(21) Date palm plantations

(21) Date palm plantations Own description: Date palm plantations Phoenix dactylifera on the coast and also in wadis of the central part. Present over small areas along the most of the wadis and coastal lagoons. They occur in particular along streams north and south of Haggeher mountains, which are receiving a water supply from relatively humid mountains Distribution of altitudes and slopes within the Land-Cover class: Area [ha] 15 1 5-1 72% 16% 8% 3% 1% 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 Date palm plantations 6-7 7-8 9 9-1 1-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 Altitude [m] Area [ha] 12 1 8 6 4 2 65% 2% -3 4-1 11-2 21-3 31-5 over 5 Date palm plantations 12% 3% Slope [ ] LCC Label: Monoculture Of Continuous Large To Medium Sized Field(s) Of Needleleaved Evergreen Tree Crop(s) LCC Level: A1B1B5C1-A8A9

(22) Urban Own description: the class more or less restricted to two major sites on the northern coast: Hadiboh (and surrounding villages) in central part and Qalansiyah in the northwest. The Mouri Airport and some surrounding villages were recognised as well. Distribution of altitudes and slopes within the Land-Cover class: Area [ha] 5 4 3 2 1 Urban 1% -1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 9 9-1 1-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 Altitude [m] Area [ha] 5 4 3 2 1 88% -3 4-1 11-2 21-3 31-5 over 5 Urban 1% 2% Slope [ ] Vegetation cover of the class is very scarce, for the main limited to some native and introduced tree species that are planted in small home gardens. In some enclosures various grasses and herbs occur and, if not grazed, they are capable to fruit LCC Label: Urban Area(s) LCC Level: A4-A13

(23) Sawana woodland Own description: for Socotra extraordinary vegetation type occupies solely limited area (approximately 9ha) of the Qa arah plain in the south. As it develops (in contrast to the Frankincense woodland) only on the coastal plain, the topography is formed by altitudes ranging from 1 to 5m in elevation, while the slopes are not exceeding 3. Distribution of altitudes and slopes within the Land-Cover class: Area [ha] 1 8 6 4 2 1% 1 1% -1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 Sawana woodland 5-6 6-7 7-8 9 9-1 1-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 Altitude [m] Area [ha] 8 6 4 2-3 4-1 11-2 21-3 31-5 over 5 Sawana woodland Slope [ ] A sparse tree layer of the deciduous woodland (canopy about 5%) is dominated by Commiphora ornifolia and Maerua angolensis var. socotrana, occasionally Dendrosicyos socotrana and Euphorbia arbuscula. The shrub layer is composed of common species of coastal plains such as Croton socotranus, Jatropha unicostata, Cissus subaphylla, etc. The LCC label: Semi-Deciduous (4 - (2-1)%) Woodland With Open Medium High Shrubs; Major Landclass: Level Land, Plain, Slopeclass: Flat to Almost Flat; Lithology: Sedimentary rock; Climate: Tropics - Dry semi-arid; Altitude: < 5 m; Erosion: Visible Evidence of Erosion; Floristic Aspect: Commiphora ornifolia; LCC level A3A11B2C1D1E2F2F6F7G3F1-A13B7E4F9G9- L11L5M2N1128O1O1 1P5Q2Zt22.

Legend: Acid pyroclastics Andesite Biotite granite Calcareous sediments Dolomitic limestone Gabbro Peralkine granite Quaternary sediments Shist and Gneiss 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % Geologie x Landcover Gabbro Biotite granite Peralkine granite Acid pyroclastics Andesite Shist and Gneiss Calcareous sediments Dolomitic limestone Quaternary sediments 7% 2% 4% 2% 7% 2% 1% 53% 22% Coastal salted desert Wetlands Wadi Sand dunes Sparse dwarf shrubland Low Croton-Jatropha shrubland High shrubland with suculents Frankincense woodland Frankincense forest Dracaena woodland Dracaena forest Submontane grassland Submontane shrubland Montane grassland Montane mosaic Montane forest Sedimentary rocks Basement rocks Date palm plantations Urban Sawana woodland

Porovnání mapy hlavních vegetačních typů (Miller & Morris 2, 24) a nové Land-cover mapy 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Sawana woodland Urban Date palm plantations Basement rocks Sedimentary rocks Montane forest Montane mozaik Montane grassland Submontane shrubland Submontane grassland Dracaena forest Dracaena woodland Frankincense forest Frankincense woodland High shrubland with suculents Low Croton-Jatropha shrubland Sparse dwarf shrubland Sand dunes Wadi Wetlands Coastal salted desert 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % (7) Montane mosaic (6) Submontane shrubland (5) Open w oody based (4) Semi-evergreen w oodland (3) Suculent shrubland (2) Croton shrubland Coastal salted desert Wetlands Wadi Sand dunes Sparse dwarf shrubland Low Croton-Jatropha High shrubland with suculents Frankincense woodland Frankincense forest Dracaena woodland Dracaena forest Submontane grassland Submontane shrubland Montane grassland Montane mozaik Montane forest Sedimentary rocks Basement rocks Date palm plantations Urban Sawana woodland (2) Croton shrubland (3) Suculent shrubland (4) Semi-evergreen woodland (5) Open woody based (6) Submontane shrubland (7) Montane mosaic

Závěry mapování krajinného pokryvu: detailní land-cover mapa ostrova by nemohla být zhotovena ve srovnatelné kvalitě, při stejných nákladech a ve srovnatelném čase pouze na základě terénního průzkumu začlenění dat DPZ a navazujících technik zpracování do procesu mapování přináší výrazné zlepšení polohové a tématické přesnosti při současném snížení časové a finanční náročnosti použitá metoda dává výsledky s uspokojivou polohovou a tématickou přesností (odhadovaná celková přesnost mapy rozlišující 22 tříd je 8%) pomocí navazujících GIS analýz je možné získávat velmi cenné informace jako je např. celková plocha a relativní zastoupení jednotlivých land-cover tříd na ostrově, jejich lokalizace a charakteristiky ekotopu, atd. možnost odhadovat současný a někdy i potenciální výskyt vzácných druhů (příklad dávají unikátní biotopy endemického druhu Dracaena cinnabari dračincové lesy a háje), což je zásadní pro jejich další ochranu a management získané informace mohou být také velmi zajímavé pro donorskou komunitu a jako takové velmi důležité pro efektivní fund rising

PART II: Seasonal dynamics of main vegetation formations of Soqotra and its relation to monsoonal rainfalls

Objectives: to contribute to the understanding of seasonal dynamics of vegetation cover of Soqotra (sustainable agro-forestry management can not be implemented without understanding of seasonal dynamics of vegetation and its causalities), to contribute to the understanding of seasonal dynamics of climate in particular rainfalls in different parts of the island Approach: the use of data and techniques of Remote Sensing (in particular MODIS VI) - accessibility of data - spatially comprehensive overview - effectiveness NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index): is robust spectral transformation of two (visible and near infrared) bands designed to enhance the vegetation signal and allow for reliable spatial and temporal intercomparisons of photosynthetic activity correlates with both, the status and abundance of the green vegetation cover MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) NDVI data: set of 16-day NDVI composites at 25m spatial resolution (http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/datapool/datatypes.asp)

Studium dynamiky vegetace ostrova Použití časových řad vegetačních indexů (NDVI) družice MODIS transition period summer monsoon transition trans. winter monsoon transition period 1-3- Date 4- V 5-13- 29-14- 3-16- V. 17-19- 2- V 21-7-X. 23- X. 24-26- I. 24-I. 9-II. 25- II. 12-2 13- Date

Analýza časových řad - Principal Component Analysis PC 1: PC 2:

Regresní analýza: PC 1: y DEM Altitude: x

Časový profil: 4.. winter monsoon transition period summer monsoon transition trans. winter monsoon transition period Mean MODIS NDVI 35 3 25 2 15 North half (influenced by winter monsoon) South half (influenced by summer monsoon) Socotra TOTAL % 24-1- 26-1- 3- I. 24-I. 9-II. 25- II. 13-29- 14-3- 16- V. 17-19- 4-2- 5- V V 21-7-X. 23- X. 24-26- 12 I. 24-I. 9-II. 25- II. 2 13- Socotra TOTAL Date

Časový profil: 4. winter. monsoon transition period summer monsoon transition trans. winter monsoon transition period Mean MODIS NDVI 35 3 25 2 North half (influenced by winter monsoon) South half (influenced by summer monsoon) Socotra TOTAL Cloud cover [%] 15 % 24-1- 26- I. 24-I. 9-II. 25-13- 29-14- 3-16- 1-17- 3-19- 4-2- 5-21- 7-X. 23-24- 26- I. 24-I. 9-II. 25-12 2 13-1% II. V. V V X. II. 1 8%. winter monsoon transition period summer monsoon Date trans. winter monsoon transition 6% 5 4% 2% % 24-1- 26- I. 24-I. 9-II. 25- II. 13-29- 14-3- 16- V. 1-17- 3-2_35 2_321 2_337 2_353 3_1 3_17 3_33 3_49 3_65 3_81 3_97 3_113 3_129 3_145 3_161 3_177 3_193 3_29 3_225 3_241 3_257 3_273 3_289 3_35 3_321 3_337 3_353 4_1 4_17 4_33 4_49 4_65 4_81 4_97 Date 19-4- V Date 2- V 5-21- 7-X. 23- X. 24-26- I. 24-I. 9-II. 25-12- 2 13- II. Socotra TOTAL North half (influenced by winter monsoon) South half (influenced by summer monsoon) Socotra TOTAL Firmihin weather station 44 m above sea level (south half of the island)

Firmihin weather station 44 m above sea level (south half of the island) Cloud cover [%] 1% 8% 6% 4% 2%. winter monsoon transition period summer monsoon trans. winter monsoon transition North half (influenced by winter monsoon) South half (influenced by summer monsoon) % 24-1- 26- I. 24-I. 9-II. 25- II. 13-29- 14-3- 16- V. 1-17- 3-19- 4-2- V V 5-21- 7-X. 23- X. 24-26- I. 24-I. 9-II. 25- II. 12-2 13- Socotra TOTAL Date

transition period summer monsoon transition trans. winter monsoon transition period 1-3- Date 4- V 5-13- 29-14- 3-16- V. 17-19- 2- V 21-7-X. 23- X. 24-26- I. 24-I. 9-II. 25- II. 12-2 13- Date

Prostorové profily: Legend: Altitude: 1 Spatial profiles described in detail Other spatial profiles High: 154m High : 153 Legend (altitude): Low Low: : m

MODIS NDVI 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 N NDVI distance [km] 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 2 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 3 32 33 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 S Altitude [m] 3.3 3.3 23.X.3 24.I.4 13.4 Altitude Legend: (1) Sea (2) Mangroves (3) Coastal salted desert (4) Wetlands (5) Wadi (6) Sand dunes (7) Sparse dwarf shrubland (8) Low Croton-Jatropha shrubland (9) High shrubland with succulents (1) Frankincense woodland (11) Frankincense forest (12) Dracaena woodland (13) Dracaena forest (14) Submontane grassland & dwarf shrub (15) Submontane shrubland (16) Montane grassland (17) Montane mosaic (18) Montane forest (19) Sedimentary rocks (2) Basement rocks (21) Date palm plantations (22) Urban (23) Savanna woodland 16 12 Value of Principal Components 12 8 4 PC 9 6 3 Altitude [m] PC 1 PC 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 31 32 33 Altitude -4 distance [km] -3 N S

MODIS NDVI 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 NDVI Distance [km] 2 3 5 7 8 1 12 13 15 16 18 2 21 23 24 26 28 29 31 32 34 36 37 39 4 42 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 N S Altitude [m] 3.3 3.3 23.X.3 24.I.4 13.4 Altitude Legend: (1) Sea (2) Mangroves (3) Coastal salted desert (4) Wetlands (5) Wadi (6) Sand dunes (7) Sparse dwarf shrubland (8) Low Croton-Jatropha shrubland (9) High shrubland with succulents (1) Frankincense woodland (11) Frankincense forest (12) Dracaena woodland (13) Dracaena forest (14) Submontane grassland & dwarf shrubland (15) Submontane shrubland (16) Montane grassland (17) Montane mosaic (18) Montane forest (19) Sedimentary rocks (2) Basement rocks (21) Date palm plantations (22) Urban (23) Savanna woodland Value of Principal Component 12 9 6 3 PC 16 12 8 4 Altitude [m] PC 1 PC 2-3 2 3 5 7 8 1 12 13 15 16 18 2 21 23 24 26 28 29 31 32 34 36 37 39 4 42 Distance [km] -4 Altitude N S

MODIS NDVI 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 N NDVI Distance [km] 2 4 5 7 9 1 12 13 15 17 18 2 22 23 25 27 28 3 32 33 35 37 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 S Altitude [m] 3.3 3.3 23.X.3 24.I.4 13.4 Altitude Legend: (1) Sea (2) Mangroves (3) Coastal salted desert (4) Wetlands (5) Wadi (6) Sand dunes (7) Sparse dwarf shrubland (8) Low Croton-Jatropha shrubland (9) High shrubland with succulents (1) Frankincense woodland (11) Frankincense forest (12) Dracaena woodland (13) Dracaena forest (14) Submontane grassland & dwarf shrub (15) Submontane shrubland (16) Montane grassland (17) Montane mosaic (18) Montane forest (19) Sedimentary rocks (2) Basement rocks (21) Date palm plantations (22) Urban (23) Savanna woodland Value of Principal Component 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PC 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Altitude [m] Altitude PC 1-1 2 4 5 7 9 1 12 13 15 17 18 2 22 23 25 27 28 3 32 33 35 37 Distance [km] -1 PC 2 N S

MODIS NDVI 6 5 4 NDVI 8 7 6 5 Altitude [m] 3.3 Legend: (1) Sea (2) Mangroves (3) Coastal salted desert (4) Wetlands (5) Wadi (6) Sand dunes (7) Sparse dwarf shrubland (8) Low Croton-Jatropha shrubland 3 2 1 Distance [km] 3 7 1 13 16 2 23 26 29 32 36 39 42 45 49 52 55 58 61 65 68 N 4 3 2 1 S 3.3 23.X.3 24.I.4 13.4 Altitude (9) High shrubland with succulents (1) Frankincense woodland (11) Frankincense forest (12) Dracaena woodland (13) Dracaena forest (14) Submontane grassland & dwarf shrubland (15) Submontane shrubland (16) Montane grassland (17) Montane mosaic (18) Montane forest (19) Sedimentary rocks (2) Basement rocks (21) Date palm plantations (22) Urban (23) Savanna woodland Value of Principal Component 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 PC 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Altitude [m] Altitude 1-1 -2 3 7 1 13 16 2 23 26 29 32 36 39 42 45 49 52 55 58 61 65 68 Distance [km] 1-1 -2 PC 1 PC 2 N S

Časové profily: Frankincense Sparse Sand Low High Dracaena Submontane Montane Croton-Jatropha shrubland dunes dwarf biotopes woodland shrubland with succulents & shrubland forest & forest Mean MODIS M O D IS NDVI N 8 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 transit. transition peri summer summer monsoon monsoon tran. p winter monsoon transition pe p 2 2 2 1 1 1 13-29- 14-3- 16-1- 17-3- 19-4- 2-5- 21-7-X. 23-24- 26- I. 24-I. 9-II. 25-12- 2 13-13- 13-29- 29-14- 14-3- 3-16- 16- V. 1-1- 17-17- 3-3- 19-19- V 4-4- 2- V 2-5- 5-21- 21-7-X. 7-X. 23-23- X. 24-24- 26-26- I. I. 24-I. 24-I. 9-II. 9-II. 25-25- II. 12-12- 2 2 13-13- V. V. V V V X. X. II. II. II. Date Date 6 6 Sample plots for temporal NDVI profiles of particular LC classes (Southern side) Sample plots for temporal NDVI profiles of particular LC classes (Northern side) S - Montane S grassland S - Submomtane - S Dracaena - Frankincense S - Low Croton-Jatropha shrubland S woodland - High shrubland shrubland with S - - suculents Montane Sparse Sand dunes dwarf mosaic N- shrubland N - Low N Dracaena - Croton-Jatropha Frankincense N woodland - Submomtane shrubland woodland 1st AVZ shrubland N - Sparse Sand dunes N S - High - Dracaena Montane shrubland dwarf forest N - shrubland Low N - Croton-Jatropha Frankincense with suculents shrubland forest- 2nd AVZ Legend: (1) Sea (2) Mangroves (3) Coastal salted desert (4) Wetlands (5) Wadi (6) Sand dunes (7) Sparse dwarf shrubland (8) Low Croton-Jatropha shrubland (9) High shrubland with succulents (1) Frankincense woodland (11) Frankincense forest (12) Dracaena woodland (13) Dracaena forest (14) Submontane grassland & dwarf shrubland (15) Submontane shrubland (16) Montane grassland (17) Montane mosaic (18) Montane forest (19) Sedimentary rocks (2) Basement rocks (21) Date palm plantations (22) Urban (23) Savanna woodland

Závěry sezónní dynamika vegetace: analýza časovéřady dat NDVI velmi efektivně popisuje fenologii vegetace ostrova včetně příčinných souvislostí lokalizace určitého stanoviště (zda leží na severníči jižní polovině ostrova) je z hlediska fenologie jeho vegetace velmi důležitá hodnocení ročních úhrnů a sezónního rozdělení srážek by mělo být vždy vztahováno ke konkrétní lokalitě (extrémní variabilita na relativně malých územích) žádoucí pokračovat ve sledování hodnot NDVI a jejich prostorových a časových (sezónních i meziročních) kolísání i v dalších letech: - významným prostředkem pro rozpoznání a monitoring extrémních klimatických událostí (např. příliš dlouhá suchá období, abnormálně vlhkéči suché roky, atd.) a jejich vlivu na vegetaci ostrova - užitečný nástroj pro odhady srážek

PART III: Outline mapping of Altitudinal Vegetation Zones (AVZ) Altitudinal Vegetation Zones (vegetation tiers), in general, express the connection of the sequence of differences in vegetation with the sequence of differences in altitudinal and exposure climate They vary from each other in general level (amount) of green biomass, in variability of vegetation activity within a year and in length of vegetation season Serve as an essential background for any successful agro-forestry management

Rámcové mapování vegetačních stupňů Použití bezoblačných záznamů NDVI z různých částí roku Mapování založené na hodnocení celkové hodnoty NDVI a její proměnlivosti v průběhu roku aplikace řízené klasifikace obrazu Legend: 1st AVZ - planar (meterhel) 2nd AVZ - collinean (emhar) 3th AVZ - submontane (ariob) 4th AVZ - montane (dagash) 5th AVZ - alto-montane (azabzabahan)

Charakteristiky vegetačních stupňů: 15.9% 1.7%.2% 25.6% 1st AVZ 2nd AVZ 3rd AVZ 4th AVZ 56.6% 5th AVZ Propor. of total area of the AVZ [%] 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % -1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 9 9-1 1-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 1st AVZ 2nd AVZ 3rd AVZ 4th AVZ 5th AVZ Propor. of tot. area of the AVZ [%] 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % -3 4-1 11-2 21-3 31-5 over 5 slope [ ] Altitude [m] 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 1. VS 2. VS 3.VS 4.VS 5.VS Gabbro Biotite granite Peralkine granite Acid pyroclastics Andesite Shist and Gneiss Calcareous sediments Dolomitic limestone Quaternary sediments 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 1. VS 2. VS 3. VS 4. VS 5. VS Summer monsoon Winter monsoon

Wadi Dracaena forest Submontane grassland Submontane shrubland Montane grassland Montane mosaic Montane forest Sedimentary rocks Basement rocks Date palm plantations Urban Dracaena woodland Frankincense forest Frankincense woodland High shrubland with suculents Low Croton-Jatropha shrubland Sparse dwarf shrubland Sand dunes Wetlands Coastal salted desert Mangroves 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % Charakteristiky vegetačních stupňů: 1. VS 2. VS 3. VS 4. VS 5. VS Sawana woodland Urban Date palm plantations Basement rocks Sedimentary rocks Montane forest Montane mosaic Montane grassland Submontane shrubland Submontane grassland Dracaena forest Dracaena woodland Frankincense forest Frankincense woodland High shrubland with suculents Low Croton-Jatropha shrubland Sparse dwarf shrubland Sand dunes Wadi Wetlands Coastal salted desert Mangroves 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % 5. VS 4. VS 3. VS 2. VS 1. VS

Závěry rámcové mapování vegetačních stupňů: použití multitemporálních dat satelitu MODIS přineslo překvapivě dobré výsledky (přibližná přesnost mapování VS přes 85%) úspěšnost použité metody je do značné míry dána specifickými podmínkami Sokotry: - extrémním výškovým a klimatickým gradientem mezi pobřežními planinami na jedné straně a vrcholky pohoří Haggeher na straně druhé - relativně přírodním charakterem vegetačního krytu, který není narušován intenzivním zěmědělstvím (např. sklizeň by vážně narušovala přirozené sezónní kolísání hodnot NDVI)