Concept of soil formation. Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.

Soil Science topic No. 1: Concept of soil formation Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

atmosphere biosphere PEDOSPHERE litosphere hydrosphere

Parent material Climate Biota Man Topography Time

Notes Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

Johann Babtista Helmot (1577 1644) Michail Vasiljevic Lomonosov (1711 1765) Antoine de Lavoisier (1743 1794) Albert Thaer (1752 1828) Just von Liebig (1803 1873) Vasilij Vasiljevic Dokutchajev (1846 1903)

Jenny H., 1941: Factors of soil formation. McGraw Hill, New York Jenny H., 1980: The soil recource, Origin behaviour, Springer New York White R.E., 1987: Introduction to the principles and practice of soil science, 2 nd ed. Blackwell, Oxford Forth H., 1991: Fundamentals of soil science, Wiley, Chichester Ellis B., Foth H., 1998: Soil fertility, 2 nd ed. Springer, Berlin Sumner M.E., 2000: Handbook of soil science. Springer Berlin

Soil forming factors complex of soil forming processes diagnostic horizons soil profile soil units Soil forming process on a local forest site in current circumstances result in stratigraphically regular sequence of soil horizons

Soil formation in situ weathering of non transported material Soil formation on superficial deposits weathering of transported material Elluvium Delluvium Solid rocks: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic Unconsolidated rocks: water, wind or gravity transport Burial profiles/horizons and relic soils

Physical weathering Chemical weathering Biological weathering

Moisture Thekindandtheintesity A distribution throughout the year An evaporation rate A land slope and orientation of slope/escarp A permeability of parent material Temperature The weathering rate of parent rock A rate of biomass growth The state of water

a. Terrestrial (superficial) vegetation A quantity of dead organic matter A quality of dead organic matter An influence on moisture and temperature on habitat An decrease of soil erosion (both wind and water erossive process) Bioindicative potential (parent material/soil properties)...! vs.?

b. Soil organisms A) a decomposition of organic matter B) a weathering of parent material C) a production of biomass D) a production of aggressive metabolites E) a production of extracellular enzymes A) an incorporation of dead plant matter throughout the upper part of profile B) a degradation of soil biocides C) a digestive products D) a creation of oxidative/reductive conditions

topography=relief=morphology of terrain=configuratrion of terrain Type of relief Folding, faulting, vulcanic Eolian, fluvial, glacial, abrasive Karstic Landsliding

I. Type of phytocoenosis II. Weathering rate III. Volume of fine soil particles IV. Ratio between run off and infiltration V. Lateral stream in subsoil VI. Groundwater table

Establishment of new phytocoenoses (agricultural fields, forest plantations, weeds) Setting up new zoocenoses (invasions by new animals, parasites). Constructing of new settlement and infrastructures. Mining and quarries Anthropogenic emisions

I. Effect on groundwater table II. Effect on soil colloidal complex and soil acidity III. Effect on soil susceptibility to erosion IV. Effect on aeration and structural instability V. Effect on parent material, especially for weathering rate VI. Effect on hydrological cycle and nutrient cycling, especially for carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and heavy metals/trace elements,. i.e. the direct effect on plant nourishment (nutrient defficiences) VII. Effect on biological activity of soil VIII. Effect on local climate parameters

A. The moment of soil evaluation (the actual value of the effect of complex of soil forming factors) B. The soil age (the extend time within a soil forming factor has affecting the profile)

For example, in weathering rate and pedogenic processes a time display an influence on: changes in soil depth, changes in ratio between eluviums and deluviums, changes in angles of slopes, changes in leaching and accumulating, especially for nutrients in particular soil horizons, changes in groundwater quantity and quality, changes in terrestrial phytocoenosis.