Predicative Possession in Medieval Slavic Bible Translations

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1 Workshop on Indo-European Syntax and Pragmatics May 13-15, 2009 Predicative Possession in Medieval Slavic Bible Translations Outline of Talk: 1. Inventory of three PPCs in Late Proto-Slavic 2. Excursus on (a few) early Slavic Bible texts 3. Examples of predicative possession in Slavic Bible translations 3.1. Where Slavic matches Greek (and Latin) 3.2. Divergences in OCS 3.3. Divergences in Czech 3.4. Tricky cases 4. Semantics and Pragmatics of PPCs in Slavic 4.1. The u + genitive PPC 4.2. The dative PPC 5. Conclusions Abbreviations: PPC predicative possessive construction LPS Late Proto-Slavic NT Greek New Testament Greek OCS Old Church Slavic Key to examples: Boldface predicative possessive construction Underline non-ppc corresponding to PPC in another language Julia McAnallen University of California, Berkeley julia8@berkeley.edu 1. Inventory of three PPCs in Late Proto-Slavic 1.1. VERB: iměti have In NT Greek, Latin, OCS, Old Czech, Early East Slavic ašte biste iměli věrǫ ěko zr"no gorjušąno... (Codex Marianus, 17:6) if COND.2PL have-ptcp.pl faith-acc.sg as grain-acc.sg mustard-acc.sg If ye had faith as a grain of mustard seed 1.2., e.g. Latin mihi est; dative possessor + verb be + nominative possessum In NT Greek, Latin, OCS, Old Czech, Early East Slavic ašte bǫdet" eteru člověku 100 ovec' (Codex Marianus, Matthew 18:12) if be-fut.3sg certain-dat.sg person-dat.sg 100 sheep-gen.pl if a man have an hundred sheep 1.3. PPC, e.g. modern Russian U menja est kniga I have a book 1 U at/near + genitive of possessor + verb be + nominative possessum In OCS, Old Czech, Early East Slavic ašte bǫdet" ou etera člověka 100 ovec' (Codex Assemanianus, Matthew 18:12) if be-fut.3sg at certain-gen.sg person-gen.sg 100 sheep-gen.pl if a man have an hundred sheep 1 This example was brought to my attention by Mirčev (1971). 1

2 2. Excursus on (a few) early Slavic Bible texts: NT Greek Bible (after 45 AD) Latin Vulgate (382) Czech Dresden Bible (1380) OCS Codices (late 10 th century): Glagolitic: Marianus Assemanianus Zographensis Czech Kralická Bible (1580) Cyrillic (later, 11 th century): Savvina Kniga Ostromir Gospel 3. Examples of predicative possession in Bible translations 3.1. Where Slavic matches Greek (and Latin) Dative PPCs: 1:7 English, King James Greek Latin Vulgate OCS, Codex Marianus Czech Dresden 2 Czech Kralická And they had no child, καὶ οὐκ ἦν αὐτοῖς τέκνον καθότι ἦν Et non erat illis filius, eo и не бѣ има чѧда. понеже бѣ A nebieše jima syn, proto A neměli plodu, protože because that Elisabeth was ἡ Ἐλισάβετ στεῖρα καὶ1 ἀµφότεροι quod esset Elisabeth sterilis, елисаветь неплоды. і оба že bieše Alžběta Alžběta byla neplodná, a barren, and they both were προβεβηκότες ἐν ταῖς ἡµέραις et ambo processissent in заматорѣвъша вь дьнехъ своихъ bezdětkyně; a oba biešta oba se byli zstarali ve now well stricken in years. αὐτῶν ἦσαν diebus suis. бѣашете. proběhla své dni. dnech svých. 1:14 And thou shalt have joy and gladness; and many shall rejoice at his birth. καὶ ἔσται χαρά σοι καὶ ἀγαλλίασις καὶ πολλοὶ ἐπὶ τῇ γενέσει αὐτοῦ χαρήσονται et erit gaudium tibi, et exsultatio, et multi in nativitate ejus gaudebunt і бѫдетъ тебѣ радость и веселие. і мъноѕи о рождьствѣ его въздрадѹѭтъ сѧ. a bude tobě radost a utěšenie a mnozí sě budú radovati jeho narození Z čehož budeš míti radost a veselé, a mnozí z jeho narození budou se radovati Iměti have : 17:6 And the Lord said, If ye had faith εἶπεν δὲ ὁ κύριος εἰ ἔχετε Dixit autem Dominus : Si рече же гъ. аште бисте I vecě jim hospodin: I dí Pán: Kdybyste měli as a grain of mustard seed, ye πίστιν ὡς κόκκον σινάπεως habueritis fidem sicut granum имѣли вѣрѫ ѣко зръно Budete-li jmieti vieru jako víru jako zrno horčičné, might say unto this sycamine tree, ἐλέγετε ἂν τῇ συκαµίνῳ ταύτῃ sinapis, dicetis huic arbori горюшьно. гл али бисте ѹбо zrno horčičné, diete tomuto řekli byste této moruši: Be thou plucked up by the root, ἐκριζώθητι καὶ φυτεύθητι ἐν moro : Eradicare, et сѵкаминѣ сеи. вьздери сѧ и dřěvu jahodě mořské: Vyvrat' Vykořeň se a přesaď se do and be thou planted in the sea; and τῇ θαλάσσῃ καὶ ὑπήκουσεν ἂν transplantare in mare, et въсади сѧ въ море. и sě a přesad' sě u moře, moře, a uposlechla by vás. it should obey you. ὑµῖν. obediet vobis. послѹшала би васъ. :: uposlúchá vás. 2 All examples for the Czech Dresden Bible are taken from a later copy, the Olomoucká Bible, which uses orthography closer to Modern Czech. The differences do not affect this analysis. 2

3 3.2. Divergences in OCS OCS texts do not diverge from Greek very often, and the divergences do not occur uniformly across texts; there six passages in the Book of in Codex Marianus where Greek has a PPC, specifically the verb have, but OCS does not have a PPC, e.g. 12:4: 12:4 And I say unto you my Λέγω δὲ ὑµῖν τοῖς φίλοις µου µὴ Dico autem vobis amicis Гл ѭ же вамъ дрѹгомъ своимъ. Pravi vám, mým Pravím pak vám přátelům friends, Be not afraid of φοβηθῆτε ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποκτεννόντων meis : Ne terreamini ab his не ѹбоите сѧ отъ ѹбиваѭштиихъ přátelóm: nežásajte sě svým: Nestrachujte se těch, them that kill the body, and τὸ σῶµα καὶ µετὰ ταῦτα µὴ qui occidunt corpus, et post тѣло. и по томь не могѫштемь těch, ješto zabíjejí, a jenž tělo zabíjejí, a potom after that have no more that ἐχόντων περισσότερόν τι ποιῆσαι. hæc non habent amplius лиха чесо сътворити potom nemají, co by nemají, co by více učinili. they can do. quid faciant. viece učinili In other passages (one in Codex Marianus), OCS preserves predicative possession in the Greek, but uses a different PPC, e.g. Codex Marianus, 9:13 (Greek dative PPC OCS have ) and Codex Assemanianus, Matthew 18:12 (Greek dative PPC OCS u + genitive PPC): 9:13 Matth. 18:12 But he said unto them, Give ye εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτούς δότε Ait autem ad illos : Vos date рече же къ нимъ. дадите имъ вы I vecě k nim: Vy jim I řekl jim: Dejte vy jim jísti. them to eat. And they said, We αὐτοῖς φαγεῖν ὑµεῖς οἱ δὲ εἶπαν illis manducare. At illi ѣсти. они же рѣшѧ не имамъ dajte jiesti. Tehdy oni A oni řekli: Nemámeť víc have no more but five loaves οὐκ εἰσὶν ἡµῖν πλεῖον ἢ ἄρτοι dixerunt : Non sunt nobis plus съде вѧште пѧти хлѣбъ. і рыбѹ pověděchu: Nenie u nás než pět chlebů a dvě rybě, and two fishes; except we πέντε καὶ ἰχθύες δύο εἰ µήτι quam quinque panes et duo дъвоѭ. аще ѹбо не мы шьдъше viece nežli pět bochencóv leč bychom my snad šli a should go and buy meat for all πορευθέντες ἡµεῖς ἀγοράσωµεν pisces : nisi forte nos eamus, et во вьсѧ люди сиѩ. кѹпимъ a dvě rybě... nakoupili na tento všecken this people. εἰς πάντα τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον emamus in omnem hanc брашъна. lid pokrmů? βρώµατα turbam escas. How think ye? if a man have an hundred sheep, and one of them be gone astray, doth he not leave the ninety and nine, and goeth into the mountains, and seeketh that which is gone astray? Τί ὑµῖν δοκεῖ ἐὰν γένηταί τινι ἀνθρώπῳ ἑκατὸν πρόβατα καὶ πλανηθῇ ἓν ἐξ αὐτῶν οὐχὶ ἀφεὶς τὰ ἐνενήκοντα ἐννέα ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη πορευθεὶς ζητεῖ τὸ πλανώµενον; Quid vobis videtur? si fuerint alicui centum oves, et erravit una ex eis : nonne relinquit nonaginta novem in montibus, et vadit quærere eam quæ erravit? чъто сѧ вамъ мьнитъ. аште бѫдетъ етерѹ чл вкѹ.п. овецъ. і заблѫдитъ едина отъ нихъ. не оставитъ ли девѧти десѧтъ и девѧти на горахъ. и шедъ иштетъ заблѫждьшѧѩ. Co sě vám vidí: by kto jměl sto ovec a jedna z nich když by zablúdila, však ostaví devět a devadesát na horách a jde hledat té, ješto jest zablúdila. Co se vám zdá? Kdyby některý člověk měl sto ovec, a zbloudila by jedna z nich, zdaliž nenechá devadesáti devíti, a jda na hory, nehledá té pobloudilé? Codex Assemanianus: аште бѫдетъ оу етера чл вка п овець In still other examples, OCS has a PPC where Greek does not. E.g. Codex Marianus, Mark 6:2 (Greek non-ppc OCS Dative PPC): Mark 6:2 From whence hath this man these πόθεν τούτῳ Unde huic hæc omnia? et quæ отъ кѫдѹ се естъ семѹ. і что Otkud jest tomuto Odkud tento má tyto věci? A things? and what wisdom is this which ταῦτα καὶ τίς ἡ est sapientia, quæ data est illi, et прѣмѫдрость данаѣ емѹ. і toto všecko a kteraká jaká jest to moudrost, kteráž jest is given unto him, that even such mighty σοφία ἡ δοθεῖσα virtutes tales, quæ per manus ejus силы таковы рѫкама его jest toto múdrost, ješto jemu dána, že i takové moci dějí works are wrought by his hands? τούτῳ efficiuntur? бываѭтъ. jest jemu dána... se skrze ruce jeho? 3

4 3.3. Divergences in Czech Czech Dresden translation is also quite close to Latin syntax, but Old Czech replaces Latin dative PPCs with have more often than OCS, e.g. 8:42; in one case Old Czech has an u + genitive PPC where a dative PPC appears in Latin, e.g. 9:13: 8:42 9:13 For he had one only ὅτι θυγάτηρ µονογενὴς ἦν αὐτῷ quia unica filia erat ei fere annorum ѣко дъшти иночѧда бѣ емѹ. Že jmějieše jedinkú Nebo měl dceru tu jedinou, daughter, about twelve years ὡς ἐτῶν δώδεκα καὶ αὐτὴ duodecim, et hæc moriebatur. Et ѣко дъвою на десѧте лѣтѹ. и dceru bezmála ve kteréž bylo okolo dvanácti of age, and she lay a dying. ἀπέθνῃσκεν. ἐν δὲ τῷ ὑπάγειν contigit, dum iret, a turba та ѹмирааше. егда идѣаше dvúnádcti letech, a ta let, a ta umírala. A když šel, But as he went the people αὐτὸν οἱ ὄχλοι συνέπνιγον αὐτόν. comprimebatur народи ѹгнѣтаахѫ и. chtieše jemu umřieti... tiskl jej zástup. thronged him. But he said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they said, We have no more but five loaves and two fishes; except we should go and buy meat for all this people. εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτούς δότε αὐτοῖς φαγεῖν ὑµεῖς οἱ δὲ εἶπαν οὐκ εἰσὶν ἡµῖν πλεῖον ἢ ἄρτοι πέντε καὶ ἰχθύες δύο εἰ µήτι πορευθέντες ἡµεῖς ἀγοράσωµεν εἰς πάντα τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον βρώµατα Ait autem ad illos : Vos date illis manducare. At illi dixerunt : Non sunt nobis plus quam quinque panes et duo pisces : nisi forte nos eamus, et emamus in omnem hanc turbam escas. рече же къ нимъ. дадите имъ вы ѣсти. они же рѣшѧ не имамъ съде вѧште пѧти хлѣбъ. і рыбѹ дъвоѭ. аще ѹбо не мы шьдъше во вьсѧ люди сиѩ. кѹпимъ брашъна. I vecě k nim: Vy jim dajte jiesti. Tehdy oni pověděchu: Nenie u nás viece nežli pět bochencóv a dvě rybě... I řekl jim: Dejte vy jim jísti. A oni řekli: Nemámeť víc než pět chlebů a dvě rybě, leč bychom my snad šli a nakoupili na tento všecken lid pokrmů? Examples also appear where the Czech uses a PPC where one does not occur in Latin, e.g. 1:5: 1:5 There was in the days of Herod, Ἐγένετο ἐν ταῖς ἡµέραις Fuit in diebus Herodis, Быстъ въ дьни ирода цѣсѣрѣ Byl jest za dnóv Herodových, Byl za dnů Herodesa krále the king of Judaea, a certain Ἡρῴδου βασιλέως τῆς Ἰουδαίας regis Judææ, sacerdos июдеиска. іереи единъ krále židovského, jeden pop, Judského kněz nějaký, priest named Zacharias, of the ἱερεύς τις ὀνόµατι Ζαχαρίας ἐξ quidam nomine Zacharias именемъ захариѣ. отъ jménem Zachař, z pořada jménem Zachariáš, z třídy course of Abia: and his wife was ἐφηµερίας Ἀβιά καὶ γυνὴ αὐτῷ de vice Abia, et uxor illius ефимѣриѩ авиѣнѧ. і жена Abiašova, i bieše jemu žena ze Abiášovy, a manželka jeho ze of the daughters of Aaron, and ἐκ τῶν θυγατέρων Ἀαρών καὶ τὸ de filiabus Aaron, et nomen его от ъ дъштеръ арѡнь. і dcer Aaronových a jmě jejie dcer Aronových, a jméno její her name was Elisabeth. ὄνοµα αὐτῆς Ἐλισάβετ ejus Elisabeth. имѧ еи елисаветъ. Alžběta. Alžběta Comparison of Czech Bible translations: 14 th vs. 16 th centuries: Table 1. Translation of PPCs from the Latin Vulgate into the Czech Dresden Bible and Greek New Testament into the Czech Kralická Bible for the Book of LATIN VULGATE CZECH DRESDEN GREEK NEW TESTAMENT CZECH KRALICKÁ Latin habeo Czech matches 95% (72/76) Greek εχω Czech matches 89% (63/71) 72 habeo mít 63 εχω mít 4 habeo other construction in Czech 8 εχω other construction in Czech (Also: 9 other constructions in Latin miti in Czech) (Also: 15 other constructions in Greek mít in Czech) Latin est + dative Czech matches 73% (11/15) Greek ειναι + dative Czech matches 14% (2/14) 11 est+dat. jest + dat. 1 est+dat. mít 1 est+dat. u +genitive 2 est+dat. possessive pronouns (Also: 1 other construction jest + dat. in Czech) 2 ειναι + dat. jest + dat. 12 ειναι + dat. mít Overall Latin Dresden matching PPCs: 91% (83/91) Overall Greek Kralická matching PPCs: 76% (65/85) Table 2. Translation of PPCs from Greek New Testament into the Latin Vulgate for the Book of GREEK NEW TESTAMENT LATIN VULGATE Greek εχω Latin matches 100% (70/70) 70 εχω habeo (Also: 4 other constructions habeo in Latin) Greek ειναι + dative Latin matches 100% (14/14) 14 ειναι + dat. est+dat. (Also: 1 other construction est+dat. in Latin) Overall Greek Latin matching PPCs: 100% (84/84) 4

5 3.4. Tricky Cases 10:7 And in the same house ἐν αὐτῇ δὲ τῇ οἰκίᾳ µένετε In eadem autem domo manete, въ томь же домѹ прѣбываите A v témž domu ostaňte A v témž domu ostaňte, remain, eating and drinking ἔσθοντες καὶ πίνοντες τὰ παρ edentes et bibentes quæ apud ѣдѫште и пиѭште ѣже сѫтъ ѹ jedúce a pijíce to, což u jedouce a pijíce, což u nich such things as they give: for αὐτῶν ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ illos sunt : dignus est enim нихъ. достоинъ бо естъ nich jest, nebo jest jest. Nebo hoden jest dělník the labourer is worthy of his µισθοῦ αὐτοῦ µὴ µεταβαίνετε ἐξ operarius mercede sua. Nolite дѣлатель мьзды своеѩ. не dóstojen dělník své mzdy. mzdy své. Nechoďtež z hire. Go not from house to οἰκίας εἰς οἰκίαν. transire de domo in domum. прѣходите из домѹ въ домъ. Neroďte sě túlati z domu domu do domu. house. do domu. 4. Semantics and Pragmatics of PPCs in Slavic 4.1. U + genitive Table 3: Semantics of Possessors and Possessums: u+gen. PPC Possessors Possessums Personal pronouns 100 sheep (OCS Assemanianus) A certain person 5 loaves and 2 fish (Old Czech) Relative pronoun ( which referencing things to eat and drink) (Something to eat) (No peace) 4.2. Dative PPCs Table 4: Semantics of Possessors and Possessums: dative PPC Possessors Possessums Personal pronouns (primarily referring to Kinship relations: child, son, daughter, people, once to a raven ( 12:24)) husband, wife Person Creditor Other people: debtors Abstract states and concepts: joy, gladness, thanks, care, praise, worship, compassion, things (refers to wisdom, knowledge) 100 Sheep (OCS, Matthew 18:12; though note that Codex Assemanianus uses instead u + genitive here) Places: room in an inn ( 2:7), storehouse, barn (12:24) Names (fixed construction for naming) 5. Conclusions 5.1. Examples from Bible translations confirm that Slavic utilized an inventory of three constructions for expressing predicative possession 5.2. The verb iměti have, was the most frequently used in the Bible texts and was the least semantically and syntactically restricted 5.3. The existential PPCs (the dative PPC and the u + genitive PPC) nevertheless had their own distinct domains of usage in LPS Dative PPCs occurred more often with possessums that included kinship relations, abstract possessums, and fixed syntactic constructions U + genitive PPCs occurred with possessums that were concrete, tangible, and countable/quantifiable (thus comparable to an external standard) 5

6 References Primary Sources Assemani, Giuseppe Simone, Josef Vajs and Josef Kurz Evangeliarium Assemani; Codex Vaticanus 3. slavicus glagoliticus. Pragae: Sumptibus Academiae Scientiarum Bohemoslovenicae. Holy Bible : 1611 edition : King James version Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. Kniazevskaia, O. A Savvina kniga : drevneslavianskaia rukopis XI, XI-XII i kontsa XIII veka. Moskva: Indrik. Kralická Bible. Available at accessed on 1-February Kyas, Vladimír Staročeská bible Dráždanská a Olomoucká : kritické vydání nejstaršího českého překladu bible ze 14. století. Praha: Academia. Nestle, Erwin and Alfred Marshall The R.S.V. interlinear Greek-English New Testament: the Nestle Greek text. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages (PROIEL) corpus. Available at accessed on 1-May Tweedale, M Biblia Sacra juxta Vulgatam Clementinam. Available at accessed on 1-February The Unbound Bible. Available at accessed on 15-January Vostokov, A. Kh Ostromirovo Evangelie goda. S prilozheniem grecheskago teksta Evangelii i s grammaticheskimi obiasneniiami. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. Secondary Sources Bauer, Brigitte Archaic syntax in Indo-European ; the spread of transitivity in Latin and French. Berlin ; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Chvany, Catherine V When Byt means Have. In Selected Essays of Catherine V. Chvany, Yokoyama, Olga and Emily Klenin (eds.). Columbus: Slavica Publishers, Inc Holvoet, Axel Attributive and predicative possession: some cases of ambiguity in Baltic and Slavonic. Zeitschrift für Slawistik Isačenko, Alexander V On have and be languages. A typological sketch. In Slavic Forum. Essays in Linguistics and Literature, Flier, Michael (ed.). The Hague; Paris: Mouton Khodova, K I Sintaksis predloga 'oy' s roditel'nym padežom v staroslavjanskom jazyke. Scando-Slavica Merell, Jan Bible v českých zemích od nejstarších dob do současnosti. Praha: Česká katolická charita. Mirčev, K Predlog 'u' v posessivnoj funkcii v istorii bolgarskogo jazyka. In Issledovanija po slavjanskomu jazykoznaniju: Sbornik v chest' shestidesatiletija prof. S. B. Bernshteina, Češo, E.V. (ed.). Moskva: Nauka Mrázek, Roman Datel'nyj padež v staroslavjanskom jazyke. In Issledovanija po sintaksisu staroslovjanskogo jazyka, Kurz, Josef (ed.). Praha: Československá akademie věd Schenker, Alexander M The dawn of Slavic : an introduction to Slavic philology. New Haven, [Conn.]: Yale University Press. Stassen, Leon Predicative Possession. In The World Atlas of Language Structures, Haspelmath, Martin, Hans-Jorg Bibiko, Jung Hagen and Claudia Schmidt (eds.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 6