1. DISCIPLINES AND SPECIALIZATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Transkript

1 1. DISCIPLINES AND SPECIALIZATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Key Words: Construction, object, building, house Annotation of the text: Civil engineering is an industry field concerning the construction of objects. The aim of civil engineering is creating of living and working environment for people and society while preserving natural and cultural heritage. Civil engineering is a very comprehensive field of human activity, including technical, technological, economic, aesthetic and ecological components. The building can be understood as a construction work of durable or temporary character. The result of the construction the building is an object of a different concept, function and character. Apart from the construction of new objects, civil engineering includes as well the adaptations, re-developments, modernizations, maintenance of old objects and demolitions. The town-planning value of the area lies in the structure, continuity and properties of spaces and buildings. This is the value of a long-term developed urban structure of the individual settlements and their relationship and the value of the landscape created and cultivated by the long-term management. The aim of designing and the implementation of buildings is the creation of the quality environment for the purpose for which the individual object was designed. The quality should be ensured throughout the whole time of the expected lifespan. The function of civil engineering for society: social (habitation, culture, health service, education, sports) 1

2 industrial production agricultural production transport power engineering Civil engineering can be divided into 4 basic fields according to its focus: ground structures (housing, civil, industrial, agricultural) transportation and underground structures water structures special structures GROUND STRUCTURES concern the construction of buildings or constructional objects with its function immediately related. The building can be understood as a construction which is habitable and usable for people. The ground structure must meet architectonical requirements, i.e. the concept in terms of urban planning, traffic and aesthetics, but also the solution of architectural barriers in connection with the use of buildings by the disabled people and sensitive interventions in historic and listed buildings. In addition, it must meet the technical requirements, which means the resistance to external influence and internal environment of well-being, including fire safety, requirements for technological and material solutions. With regard to the economic requirements on the ground structures, we distinguish purchase and operation costs with the fact that it is always necessary to ensure economic efficiency and at the same time the quality of the implemented construction. With the problems of ecology, the environmental requirements on the ground structures, i.e. reducing the overall energetic performance of buildings, the use of the renewable energy sources, the reduction of negative impacts of construction activities on the environment are related. The ground structures should be designed to meet the requirements and the urban requirements and its internal requirements, due to its surroundings. That means that it must establish the operationally sophisticated, structurally and aesthetically resolved form of the object. Ground structures can be divided into the following groups and subgroups, in terms of purpose: Residential Buildings are the buildings designed for the permanent housing, they are divided into apartment buildings and family houses. 2

3 The objects of the individual recreation purpose, cottages and bungalows can be added into this category. The field which concerns the design of the residential buildings in terms of the dispositional arrangement and operation is called the typology of buildings. The character of the residential building should always correspond to the architectural concept of the locality. Picture 1: Family house Picture 2: Apartment building- animation Civil Constructions are the objects of health and social service, education and sports, service and trade, transport, administration and a temporary accommodation. This category includes e. g. hospitals and health centres, all kinds of schools, restaurants and cinemas, hotels and guest houses, department stores, culture centres, administrative buildings, gyms, libraries, railway station halls, airport halls, stadiums, garages, etc.. Picture 3: School building Picture 4: Hotel-annimation Industrial Constructions include production objects - hall and multi-storey type, storage buildings and buildings for power engineering, i.e. stokeholds, substations and gas stations. The industrial constructions are always designed with regard to the particular character of the individual production and in accordance with the territorial solution, i.e. in connection with the residential units, watercourses, roads, power conduits. Agricultural Constructions include objects for crop and livestock production, i.e. stables, hayloft and silos, feed and product warehouses, waste management, greenhouses, etc. Agricultural production has, next to the industrial production, crucial influence on meeting the needs of population and development of buildings. It reflects mainly the pursuit of efficient land use and to reduce the workforce. 3

4 Picture 5: Industrial production Picture 6: Farmstead TRANSPORT AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES solve aboveground and underground transport infrastructure and connected objects, then the engineering network (underground and aboveground lines) and surface treatment areas (squares, pedestrian zones, orchards). Construction chart: Land structures roads, highways, car parks, Bridges for pedestrians, road, railway Airport runway Railway superstructure and substructure Underground objects metro, tunnels Picture 7: Multilevel communication Picture 8: Road bridge Picture 9: Railway 4

5 WATER STRUCTURES solve structures in terms of water management, use of water resources and environmental protection. List of constructions: Amelioration irrigation and drainage areas Waterways adjustment ponds, embankments, swimming pools Weirs and dams water projects Wastewater treatment plant Water treatment plant and tanks SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS towers, masts, underground and aboveground collectors, billboards, etc. Picture 10: Water project - dam Picture 11: Mast of wiring 5

6 Text adapted for language exercises Disciplines and Specialization of Civil Engineering Annotation: This lesson concerns the field of the Civil Engineering and its disciplines and specializations. It describes the aim of civil engineering, types of the ground structures and will inform the student about the vocabulary of this field which will be practised in exercises. The exercises are focused on the vocabulary related with the ground structures and practise the grammar as well. Key words: Construction, object, building, house Disciplines and Specialization of Civil Engineering Civil engineering is a very comprehensive field of human activity, including technical, technological, economic, aesthetic and ecological components. The building can be understood as a construction work of durable or temporary character. The result of the construction is an object of a different concept, function and character. Apart from the construction of new objects, civil engineering includes as well the adaptations, redevelopments, modernizations, maintenance of old objects and demolitions. Town-planning value of the area lies in the structure, continuity and properties of spaces and buildings. The aim of designing and implementation of buildings is the creation of the quality environment for the purpose the individual object was designed for. The quality should be ensured throughout the whole time of the expected lifespan. The functions of civil engineering for society are social (habitation, culture, health service, education, sports). Then, the products of civil engineering are used for industrial production, agricultural production, transport and power engineering. Civil engineering can be divided into four basic fields according to its focus: ground structures (housing, civil, industrial, agricultural), transport and underground structures, water structures special structures Ground Structures concern the construction of buildings or constructional objects with its function immediately related. The building can be understood as a construction which is habitable and usable for people. The ground structure must meet architectonical requirements, i.e. the concept in terms of urban planning, traffic and aesthetics, but also the solution of architectural barriers in connection with the use of buildings by the disabled people and sensitive interventions in historic and listed buildings. In addition, it must meet the technical requirements, which means the resistance to external influence and internal environment of well-being, including fire safety, requirements for technological and material solutions. With regard to the economic requirements on the ground structures, we distinguish purchase and operation costs with the fact that it is always necessary to ensure economic efficiency and at the same time the quality of the 6

7 implemented construction. With the problems of ecology, the environmental requirements on the ground structures, i.e. reducing the overall energetic performance of buildings, use of the renewable energy resources, the reduction of negative impacts of construction activities on the environment, are related. The ground structure should be designed in order to meet the requirements on the internal environment and the urban requirements due to its surroundings. It means to establish the operationally sophisticated, structurally and aesthetically resolved form of the object. In terms of the purpose, the ground structures can be divided into the following groups and subgroups: Residential buildings are the buildings designed for the permanent housing, they are divided into apartment buildings and family houses. The objects of the individual recreation purpose, cottages and bungalows can be added into this category. The field which concerns design of the residential buildings in terms of the dispositional arrangement and operation is called the typology of buildings. The character of the residential building should always correspond to the architectural concept of the locality. Civil constructions are the objects of health and social service, education and sports, service and trade, transport, administration and a temporary accommodation. This category includes e. g. hospitals and health centres, all kinds of schools, restaurants and cinemas, hotels and guest houses, department stores, culture centres, administrative buildings, gyms, libraries, railway station halls, airport halls, stadiums, garages, etc. Industrial constructions include production objects - hall and multi-storey types, storage buildings and buildings for power engineering, i.e. stokeholds, substations and gas stations. The industrial constructions are always designed with regard to the particular character of the individual production and in accordance with the territorial solution, i.e. in connection with the residential units, watercourses, roads, power conduits. Agricultural constructions include objects for crop and livestock production, i.e. stables, haylofts and silos, feed and product warehouses, waste management, greenhouses, etc. Agricultural production has, next to the industrial production, crucial influence on meeting the needs of population and development of buildings. It reflects mainly the pursuit of efficient land use and to reduce the workforce. Transport and underground structures solve the aboveground and the underground transport infrastructure and connected objects, then the engineering network (underground and aboveground lines) and surface treatment areas (squares, pedestrian zones, orchards). This category includes land structures roads, highways, car parks, bridges for pedestrians, roads, railway, airports runways, railways superstructures and substructure and underground objects metro, tunnels. Water Structures solve structures in terms of water management, use of water resources and environmental protection. The constructions of this category are the amelioration irrigation and drainage areas, waterways adjustment ponds, embankments, swimming pools, weirs and dams water projects, wastewater treatment plants, water treatment plants and tanks. Finally, there is a category of the special constructions towers, masts, underground and aboveground collectors, billboards, etc. 7

8 Dictionary: civil constructions/ˈsɪvᵊlkənˈstrʌkʃᵊn/ dam/dæm/ to drain/tuː dreɪn/ embankment/ɪmˈbæŋkmənt/ ground structures/graʊndˈstrʌkʧəʳ z/ hayloft/ˈheɪlɒft/ industrial constructions /ɪnˈdʌstriəlkənˈstrʌkʃᵊnz/ irrigation/ˌɪrɪˈgeɪʃᵊn/ mast/mɑːst/ renewable energy/rɪˈnuːəbᵊl ˈenəʤi/ residential building/ˌrezɪˈdenʧᵊl ˈbɪldɪŋ/ runway/ˈrʌnweɪ/ stable/ˈsteɪbᵊl/ transportstructure/ˈtræntspɔːtˈstrʌkʧəʳ/ watercourse/ˈwɔːtəkɔːs/ water structures/ˈwɔːtəʳˈstrʌkʧəʳz/ weir/wɪəʳ/ veřejné stavby přehrada vysoušet vodní hráz, nábřeží pozemní stavby seník průmyslové stavby zavlažování, zavodňování stožár, stěžeň obnovitelná energie obytná budova přistávací dráha stáj dopravní stavba vodní tok, vodní řečiště vodní stavby jez Answer these questions according to the text: 1) What is a building? How can we understand it? 2) What is the result of a construction? 3) What must a ground structure meet? 4) What are the types (groups) of ground structures? 5) How should a ground structure be designed? Exercises: 1) Put these subordinate terms into the right column according to its superior category. Look at the example. cottage irrigation area product warehouse tower stokehold road pedestrian area hospital storage building apartment building stable dam weir tunnel primary school 8

9 silo embankment restaurant engineering networks drainage areas hayloft family house highway university gas station bridge greenhouse runway bungalow library railway billboard airport mast Residential buildings Civil constructions Agriculture constructions Industrial constructions Transport and underground structures Water structures Special structures 2) Match these terms with their Czech meaning: department store hráz orchards zásadní to solve rozvoj runway obchodní dům embankment sad construction vodní řečiště development řešit/vyřešit crucial přistávací dráha watercourse stavba 3) Fill in the following chart. Look at the example below. to solve (verb) to construct to develop to qualify to design to influence to arrange to build solution (noun) construction education relation implementation 9

10 4) Put the positive sentences into a negative form and opposite. Look at the example. Example: These houses were built last year. These houses weren t built last year. The company doesn t need much money for their plans. The company needs much money for their plans. a) Agriculture constructions don t include objects for crop and livestock production. b) This bridge wasn t originally built for the pedestrians. c) They should innovate their methods. d) Swimming pools don t belong to water structures. e) The company built twenty new apartment houses in f) Construction works at the airport were finished in g) The company has overcome several problems. h) These houses aren t very beautiful after the reconstruction. i) The school building is under the reconstruction now. 10

11 5) Put the verbs into the correct tenses Source: English Exercises Solutions: 1) Put these subordinate terms into the right column according to its superior category. cottage Irrigation area product warehouse tower stokehold road pedestrian area hospital storage building apartment building stable dam weir tunnel primary school silo embankment restaurant engineering 11

12 networks drainage areas hayloft family house highway university gas station bridge greenhouse runway bungalow library railway billboard airport mast Residential buildings cottage family house bungalow apartment building Civil constructions primary school university hospital restaurant library Agriculture constructions stable hayloft silo product warehouse greenhouse Industrial constructions storage building stokehold gas station Transport and underground structures engineering networks pedestrian area road airport bridge railway Water structures irrigation areas drainage areas embankment weir dam Special structures tower billboard mast tunnel highway runway 2) Match these terms with their Czech meaning Department store obchodní dům Orchards - sady To solve vyřešit, řešit Runway přistávací dráha Embankment - hráz Construction - stavba Development - rozvoj Crucial - zásadní Watercourse vodní řečiště 12

13 3) to solve (verb) to construct to develop to educate to qualify to design to relate to influence to implement to arrange to build solution (noun) construction development education qualification design relation influence implementation arrangement building 4) Put the positive sentences into a negative form and opposite. a) Agriculture constructions don t include objects for crop and livestock production. Agriculture constructions include objects for crop and livestock production. b) This bridge wasn t originally built for the pedestrians. This bridge was originally built for the pedestrians. c) They should innovate their methods. They shouldn t innovate their methods. d) Swimming pools don t belong to water structures. Swimming pools belong to water structures. e) The company built twenty new apartment houses in The company didn t build twenty new apartment houses in f) Construction works at the airport were finished in Construction works at the airport weren t finished in g) The company has overcome several problems. The company hasn t overcome several problems. h) These houses aren t very beautiful after the reconstruction. These houses are very beautiful after the reconstruction. i) The school building is under the reconstruction now. The school building is not under the reconstruction now. 13

14 5) Put the verbs into the correct tenses. Bibliography ENGLISH EXCERCISES.ORG. Mixed tenses. [online].. [citováno ].Available on WWW: 14