Prepositions. PREPOSITIONS

Transkript

1 PREPOSITIONS Předložky (prepositions) jsou slova nebo sousloví, která vyjadřují podobné okolnosti jako příslovce, totiž místo, čas, způsob, přičinu nebo důvod atd. Vstupují ve slovní spojení, ve kterých se často kladou před podstatné jméno (the parents of the child, a man of letters), zájmeno (we are speaking about him), přídavné jméno (to hope for fine weather) nebo číslovku (dinner for three), ale na rozdíl od češtiny také před celou větou (I am surprised at what you say. I was thinking of how you would manage it alone.). V angličtině, která ztratila téměř všechny pádové koncovky, jsou předložky jedním z nejdůležitějších prostředků vyjadřování vztahů mezi větnými členy. Předložky tvoří se jménem pojmový celek a samostatně, bez spojení se jmény, se nevyskytují. Svědectvím toho je, že táž předložka mívá různé významy; teprve spojením s určitým jménem nabývá předložka jednoznačného smyslu. Anglické předložky se všechny pojí s tzv. objektovým pádem, tj. v našem pojetí čtvrtém. Není tedy správné mluvit o tom, že se některá pojí s gentiviem, jiná s dativem, protože takové pády v angličtině neexistují. Předložky mohou stát 1. bezprostředně před jménem, ke kterému patří (We walked about the town. He came after me. He works at a large factory. Please do it for my sake.), nebo 2. na konci věty a) tázací, vztahuje-li se předložka k tázacímu výrazu who(m), what, which, where: Who(m) did you address it to? What are you thinking of; b) vztažné, vztahuje-li se ke vztažnému zájmenu (je-li toto vynecháno, musí stát vždy na konci): The man (whom) you are speaking about lef last wee. The shop (that) we buy our vegetables from is shut.; c) v trpných vazbách: The bed has been slept in. The child must be looked after.; d) v infinitivních přívlastkových vazbách: She has no voice to speak of. I have nothing else to refer to. TIME AT IN BY označuje zcela určitý časový údaj; používá se s názvy svátků at three o clock at present (v současné době) at that hour at midday, at lunch time at noon at tea-time, at midnight at night at bedtime at dawn (za svítání) at (the age of) sixteen at intervals at once (najednout) at the beginning at Christmas at the end of at Easter at the weekend at weekends at this moment označuje, za jakou dobu se něco stane; obvykle je pak ve větě budoucí čas in two days (za dva dny) in a few minutes in a minute in a year s time in two month s time užívá se s názvy období roků, částí dnů, s měsíci atd. in spring, in summer in winter, in autumn in 1993 in the morning, in the evening in the afternoon in January in the holidays in the interval (o přestávce) označuje limit doby; obvykle s budoucím časem in working hours (once, twice) in a week in the Victorian period in the fifties (v padesátých letech) in my young days in the beginning (zpočátku) in the end (ku konci, na konec) 144

2 ON FOR by six o clock (do šesti hodin už bude hotovo) by Monday Ale!!! by day, by night (ve dne, za noci) s názvy dnů a dat on Friday on May 3 rd on a sunny day on Sunday morning on a Friday afternoon po: určitou dobu: délka trvání děje for three days for ever (navždy) on Monday next on Tuesday night on Christmas day on the morning of August 15 th on his birthday for the whole week I haven t seen him for ages. The bad weather lasted (for) three days. SINCE od: časový bod nebo úsek jako začátek děje; v gramatickém spojení s předpřítomným časem since yesterday since that time I haven t seen him since (that) time. since 1990 since when od: časový bod v minulosti, budoucnosti nebo přítomnosti; v gramatickém FROM pojetí s minulým nebo budoucím časem from the date on (od toho data) from lunchtime onwards FROM TILL, FROM UNTILL from six till eleven from London to Oxford from six to eleven WITHIN během, v rozsahu; v určitém limitu within a mile of London within an hour (během hodiny) BEFORE před before the war before 1989 AFTER po after that the day after tomorrow after the holidays after his return DURING během, za, při during this winter during his life 145

3 PLACE AT IN přesněji určené menší místo at the table at the corner at the window at the seaside at Senohraby v přeneseném smyslu a funkčně at home, at school (při vyučování) at sea at college (na univerzitě) at dinner at war, at peace (ve válce, v míru) at best, at worst, at least, at latest (přinejlepším, přinejhorším, nejvýše, nejméně) at a loss (být na rozpacích) ve spojení se slovesy look at smile at point at (ukázat na) shoot at laugh at větší místo, město in London in the country (na venkově) in the world in the South (of Bohemia) in the Pacific Ocean uvnitř in the house in the garage in the office přenesený význam in the newspaper in bed in hospital in prison in French in practice in a nice hat in advance (předem) in common (společný) in love with in other words (jinými slovy) in my opinion (dle mého názoru) in practice, in theory, in reality, in fact in charge of (pověřený čím) s názvy světových stran in the east, in the south in the west, in the north at Victoria Station stop at Leeds (= at the station in Leeds) open the book at page 30 at the beginning at the end at work at church at the airport at all costs (za každou cenu) at first sight (na první pohled) at hand (poruce) at a speed of (rychlostí jakou) at their own risk (na vlastní riziko) get at (dosáhnout na) throw at be good at math be surprised at in Asia in the garden in the sky in a street (na ulici) in the back of the car (vzadu v autě) in the picture in use (v používání) in ink (inkoustem) in a hurry in fact (ve skutečnosti) in jeans in a gold necklase (se zlatým náhrdelníkem) in diamond earrings (se zlatými náušnicemi) in order x out of order (v pořádku) in particular (zvláště) in general (obecně) in shorthand (těsnopisem) in capitals (velkými písmeny) in this direction (tímto směrem) in debt (zadlužený) in cash (hotově) 146

4 ON na ploše on the table on the floor on the first floor (v prvním poschodí) on the road on his face (na jeho tváři) přenesený význam on foot (pěšky), on horseback on a bus, on a train (ve vlaku, autobusu: není-li zdůrazněno, že je to uvnitř) on the side on the one hand (na jedné straně) on the list, on the register (na seznamu) on holiday on a farm travel on a bus, train etc. on sale (v prodeji) on a diet (mít dietu) be on good terms (vycházet dobře) on the list (v seznamu) on the map on the river on the wall on page thirteen on TV, on the radio go on a journey, on a trip on application (na požádání) on duty (ve službě) on business (služebně) on purpose (úmyslně) on the whole (celkem) on an average (v průměru) on fire (v plamenech) on the staff (v učitelském nebo pracovním sboru) on demand (na požádání) BY blízko, poblíž by the window by my side by the fireplace by the sea go by the house (jít kolem domu) přeneseně (původce, nástroj, způsob), funkčně a jiné případy by sea, by air, by ship, by plane, by car, by bus by post, by hand, by telegram by chance (náhodou) by sight (od vidění) by cheque by no means (v žádném případě) by all means (ovšem, za každou cenu) by the way (mimochodem) by Dover = via Dover by means of (pomocí čeho) He was punished by his father. We shall lose nothing by waiting BESIDE vedle, po čí straně beside me beside the river beside himself with anger (zlostí bez sebe) BESIDES kromě besides John besides me IN FRONT OF před, frontálně in front of the house in front of the children (před dětmi, v jejich přítomnosti) in front of you BEHIND za behind you behind the house BEFORE před: v pořadí, opak k after before me in the queue B comes before C. před: tváří v tvář before the class (in front of má pouze místní význam) before the court (před soudem) dial 01 in front of your number in front of the car (může též znamenat v přední části vozu) behind schedule (pozdě) the title before the name before my eyes the task before us 147

5 AFTER UNDER BELOW za, po After you. (Po vás. při vstupu) Shut the door after you. pod: vertikálně under my feet shelter under a tree under the microscope v přeneseném smyslu under age under pressure (pod tlakem) under five pounds under ten degrees women under forty pod: níže než below this line the house below us below us the place below the shelf named after his grandfather under the table under an umbrella nothing new under the sun under construction/repair under these conditions under a different name under Queen Victoria (za vlády Viktorie) under threat of (pod hrozbou) below zero below a hundred children below (the age of ) sixteen OVER nad: vertikálně over the table a lamp over the desk přeneseně the people over me have power over sb přes: na druhou stranu, na druhé straně over the wall jump over the stream over my head lean over a lying body triumph over an enemy men over forty a population of over a million climb over the fence BESIDES kromě besides John nad: pohyb fly over the house a bridge over the river run over the grass besides me v přeneseném významu control over something over a thousand EXCEPT kromě: ve významu všechno s výjimkou jmenovaného He does nothing except eat and drink. The dress is ready except for the buttons. (až na knoflíky) ABOVE nad: výše než above the sea above the water fly above the clouds the sky above us a few feet above the ground v přeneseném smyslu above criticism above the house above the mountains a skirt above a knee The sun rises above the horizon. above 200 people ACROSS přes: z jedné strany na druhou; na druhé straně přes across the field walk across the road across the street swim across the river a bridge across the river across the bridge 148

6 BEYOND (dále) za beyond the church beyond the Mississippi beyond that hill love beyond the grave PAST místně: kolem, okolo; časově: nad, po walk past the house He hurried past me. past control a man past seventy ROUND, AROUND, ABOUT často zaměnitelné pohyb různými směry nebo neurčitá poloha: about, round, around run (a)round/about the playground show sb round the town travel (a)round/about the world look round the shop somewhere (a)round/about here kruhový pohyb nebo postavení: round, around a scarf (a)round the neck go (a)round the corner sit (a)round the table přibližnost časového nebo číselného údaje: (a)round, about (a)round/about Christmas (a)round/about 7 a.m. ALONG podél, u; po: ulici atd. along the wall along the street THROUGH skrz through the town through the forest through the canal through an interpreter (pomocí tlumočníka) THROUGHOUT místně: kolem, okolo; časově: nad, po throughout the country throughout the week BETWEEN mezi: dvěma stranami between you and me between the door and the window AMONG mezi, uprostřed: mnoha, skupiny, množiny; následuje podst. jméno v plurálu among those people among my books one among many FOR se slovesy, která vyjadřují začátek pohybu leave for Edinburgh sail for the U.S.A. the train for Paris přeneseně (účel, příjemce, výměnu, cenu, příčinu, sympatie, podpora) look for the demand for fruit search for long for happiness (toužit po štěstí) fight for king and country stand up for sb have st for lunch, dinner, supper Thank you for coming. pay for every mistake punish sb for st grateful for everything (vděčný za vše) be responsible for It is good for you. He works for us. The letter is for you. Are you for or against it? change one thing for another get the lot for ten pounds repeat word for word (opakovat slovo od slova) be famous for I sold the camera for twenty pounds. He married her for money. 149

7 AGAINST proti v přeneseném významu throw the ball against the wall lean against the door (opřít se o dveře) against her will against her wishes against the plan TOWARDS směr k v přeneseném významu walk towards the sea point towards (ukazovat k) towards the evening towards the children towards midday attitude towards this idea TO směr k: místo určení přenesený význam to the hairdresser s to London to the left to the table to the north of (na sever od) to hospital to school to prison to bed to come to an end a solution to the problem to my surprise to work FROM z: východisko přenesený význam from Scotland a letter from a friend made from fruit save from suffer from prevent from protect from stay away from school (nejít do školy) OF z: východisko; očekávali bychom from of German origin south of London přenesený význam expect too much of sb get rid of sb (zbavit se někoho) It is kind of you a man of ability ask of st be proud, jealous of, fond of st/sb označení materiálu (kvality) zboží nebo výrobku house of stone made of sweater of wool built of brick die of st It is typical of you. a girl of sixteen a woman of no importance be afraid of st OFF pryč: s povrchu; dolů v nevelké vzdálenosti fall off the ladder get off the bus, the tram a house off the main road a street off the Strand jump off the wall take st off the table The rain ran off the roof. přenesený význam off duty (mimo službu) a day off (volný den) 10 per cent off the price INSIDE uvnitř, dovnitř He is inside the house. He went inside the house. 150

8 OUTSIDE vně čeho, ven z, mimo, za He was standing just outside the door. WITHOUT bez, aniž to be without food without difficulty He passed by without seeing me. OUT OF ven(ku), z, ze(vnitř) out of water out of the house out of the town out of town (mimo město) out of the tram (z tramvaje) out of bed He arrived without money or luggage. přenesený význam out of work (nezaměstnaný) be out of stock (nebýt na skladě) run out of petrol (nemít už benzín) out of breath (bez dechu) ou of sight (z dohledu) out of danger (mimo nebezpečí) out of use (nepoužívat se) out of reach (mimo dosah) BUT až na, kromě, mimo I know all but two of them. They are all wrong but him. She speaks nothing but French. the last but one (předposlední) 151

9 EXERCISES 1. Fill in the right prepositions choosing from in, on or at. Thursday the morning five o clock the spring the garden home 1970 my birthday December Christmas Christmas day London Hradčany the hairdresser s the 17th century the evening a quarter to twelve Monday morning the weekend New Year s Day Thurdays the 1970s midnight Easter 7th March the dentist s work the airport Moravia the beach school Smíchov the tram stop the station the New Year the afternoon this page this sentence university my aunt s 2. Fill in with in, on or at where necessary. He is leaving Wednesday. He is returning next Tuesday. What did you do the weekend? Can you come eight the morning? I met him Saturday afternoon. What are you doing this evening? She often goes out the evenings. I always go out Saturday evenings. He goes out every day. We always visit my parents Christmas. The children were playing the garden. The course started last Monday. Prague is beautiful the autumn. The film ended midnight. Claire is studying London University. Her cousin lives Slovakia. Where did you go last summer? We waited the station fifty minutes. You have two mistakes this sentence. There s someone the door. She works home. He has exams the New Year. My brother was born New Year s Day. His office is Vinohrady. Are there school holidays Easter? John s not here. He s the doctor s. They arrived England Sunday. I will phone you again a while. What did you learn school today? I m tired. I m going bed. 3. Miscellaneous prepositions. na straně 7 s mými přáteli v krabici bez tebe pod židlí kolem třetí hodiny kolem stolu nad postelí za chatou pod vodou před tabulí vedle mě před hodinou angličtiny blízko školy po svatbě k plotu pozítří předevčírem podél břehu řeky za rohem proti větru mezi námi mezi přáteli místo toho během noci muž z Prahy kvůli jeho rodičům kniha o kočkách procházka lesem procházka přes most hra od Shakespeara dárek pro vás cesta autobusem cesta pěšky vesnice blízko Londýna 152

10 4. Fill in with in, on or at. the third floor holiday five minutes the holidays the world the west the concert the wedding the sky the picture the rain the mountains night once (hned) the night a business trip sale the photograph the car park a car (jako pasažér) bed a bus (jako pasažér) traffic lights the town centre a party the top of the page time a housing estate the front page the playground a farm the countryside the menu the moment (momentálně) a football match (jako fanoušek) a football match (jako hráč) a while (za chvíli) first (z počátku) last (konečně) the end (nakonec) the end of the week the end of the story the end of a piece of string the start of the meeting the beginning of the article the beginning God created the edge of town the middle of the room front of the blackboard top of the mountain 5. Fill in with in, at, or to or without prepositions. Do you go school? Did you go the English lesson? What did you learn the lesson today? What did you do school today? I must go out. I was out when she phoned? We went a party. They met a party. Let s go the mountains this summer. Life the mountains is very difficult. The sun rises the east. Every winter the birds fly south. His parents live the south. We re going the south of France. Dover is the south of England. Dover is south of London. My aunt lives south London. Did you go their wedding? Was Mr Blair their wedding? I m going shopping. I m going the shops. Where s Mum? She s the shops. There s nothing the shops on Fridays. I met Mr Prokop the post office. Welcome Prague! 6. The verb arrive with in, at and on or without prepositions. We arrived England on Monday. They arrived London yesterday. The train arrived Victoria station at three o clock. He arrived home at midnight. The police arrived the island in a helicopter. I arrived school twenty minutes late. What time did you arrive there? We arrived Heathrow airport at eight in the evening. They arrived the moon early on Tuesday morning. He arrived the party late, and all the beer was gone. 7. Choose from in, into, on or onto. She walked the room. She was the room. They got the taxi. They were the taxi. He got the 8.45 train. He was the 8.45 train. We got our motorbikes. We were our motorbikes. She came the office. She was the office. He got the number 34 tram. He was the number 34 tram. She climbed up her horse. She was her horse. We arrived Athens. We were Athens. 8. Fill in with out, out of, ouside or off. I don t want to cook this evening. Let s go for dinner. There s a telephone box the building. He walked the flat and along the street. Switch the television. She jumped the car and ran to the station. Lisa isn t at home. She s all 153

11 day today. The pen fell the table. He heard a car and looked the window. There was a large crowd of people the cinema. Take your coat if you re hot. The rabbit jumped the hat. Is Harry still going with Henrietta? Come now. We know you re there, shouted the policeman. He got his bike and walked with it up the hill. The money fell my pocket. Please take your suitcase my foot. He took his dirty shoes his feet and left them. 9. Translate. Vedle pošty, vedle mě, u okna, podle tohoto slovníku, díky vám, na/po celém světě, navzdory mému varování, až dosud, v případě požáru, o Vánocích, na Vánoce (někam pojedeme), k Vánocům (dárek), co se týče práce, za celou třídu (vám děkuji), ve dvaceti pěti letech, vysoký na svůj věk, kromě Johna (všichni až na Johna), mnoho lidí kromě Johna (John a ještě další). Mám u sebe hodně peněz. Byl jsem štěstím bez sebe. 10. Fill in with in, on or at. love prison the Earth the shade the courtyard the age of 55 hospital the most fire the moonlight flames lunch least my opinion the queue cash the Western Front the dark and so not all first sight (na první pohled) the sign of the Golden Unicorn time (ne pozdě, přesně, včas) time (včas na co, včas, aby, časem) 11. Fill in with in, on or at. He only works certain days. We re pleased you re here last. Did you hear that storm the night? He often has to work night. the moment he s still a student. We ll be there about twenty minutes. I nearly missed my train. I go to the station just time. Why doesn t Alice ever come to school time? What s the television this evening? It was a clear day. Not a cloud the sky. There were seventy guests the wedding. Come here once. They live a little cottage the countryside. We walked south for a few more kilometres. The most beautiful mountains here are the south. They live the fifth floor. He didn t like her first, but he does now. Tony s bed. He s ill. Do you know any of the people this photograph? It s the biggest stadium the world. Jane s holiday in the Bahamas. What did you do the holidays? She stood and looked the painting. How many sunflowers are there the paiting? Did the thief leave any fingerprints the painting? I met him a political demonstration. There were a lof of climbers the mountain. 12. Choose the right prepositions in time x on time. She hates being late. She s always. The public transport is very good here. Everything runs. Did you get there to see Patrick? I didn t get there and the lecture had already started. We didn t arrive for lunch. Everything was gone. We didn t arrive to say goodbye. They d already left. The police got there to see the thieves running away with all the money. We got to the airport just to see his plane landing. 154

12 13. Between or among. How many kilometres are there Prague and London? You need to work on the perfect tenses, other things. Which plane is Saturn and Neptune? He divided the money his two daughters. He divided the money all his children. He grew up the painters and musicians of Paris. It was just a joke two friends. Don t worry, you are friends. Is there a lawyer the society s members? 14. Fill in with beside, besides or except (for). I ve got all his records the latest one. Which of his records have you got, this one? Prague, they ll also be visiting some towns in the south of Bohemia. They ve seen all parts of this country the south. I ve invited everyone Kevin. Who do you want to invite George and Ruth? Everyone came Linda, who was still in Amsterdam. Who was that sitting Miloš? They were themselves with joy when they heard the news. They re open every day Sundays. 15. Fill in with since, from or for. when have you lived in Prague? He lived there 1930 to He lived here the age of forty-seven. He lived here forty-seven years. She s lived here ever she was born. I studied English four years at secondary school. I haven t seen him ages. I haven t seen him Bill s party. Bill works nine every day. Bill s working 8.30 to 4.00 today. She s changed a lot I first met her. how long have you been here? It s been many years he last saw his parents. 16. Fill in with by, until (till, in, or within). He finished the work three days. I must go. I have to be home lunchtime. Could you wait here I get back? We will develop your films one hour! Can you run 100 metres twelve seconds? You must return this application form 30th April. Please reply to this letter twenty-eight days. I m leaving this evening and I ll be away Wednesday. If you want to go too, let me know the end of the week. Don t open you eyes I tell you. I ll be in the office again on Monday. I should be well again then. I worked midnight last night. Please write the essay Thursday. Most department stores are open six or seven in the evening. 17. Translate. Miscellaneous prepositions. Za kolik jste to koupila? Pro koho jsi to koupil? Utrácí hodně za hudbu a knihy. Šetří na dovolenou do Španělska. Směješ se mně? Stáli jsme na břehu řeky a házeli jsme chleba labutím. Když se zlobí na svého muže, hází na něj talíře. Kvůli čemu se zlobíš? Zakřičela na nás o pomoc. K čemu to je? K čemu je to dobré? Ta kniha spadla ze stolu. Neboj se, ona na to brzy zapomene. Měli bychom poslat pro doktora. Ptal se po tobě. Jsi dobrý na fyziku? Jedu navštívit své kamarády do Olomouce. Můžeš mi zavolat do práce. Můžeš mi to poslat domů? 155