I the performance was sold out I haven t read the book they are brothers you don t like him

CLAUSES OF CONCESSION Přípustka se v angličtině vyjadřuje různými způsoby, které jsou uvedeny níže: Although Though In spite of the fact that Regardless of the fact that Even though Even if I the performance was sold out I haven t read the book they are brothers you don t like him he would have liked to go it was early morning we managed to get tickets. I can guess what it is about. they never write to one another. you can still be polite. they didn t take him with them. there were many people in the street. II wherever - kdekoli, kamkoli; whatever - cokoli; jakýkoli; whoever kdokoli; whichever - kterýkoli (z daného počtu); whoever kdykoli; however - jakkoli Stejně jako po časových a podmínkových spojkách ani po těchto výrazech se neklade budoucí čas a je nahrazován odpovídajícím tvarem. You mustn t open the door I ll follow him Whatever happens Wherever you go However much he pays Whatever he asked me However you travel whoever calls. whichever way he goes. you ll always be in an advantageous position. you ll always find the same things. nobody will help him. I wouldn t answer. it will take you two days. kdokoli přijde/ať přijde kdokoli. ať půjde jakoukoli cestou. Cokoli se stane,... Kamkoli půjdeš,... Ať zaplatíš cokoli,... Ať tě požádá o cokoli,... Ať pojedeš jakkoli,... Pozn. a) however = jakkoli; however much, however interesting, however late he may come (Ať přijde sebepozději...) b) however = jakkoli, tj. jakýmkoli způsobem V případě a) however určuje přídavné jméno nebo příslovce, v b) je samostatným příslovcem. Výrazy whatever, whenever atd. lze přeformulovat následujícím způsobem na no matter what, no matter when. you may go, you won t be satisfied. Wherever No matter where difficult the text may be, you ll have to translate it. However No matter how card you may choose, you ll lose the game. Whichever No matter which you do it carefully, do it carefully. Whatever No matter what may call, tell him I ve no time. Whoever No matter who mistakes he may have you must give him a chance. Whatever No matter what made, the dinner was not to may However No matter how much you may have paid taste. for it, 156

III Přípustkové fráze: Cost what it may... = Ať to stojí cokoli... Be that as it may... = Ať je tomu jakkoli Existují i další způsoby vyjadřování přípustky v angličtině, vystačíme však s uvedenými. EXERCISES 1. Change the following sentences, expressing the meaning of concession. Susan made her brother some sandwiches, but he still felt hungry. - The train was crowded, but we managed to get in. - Charles is French, but he speaks English very well. - There were not many people in the streets, but a crowd soon gathered. - He was very excited, but he didn t show it. - Donald is a member of our club, but he seldom comes here. 2. Fill in the correct tense form. Wherever he (go), he will find the same thing. Whoever (ring), I won t open the door. However well you (do) it, they will not be content. I ll find you wherever you (be). However much you (try), you won t succeed. I ll always back you whatever (happen). Whichever method you (choose), you will fail. I ll walk it however far it (be). You ll be welcome whenever you (call). 3. Replace the expressions in italics, using whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever or wherever. Although he may have made mistakes of various kinds, I don t think his paper is bad. You may ask me or anybody else, everybody will give you the same answer. Susan may put on any dress, she looks pretty. Any time I see Dick, I m always reminded of his father. Choose either of them, you will be satisfied. It doesn t matter what you may give Peter, he will be grateful. I saw beautiful things in the show-window, I looked here and there and anywhere else. It doesn t matter what you may have told him, he simply can t change my mind. You may go to any place, you ll always find the same situation. It doesn t matter which of the three sisters you marry, you ll have a good wife. British policy doesn t change, it doesn t matter which party is in power. He may say what he likes, I won t believe him. 4. Express your agreement, using the expression however or no matter how. Must the boys finish the work today? It s very hard. = They must finish the work however hard it is. Must you leave now? It is raining very hard. - Must Barbara type these letters? She s very busy. - Must Mr Fred attend the conference? He seems very tired. - Must they finish their work today? It seems impossible. - Must the firm keep the date? It s rather difficult. - Must the patient stay in bed? He seems to be feeling very well today. - Must he operate this machine? It s really very dangerous. - Must she continue her studies? She is welleducated. - Must she be economical? She seems to be very rich. 5. Replace, use of no matter how/what/which. Whatever Peggy wears, she always looks pretty. Whatever mistakes he may have made, you shouldn t discourage him from further study. Whoever comes, tell him I am out of town. However longh the journey may have been, Mrs Parkinson didn t look tired. 157

Clauses of Concession; Time Clauses; Gerund. Repeated Actions. Whenever Peter calls, he will be welcome. Whichever day you come, we ll be pleased to meet you. Wherever you go, you ll find Coca-Cola advertisements. 6. Translate. Ačkoli jsem celý den nic nejedl, neměl jsem hlad. Ať se snažil sebevíc, nedokázal vypracovat všechny ty úkoly. Přestože ten byt nebyl moderní, bylo nájemné značně vysoké. Ať to možná zní sebepravděpodobněji, nemohu tomu věrit. Ať byl sebeopilejší, vždy věděl, co říká. Ačkoli to snad nebylo nutné, je dobré, že jsem to udělal. Třebaže mluvil pomalu, nebyl jsem s to rozumět tomu, co říká. Ať měl sebeméně času, nikdy nezapomněl přijít mě navštívit. Přestože moje šance je možná malá, zúčastním se té soutěže. 158

TIME CLAUSES ČASOVÉ SPOJKY when když, až while zatímco after až (= potom až) by the time až (= v tu dobu, kdy) before dříve než (= než(li)) next time příště až as soon as jakmile immediately hned jak till (= until) dokud ne-, až (= do té doby, až) once jakmile jednou as long as pokud (= tak dlouho, dokud) Při překládání se snažte rozlišit 4 česká až: Don t get off the tram till3 it stops. You can stay here as long as you like. You ll be surprised when1 you see him. I ll tell you something after2 he leaves. I ll do your work while you are away. He ll send you a telegram before he arrives. I ll buy a new dress as soon as I have the money. He ll be in London by the time4 you reach Prague. You ll remember it once you understand it. I ll inform him immediately he arrives. Jak je patrné již z výše uvedené tabulky, po časových spojkách se neklade budoucí čas. Je nahrazován pro vyjádření budoucnosti časem přítomným, pro vyjádření předbudoucnosti (ukončenosti děje v budoucnosti) časem předpřítomným. Je-li tato ukončenost zřetelná již z kontextu nebo významu některých spojek *, není třeba předpřítomného času užívat. Ex.: When I eat... Až budu jíst... When I have eaten... Až sním... When I have been in Egypt for three years, I ll write a book about it. As soon as we have spent the money, we ll return home. After we have passed the exams, we ll go abroad. Ex.: You won t believe it until you see it. When you have learnt 12,000 words, you ll be able to read English newspapers. They won t go until they have seen everything. (* I ll lend you the book after I finish it. EXERCISES 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (present or future). When he (return) I ll give him the the key. He ll be ready as soon as you (be). She ll be delighted when she (hear) this. I shan't buy tomatoes till the price (come) down. Stay here till the lights (turn) green. When it (get) cold I ll light fire. The lift (not start) until you press that button. She ll have to behave better when she (go) to school. He (be) here before you go. He (wake) up when we turn the lights on. He will wash up before he (go) to bed. I ll pay you when I (get) my cheque. I (go) on doing it until he tells me to stop. I ll buy that house when I (have) enough money. When the Queen (arrive) the audience will stand up. As soon as the holidays begin this beach (become) very crowded. Don t count on a salary increase before you actually (get) it. I ll stay here till Tom (get) back. We ll go out as soon as the shops (open). You drive first, and when you (be) tired, I ll take over. I ll 159

Clauses of Concession; Time Clauses; Gerund. Repeated Actions. wait as long as you (like). Shall I jump out when the bus (slow) down at the next corner? As soon as they (see) the river the children will want to bathe. When you (do) the washing up, you can go home. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. I ll call on my friends while I (be) in London. He ll be ready as soon as he (find) his keys. After the plane (take off), you can sleep for a while. I ll send you a telegram as soon as she (return). When I arrive, I (send) you a postcard. We must go home before it (get) dark. I (not leave) before she arrives. I (ask) him again and again till he (answer) me. He (tell) you when you (ask) him. By the time he (finish) his work, I (be) on my way to Rome. I (help) her to look for it until we (find) it. It (be) prepared for you by the time you (get) back. 3. Fill in with till, before or as long as. Don t buy bananas they (be) cheaper. I will wait the price (go down). I live, I (not lend) him any money. I ll write to you I (leave) England. We must buy some oranges they (cost) more. Will you have a cup of tea you (go)? These sweaters are nice you (not wash) them. We must wait she (bring) the milk. Let s go home it (get) dark. People think that he is intelligent they (not speak) to him. 4. Translate. Až přijde, řekni mu, že na něho čekám. Až přečteš tu knihu, vrať mi ji. Počkám, až přijde. Až dostanete ten dopis, budu už v Londýně. Až budete pít tu whisky, vzpomeňte, že stála dvě stě korun. Až ho vyprovodíte na letiště, vraťte se do kanceláře. Budu pracovat na té disertaci, až ji dokončím. Až ji vyfotografuji, pošlu ti její obrázek. Než odjedu, přijdu vás navštívit. Jakmile to oznámí, sdělím mu to. Zatímco budeš míchat koktejl, připravím skleničky. Budu to opakovat tak dlouho, jak si budete přát. Jakmile začne program, zavolám tě. Až přijedu do Londýna, pošlu ti telegram. Budu tu stát, dokud nepřijede vlak. Než odjedu do Anglie, naučím se anglicky. Nepřestanu, dokud to nedokončím. Nebude spokojena, dokud jí ty šaty nekoupíš. Do té doby, než se vrátíš, budeme hotovi. 5. Practise following the model. The guests will arrive soon. Will you show them round? > Whe the guests arrive, I ll show them round. The weather will be better. Shall we go for a walk? - Mr Pitt will come. Will you tell him to stay a little longer? - The students will have time. Will they play tennis? - He ll lift the receiver. Will he dial the number? - The number will answer. Will he press in the coin? - She ll copy all the letters. Will she have a rest? 6. Translate using till or until (= dokud ne ). Zůstaneme v Praze, dokud od nich nedostaneme psaní. Jenda bude čekat, dokud ho matka nezavolá. Nemůžeme pokračovat, dokud tu knihu nedostaneme. Budu hledat jeho adresu, dokud ji nenajdu. Nebudu nic říkat, dokud se mne nezeptá. Nechám si ty peníze, dokud o ně nepožádá. Můžete zůstat u nás, dokud si nenajdete ubytování v hotelu. 7. Translate. Až ho uvidím, řeknu mu to. Až přijde domů, bude moc unavený. Až o tom uslyší, bude se zlobit. Budu ti psát, kdykoli budu moct. Zavolej mi, kdykoli budeš potřebovat radu. Uspořádá večírek, zatímco její rodiče budou pryč. Jestli zavolají rodiče, zatímco budu v hospodě, řekni jim, že jsem v knihovně. Potřebuji si s tebou promluvit, než odejdeš. Zkontroluj to zboží, než zaplatíš. Přečti si návod, než to použiješ. Budou bydlet s rodiči, 160

Clauses of Concession; Time Clauses; Gerund. Repeated Actions. dokud se nevezmou. Stále jděte, dokud nepřijdete k mostu. Nemůžeme jet, pokud nás nepozvou. Jakmile otevřu pusu, uslyší, že nejsem rodilý mluvčí. Než ho najdeme v hospodě, bude pozdě. Než dostaneš tento pohled, budu zase doma. Pošli nám pohled, až budeš příště v Anglii. Odjedeme, až budeme po obědě. Budeš se cítit mnohem lépe, až něco sníš. Pojďme na kafe poté, co nakoupíme. Zameť podlahu poté, co utřeš stoly, ne před tím. Chci jet do Anglie, jakmile skončím tento kurz. 161

OPAKOVANÝ DĚJ S + USED + TO INFINITIVE He used to come to see me every day. Navštěvoval mě každý den. I used to know her mother well. Znával jsem dobře její matku. You used to smoke a pipe, didn t you? Kouříval jsi lulku, že? Father used to tell me that story. Otec mi vyprávíval ten příběh. Otázka: Zápor: Used he to play football when he was young? Did he use to play football when he was young? He usedn t to play football when he was at the college. He didn t use to play football when he was at the college. EXERCISES 1. Put used to expression where possible. I listened to that radio programme every Sunday. He drank only Scotch whisky. He drank only Scotch whisky at yesterday s party. We regularly met at that Chinese restaurant. Mr Lee taught us French and Mrs Miller German. That book was read by young people up to the age of twenty. I lived in Prague. I lived in Prague during the war. He visited these places every year. We were great football fans. I called on them every Sunday. The charges for seats were very low last season. I was travelling in Africa when that happened. They regularly rang us in the evening. He was employed in a bank in 1990. There was a bookshop in that house. He often went for a walk in that park. There were two firms in London by the name of James. There was a tram stop near here. We often visited art galeries and exhibitions. I played football when I was young. 162

GERUND A. GERUNDIUM V PODMĚTU Fluent speach must be our goal. To speak fluently must be our goal. Speaking fluently must be our goal. Travelling is interesting Selling old cars is his job. Spending money is a pleasure to her. Talking about the matter is useless. Watching T.V. is his every-day programme. Listening to taped talks is a good exercise. Pozn.: Gerundium připojuje svůj předmět předložkou jen tehdy, když i odpovídající sloveso má předložku: to read books = reading books to listen to radio = listening to radio to wait for sb = waiting for sb Ale!!! Pozn.: Pokud jde o podstatné jméno, užívá se jednak členu a předložky of: (the) writing of books, (the) reading of letters, (the) singing of songs Pozn.: Gerundium je provázeno příslovcem, zatímco podstatné jméno přídavným jménem: Eating quickly is not good for health. x fluent speaking Writing correctly is important. x correct writing B. GERUNDIUM PO SLOVESECH JAKO PŘEDMĚT Start writing now. začít, začínat When did you begin studying English. Go on reading. pokračovat He kept (on) explaining the same thing. (... dál) When will continue working on your dissertation. you I finished reading the book last night. skončit Stop making that noise. přestat He gave up smoking cigars for ever. vzdát se (čeho) I He I ve I I don t I I like loves enjoyed prefer like dislike hate travelling skiing talking consulting showing queueing. arguing by plane. on hard snow. to him very much. the timetable to asking a guard. foreigners round. rád velmi rád raději... než... nerad with him. moc, strašně nerad What do you intend doing now. zamýšlet, hodlat I don t feel like eating a big meal now. nemám chuť, nechci 163

Clauses of Concession; Time Clauses; Gerund. Repeated Actions. I suggest going to the theatre. navrhovat I regret being unable to come. litovat He succeeded in passing the exam. uspět, podařit se Would you mind opening the window. Otevřel byste okno? C. GERUNDIUM S VLASTNÍM ČINITELEM I am looking forward to spending two days in Brno. (Těším se, že strávím dva dny v Brně) I am looking forward to his spending two days in Brno. (Těším se, že (on) stráví dva dny v Brně.) Peter s helping me. (a) his I rely on Peter (Spoléhám se (na) Mr. Brown helping me. (b) him a) Gerundium je blíže určeno přivlastňovacím zájmenem nebo přivlastňovacím pádem, ovšem pouze když je podmět gerundiální fráze jiný než podmět věty hlavní; b) Na předložku navazuje 4. pád substantiva, za kterým stojí přídavné jméno slovesné, nikoli gerundium; v hovorové angličtině se druhé konstrukci dává přednost. D. GERUNDIUM PO SLOVESECH S PŘEDLOŽKOU All of us rely (spoléhat se) on Jane passing that exam. It depends (záležet) on his lending me that sum. You must insist (trvat na něčem) on doing it at once. We must concentrate our efforts on improving education. We never thought of Paul s marrying Miss Lee. We ve heard of his visiting Scotland. Did you object to Joe s asking you that question. I must thank you for helping me. Who can prevent him from annoucing it publicly. The boys played at being Red Indians. They all laughed at my not daring to jump. Please excuse me for being late. Please excuse my interrupting you. E. GERUNDIUM PO PŘÍDAVNÝCH JMÉNECH She was busy washing dishes. The book isn t worth (stojí za) reading. He is proud having such a son. He is fond playing cards. Are you afraid of there being some troubles. He was ashamed (styděl se) being so awkward. I am tired repeating the same things. He was good at explaining these things. I m surprised at Mary having a friend. 164

F. GERUNDIUM PO SPOJKÁCH A PŘEDLOŽKÁCH After crossing the street she turned to the left. Before going abroad you ll have to settle those things. He left without saying goodbye. He has been playing all the instead of writing his paper. afternoon He won the race in spite of being handicapped. He made a living teaching English. Do you know what she meant by making that remark? He stopped us putting up his hand. EXERCISES 1. Give affirmative answers, using the below model. Is it interesting to travel in foreign countries? = Yes, travelling in foreign countries is interesting. Is it possible to transport machines by plane? Is it difficult to learn non-european languages? Is it safe to cross the street? Does it cost much to take meals at the Palace? Does it take much time to go over the whole Zoo? Is it good manners to talk to one s neighbour at table? Does is sound reasonable to accept his offer? 2. Change the following sentences, following the example. Bill will marry that girĺ. It will be announced. = Bill s marrying that girl will be announced. Mr Brown will spend the money. It will leave his family without a penny. - Miss Ball is ill. It will make things more difficult. - She made these mistakes again. It made the teacher nervous. - Lucy is going to marry a pop-singer. It will make her mother unhappy. - You won t speak to Miss Lee. It will make things worse. - We put the money on the desk. It was very risky. - Mrs Harvey s husband will say so. It will change nothing. 3. Practise the individual verbs, using the models above. Are you going to visit the art gallery? - Yes. In fact, I m looking forward to visiting it. I am greatly interested in visiting it. Nothing will stop me from visiting it. Is Tom going to visit Great Britain? Is she going to listen to that programme? Are you going to meet those people? Are you going to discuss these problems with Professor Smith? He won first prize. Did you congratulate him? Yes. I congratulated him on winning the prize. Was he proud? Yes, he was proud of winning the prize. Was he delighted? Yes, he was delighted at winning... He passed his final exams. Peter married a very beautiful girl. He finished his Fifth Symphony. Toland beat the word champion six to nil. You are very late. I apologize for being late. Please excuse my being so late. I regret being so late. We are taking up much of your time. Mr French is sometimes rather rude. They have to postpone the meeting. He won t be able to attend the meeting. 165

Clauses of Concession; Time Clauses; Gerund. Repeated Actions. I rely on Peter. He will help me. = I rely on Peter helping me. I count on his helping me. I rely on Mary. She will certainly come too. - We all rely on him. He will lend us some money. - I rely on Charles. He will tell us Jane s phone number. - We rely on them. They will send us a telegram. He insists that he shall come with us. = He insists on coming with us, but I try to prevent him from doing it. The Browns insist that they shall invite our friends too. He insists that he will use the phrase. They insist that they shall meet us at the station. Mr Burns insists that he will buy a new car. Do you mind if I smoke here? = Do you mind my smoking here? No, not in the least. Do you mind if I go to the club tonight? Come a little sooner, please. Do you mind if he wears that brown suit? Don t drive so fast, will you. Do you mind if I pay a ticket for you. Don t leave out these words, will you. 4. Create the gerund phrases on base of the pairs of sentences. He always read in bed before falling asleep. What was he used to? - She has won first prize. Is she proud of it? - Let s try to persuade him. Is it any good? - Let s consider another method of doing it. Is it any use? - He ll be collaborating with us. Do you object to it? - Jane may fail the exam. Are you afraid of it? They are praising him highly. Are you surprised at it? - John is going to lend you a hand. Do you rely on it? - Your husband has been accredited to Madrid. Do you like the idea? - Tom isn t behaving himself. Are you sorry about it? - We can get this computer second-hand. Is there any possibility? Lots of people would like to work in Germany. Are they interested in it? - Are you going to spend so much money on that project? Is the project worth it? - That political party wants to solve the problem of security. Did it focus its attention on it? - On Monday the palace was open to the public. Did you take the opportunity to visit it? - He may send me a cheque soon. Are you depending on it? - My son is pretty sure to get the job. Are you so optimistic about it? - He s going to leave for Africa next week. Have you heard of it? - There were not enough chairs for all the guests. Did the host appologize for it? - He wanted to spend that large sum on entertainment. Did you try to stop him? - They are going to pay for goods in cash. Is there any advantage in it? - The clown was making faces. Did the children laugh at him? - Matters won t get any better. There s no chance of it, is there? 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive). I am looking forward to (see) you. It s no use (wait). He warned her (not touch) the wire. Don t forget (lock) the door before (go) to bed. My mother told me (not speak) to anyone about it. I can t understand her (behave) like that. He tried (explain) but she refused (listen). At dinner she annoyed me by (smoke) between courses. You are expected (know) the safety regulations of the college. I am prepared (wait) here all night if necessary. Would you mind (show) me how (work) the lift? I am beginning (understand) what you mean. He was fined for (exceed) the speed limit. The boys like (play) games but hate (do) lessons. Please go on (write); I don t mind (wait). He wore dark glasses (avoid) (be) recognized. Before (give) evidence you must swear (speak) the truth. I tried (persuade) him (agree) with your proposal. Would you mind (shut) the window? I have no intention of (go) to that film. I suggest (telephone) the hospitals before (ask) the police (look) for him. After (hear) the conditions I decided (not enter) the competition. Some people seem (have) a passion for (write) to the newspapers. He expects me (answer) by return but I have no intention of (reply) at all. By (offer) enormous wages he is persuading men (leave) 166

Clauses of Concession; Time Clauses; Gerund. Repeated Actions. their present jobs and (work) for him. The horse won t be well enough (run) in tomorrow s race. He doesn t seem (have recovered) from his long journey. At first I enjoyed (listen) to him but after a while I got tired of (hear) the same story again. It is usually easier (learn) a subject by (read) books than by (listen) to lectures. I used (ride) a lot but I haven t had a chance (do) any since (come) here. I ride sometimes. Would you like (come) with me next time? Most people prefer (spend) money to (earn) it. I didn t feel like (work) so I suggested (spend) the day in the garden. Why do you keep (look) back? Are you afraid of (be) followed? It s no use (try) (interrupt) him. You ll have (wait) till he stops (talk). He didn t like (leave) children alone in the house. I m very sorry for (be) late. I keep (try) mayonnaise. The car began (make) an extraordinary noise so I stopped (see) what it was. He decided (put) broken glass on top of his wall (prevent) boys (climb) over it. I didn t mind (offend) anyone but somehow I succeeded in (annoy) them all. 6. Translate into English. Budeme muset odložit návštěvu muzea na pozítří. Bylo už pozdě, ale on hovořil dál a dával další příklady, až někdo navrhl, abychom skončili a sešli se znovu ve středu. Kdybyste mi laskavě půjčil ten slovník. Proč navrhujete použít této metody? Už začali stavět to nové sídliště? Lituji, že nebudu moci přijít na váš večírek. Myslíte, že se budu moci vyhnout tomu, abych se s ním setkal? Jak se vám podařilo složit zkoušku z matematiky? Nemohu riskovat, že přijdu pozdě na nádraží. Nevadí mi, když musím vstávat brzo ráno. Strašně nerad s takovými lidmi mluvím. Nemám chuť o té věci znovu diskutovat. Rád diskutuji o těchto věcech, ale s ním bych nerad o tom diskutoval. Co zamýšlíte dělat, až skončíte studium na této škole? Jezdíte raději do práce metrem nebo autem? Měl jsem požitek z poslechu českých árií. Přestaň se, prosím tě, na ty věci ptát. Víš, že o těch věcech nerad hovoří. Kdy budete pokračovat ve výkladu této gramatické struktury? Strávil jsem hodně času opravou svého vozu. Pojďme si zatancovat! Rád čtu. Miluje ležení na pláži. Nenávidí dělání zkoušek. Raději sedí nalevo. Přestaň mluvit! Ten pes zaštěkal a dítě začalo plakat. Pořád něco zapomínám. Jestli jsi nemocný, měl by ses vyhnout kouření. Nesnáším, když se na mě někdo dívá, když jím. Je radši, když je navštěvujeme v neděli. Navrhl jsem, aby se vykoupal. Odešel jsem z místnosti, aniž by mne někdo slyšel. Trval jsem na tom, že půjde se mnou. Nemá význam mu to říkat. Už nestojí za to kupovat ten časopis. Co takhle pozvat Paula a Rebeku? Co kdybychom šli v neděli na oběd. Ona je zcela pro to, aby se zítra jelo na výlet. Nemohu si pomoct, ale myslím si, že na tom příběhu je něco divného. Viděl jsem ho, jak se prochází s tvou sestrou po parku. Slyšíš někoho přicházet? 167

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CAUSE/REASON OR RESULT Příčinné spojky jsou because, for (stojí uprostřed příčinného souvětí nebo navazují na předchozí větu. Spojky as, since seeing that stojí na začátku souvětí. I would advise you to take your umbrella, because (for) it is raining. As (Since, Seeing that) it is raining, I would advise you to take your umbrella. Why didn t you come soon? Because I missed the bus. Příčinný (důvodový) vztah vyjadřují i předložková spojení because of, owing to, due to kvůli, pro. Because of strong wind, the explorers had to put off their experiments. Owing to a big schedule, I had to postpone my visit to Brighton. Due to bad weather the plane didn t take off. Důsledek (výsledkový vztah) se v angličtině vyjadřuje výrazy so, as a result, therefore, so/such (that). He was tired (and) so he went to bed early. It was raining hard and as a result we didn t go out. I failed my driving test the first time and therefore I took it again. It was raining hard. As a result, we didn t go out. I failed my driving test the first time. Therefore, I took it again. The film was so good (that) I went to see it again. It was such a beautiful afternoon (that) we decided to go out for a walk. 168

WISH-SENTENCES Větou přací uváděnou spojkami ať, kéž si přejeme uskutečnění něčeho. Tu je v angličtině opis s may (jen v knižním stylu) nebo předrážka I hope a modální opis. May you be happy. May the best man win! I hope she can come. Ať jste šťastni! Ať vyhraje ten nejlepší! Kéž bude moci přijít! Větou přací uváděnou výrazy kéž by, kdyby tak, kdyby jen, škoda, že ne předkládáme uskutečnění přání jako nejvýše jen možné. Tu je v angličtině předrážka I wish nebo if only a tvar slovesa v minulém nebo předminulém čase. I wish I knew how to do it. I wish I were healthy again. I wish I didn t have to go there. I wish he had been with us there. If only I knew what to do now! If only I had listened to her! Kéž bych / Kdybych jen věděl, jak to udělat! Jen abych byl zase zdravý! Kéž bych tam tak nemusel chodit! Škoda, že tam tenkrát s námi nebyl. Kdybych tak věděl, co teď! Kdybych byl tenkrát na ni dal! EXERCISES 1. Rephrase. I m poor. If only I wasn t / weren t poor! I didn t know what was behind it. I never listened carefully to what she said. No one warned her. He isn t reasonable when it comes to the problem of money. She can t cook. He left my suitcase on the train. They have to change their jobs. They aren t critical. 2. Translate. Kdybych se byl tenkrát více učil! Kéž bych měl příště více štěstí než teď! Kéž by si to nerozmyslel! Kdyby si aspoň nevymýšlel tak hloupé výmluvy! Ať vyhraje ten nejlepší! Škoda, že není praktičtější! Škoda, že jsem to nevěděl. (Já bych) radši kdybyste přišel o něco dřív. Přál bych si, abych to byl nikdy neřekl. Škoda, že je tvoje představa tak nerealistická. Kéž bys nemusel jít domů tak brzy. Doufám, že se ti ten film bude líbit. Doufám, že se tam dostaneme včas. Kdybych tam měl více volného času. Kdyby tak nebylo pozdě! Kdyby tak nepršelo. Kéž bych byl vyšší. Kéž by byl pátek. Kéž bych uměl francouzsky. Kéž bys teď nemusel jít. Příště bych raději šel někam jinam. Raději bych byl lékařem než zubařem. Byl bych radši, kdyby to udělal on. Kdybychom si tak byli vybrali jiný hotel! Kdybys to tak byl neříkal! Kéž bych byl nepřijal jejich nabídku! Kéž bych byl dnes nevstal tak pozdě! Raději bych si byl koupil ten větší slovník, ale neměl jsem dost peněz 169