki Z n e cökí cöyq b hv Z Gme j AR b m eci nq GB cökí mswk ó `i GKwU Awfbœ c vud g GKwÎZ Ki Z n e Gi d j bxwzwba vi Y cö qvrbxq ms kvabx Avbv m eci n e I gvv ch v q Kg m~wp ev evq b hme AwfÁZv AwR Z n q Q Zv mevi m ½ wewbgq KivI m e n e 3. mxwgz ` Zv ev evwywr K D ` vm MÖn Y m ú `i mxgve Zvi Kvi Y ewkifvm FY `ilv Kvix AcÖZ vwkzfv e z`ªf Yi Av e`bkvix wn m eb i q hvq ZvB, cök í AskMÖnYKvix `i mvwe Kfv e DrmvwnZ Kiv DwPZ Zv `i cö qvrb Abymv i F Yi m ½ ` Zv cöwk Yi mw jb NUv bv G Î GKwU m ve KŠkj niqv DwPZ ` Zvg~jK cöwk Yi m ½ z`ª F Yi mw jb NUv bv A_ev Kg m~wpi cöwk Yi welq wn m e z`ª e emv m ú K cöwk Y `Iqv h Z cv i GKwU mgwš^z mvgvwrk wbivcëv c v KR wn m e ÔKj vy cökíõ PvKwiPz Z Kg x `i mvgvwrk-a_ bwzk Kj vy mva b Kvh Ki n Z cv i ZvB ÔKj vy cök íõ Clr cwiez bi gva g fwel Z AviI ewk myewav fvmx K Gi AvIZvq Avbv h Z cv i hviv GLbI G cök íi AvIZvfy³ n Z cv i wb wbh vm 31

BRAC wbh vm 2010 ww m ^i;21:32-35 AwZ`wi`ª `i Rb eª v Ki wbivc` cvwb, ^v m Z cqtwb vkb Ges ^v wewa (Iqvk) Kg m~wpi GKwU g~j vqb Abš bxwjg AwZ`wi`ª Lvbv wbe vp b Lvbv cöav bi eqm i Z c~y wby vqk wn m e we ewpz nq bzzb j vwu&ªb vc bi nvi AwZ`wi`ª Lvbvi Rb ewk wqj wbivc` m vwb Ukb myweav cviqvi Î AwZ`wi`ª Lvbvmg~n Kvb Ae v ZB wcwq q bb M elyvfy³ 24wU MÖv gi ewkifvm Lvbv ZB cixw Z wbivc` cvwb e envi Kiv nq bv cövq 7.3% Lvbvi gvbyl Av m wbkhy³ wudei qj _ K cvwb msmön K i eª vk evsjv ` ki cj x GjvKvi 150wU Dc Rjvq 100% wbivc` cvwb I m vwb Ukb myweav `evi j 2006 mvj _ K cvwb, m vwb Ukb I ^v wewa (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ev WASH) Kg m~wp ev evqb K i Avm Q GB j AR b Iqvk Kg m~wp cvwb I m vwb Ukb m úwk Z AeKvVv gv Dbœq bi cvkvcvwk RbM Yi gv S ^v m PZbZv m wó Z_v ^v m Z AvPiY I AbykxjbMZ cwiez b m Pó i q Q eª vk Dbœqb Kg m~wpi cövß Z_ _ K Iqvk Kg m~wp AwZ`wi`ª `i wpwýz K i Zv `i b~ bzg Pvwn`vc~i Y we kl c wzi mnvqzv wb q Q, hgb Avw_ K From selection to implementation: evaluation of the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programme s approach towards the ultra poor. kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2008) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 32

AwZ`wi`ª `i Rb eª v Ki Iqvk Kg m~wpi GKwU g~j vqb Abš bxwjg DcvR bi e e v Kiv hv Z K i Zviv cvwb, m vwb Ukb I ^v MZ AvPi Y cwiez b Avb Z mg_ nq Iqvk Kg m~wp AwZ`wi`ª Lvbv wbe vp b 6wU wby vq Ki g a Kgc 3wU K cövavb `q GB QqwU wby vqk n Q Ñ f~wgnxb, M nnxb, vqx Av qi Kvb Drm bb, K wl Rwgi cwigvy 10 Wwm g ji bx P, Lvbvi cöavb DcvR bkvix w`bgryi wn m e KvR K i, Ges Lvbv cöavb n Q cöwzeüx ev gwnjv hvi eqmmxgv 64 eqi cvi n q M Q GB wby vqk jvi Kgc 3wU c~iy K i Iqvk GjvKvq Ggb Lvbvi nvi 15.5% mgv Ri Ab vb As ki P q AwZ`wi`ªiv wbivc` cvwb I m vwb Ukb myweav cvevi Î A bk wcwq q Av Q g~jz `vwi`ª B Gi g~j KviY wbr ^ wbivc` cvwbi Drm, hgb wudei qj Ges ^v m Z cvqlvbv bv _vkvuvi Gi GKwU Ab Zg KviY ZvB Iqvk Kg m~wp Zv `i K GB myweav jv m wó K i `qvmn ^v wewa m ú K Zv `i mg K aviyv `qvi Póv Ki Q Av jvp M elyvwui gva g `Lvi Póv Kiv n q Q h Iqvk Kg m~wpwu nz`wi`ª `i Kvb i mev cö`vb Ki Q G Î AwZ `wi`ª Lvbvmg~n Kxfv e wbe vpb Kiv n q Q Zv `Lv nq Ges Iqvk Kg m~wpi wewfbœ MwieevÜe bxwzgvjv mg~ ni Kvh KvwiZv I mvd j i g~j vqb Kiv nq G D Ï k GB Kg m~wpi wzb c e i wzbwu Dc Rjvi (wskimvqv, kªxg½j I Kvcvwmqv) 24wU MÖvg _ K gvu 1,200 Lvbv wbe vpb Kiv nq Z_ msmön Kivi Rb M elyvwu Kiv nq 2008 mv ji RyjvB gv m djvdj AwZ`wi`ª Lvbv wbe vpb Iqvk ïgvixi DcvË we k ly _ K `Lv hvq Rwicfy³ Lvbv cöav bi eqm wjwce Kiv nq wb weavq eû ÎB Lvbv cöav bi eqm KZ Zv Rvbv hvq wb AwZ`wi`ª Lvbv wbe vp b Lvbv cöav bi eqm i Z c~y wby vqk wn m e we ewpz nq KviY, Lvbv wbe vp b Gi c iv cöfve _v K wbh vm 33

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