PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PRESENT TIME AND PAST TIME The Present Perfect always suggests a relationship between present time and past time. In the Present Perfect Tense, the time reference is sometimes undefined, often we are interested in present results, or in the way something that happened in the past affects the present situation. The following pairs of sentences illustrate this difference between present time and past time: I haven t seen him this morning. (i.e. up to the present time, it is still morning) I didn t see him this morning. (i.e. the morning has now passed) Present Perfect is used to express 1. an action that took place and was finished in the past, but its consequences are felt at present: I have told him. (= I told him and now he knows all about it.) 2. an action (or state) that started in the past and has been in progress up to the present moment: I ve waited for you for two hours. (neutrální konstatování) Kate and Ken have been married for 20 years. (= They are still married now.) Note: Some adverbials are often connected with the Present Perfect: never, seldom, just: I have never been to the U.S.A. The Simple Present Perfect in typical contexts The Present Perfect is never used in past narrative (e.g. stories told in the past, history books). Apart from its common use in conversation, it is most often used in: 1. broadcast reports and newspaper reports: Interest rates rose again today and the price of gold has fallen by $ 10 an ounce. Industrial leaders have complained that high interest rates will make borrowing expensive for industry.
2. newspaper headlines: VILLAGES DESTROYED IN EARTHQUAKE (= have been destroyed) 3. letters, postcards We ve just arrived in Hong Kong, and though we haven t had time to see much yet, we re sure we re going to enjoy ourselves. Vyber správný tvar slovesa 1) Why is Peter so angry? He his wallet somewhere. a) has lost b) has been lost c) was losing d) lost 2 ) How long your car? About 6 years. Maybe I should buy a new one. a) have you had b) have you been having c) were you having d) did you have 3) Jack's in the bathroom. He for more than 20 minutes now. a) has been taking a shower b) 's taken a shower c) Did take a shower d) Takes 4) Your parents are back? When from holiday? a) have they been returning b) did they return
c) have they returned d) returned they 5) Do you still smoke 20 cigarettes a day? No, I. a) 've been quitting b) Quitted c) Have quitted d) quit 6) Your eyes are red.? a) have you been drinking b) were you drinking c) have you drunk d) did you drink 7) It's the third time he that mistake. a) he has been making b) he made c) he has made d) was made 8) Potatoes to Europe from America by Sir Walter Raleigh. a) were first brought b) have bought c) bought d) have been buying
9) I my wife since we were children. a) 've been knowing b) Have known c) Did known d) Knew 10) It's three days since she. I wonder when she'll return. a) has been leaving b) has left c) did leave d) left 1) Věta mluví o přítomnosti, o tom, že nemá svoji peněženku, TEĎ je ztracená. Proto předpřítomný čas. Has lost 2) Ptáme se, jak už dlouho trvá nějaký stav, proto použijeme předpřítomný čas. Have you had 3) Říkáme, jak už dlouho probíhá nějaká činnost, tedy předpřítomný průběhový čas. Has been taking a shower 4) Ptáme se na čas, kdy něco proběhlo, proto použijeme minulý čas did they retrun 5) Dotyčný říká, že už nekouří, že přestal. Mluví tedy o přítomnosti, o něčem, co je tady a teď, proto předpřítomný čas. Have quitted 6) Ptáme se na činnost, která vedla k nějakému současnému stavu: Ty jsi pil? Proto předpřítomný průběhový čas have you been drinking 7) Toto je potřetí, co udělal tu chybu = udělal ji již třikrát. Mluvím o tom, jaký je současný stav (jeho chyb), tedy děj se vztahuje k přítomnosti. Stejně tak bychom tu větu mohli říct takto: He's made that mistake three times has made
8) Mluvíme o historii, proto minulý čas. Navíc zde musí být použitý trpný rod (Brambory byly přivezeny ) were first bought 9) Říkám, jak už dlouho trvá nějaký stav, manželku už znám od dětství. Have known 10) Jsou to tři dny, co odešla. Znamená to, že odešla před třemi dny. Proto použijeme minulý čas. left Použitá literatura: CUNNINGHAM, S. Real Life Pre-Intermediate Workbook CZ. 1. vyd. Longman, 2010. ISBN 9788376002545. HEWINGS, Martin. Advanced grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book for advanced learners of English : with answers. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, ix, 294 s. ISBN 978-0-521-61403-0-. SVOBODA, Aleš a Karel KUČERA. English Parts of Speech. Slezská univerzita v Opavě. Opava, 2003.