Dostupnost fosforu pro rostliny z biologicky rozložitelných odpadů 12. ročník mezinárodní konference biologicky rozložitelné odpady 21. - 23. září 2016 v Náměšti nad Oslavou Záhora J. 1
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Electrogenic or Hydrogen or Proton Pump * It transports hydrogen ions out of the cell. * The change of charge in the cells allows for the storage of ATP. * The voltage created across the membranes allows for other processes in the cell, including photosynthesis and cellular respiration. * It occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Membránové transportní systémy (a) Jednoduchý transport (b) Translokace skupiny (c) Systém ABC vazebný protein váže substanci k transportování (1), ta je transportována integrálním proteinem (2) a nutná energie je získána hydrolýzou ATP na proteinu (3) 4
O 26.09.2016 Urea CO(NH 2 ) 2 Amonná hnojiva NH 3 N 2 O N 2 Zbytky rostlin a jiné organické vstupy Amonifikace Hydrolýza NH 3 Nitrátová hnojiva O 2 NH 4 + Amonifikace Imobilizace Půdní organická hmota NO 3 - NO 2 - NO 3 - NO N 2 O Aerobní zóna Anaerobní zóna O 2 Vyplavování 5
26.09.2016 Atmosférické depozice SO2 Vstupy organických látek (methionin a cystein) Síranová hnojiva H2S Mořské řasy (Emiliania huxleyi) SO42- Aerobní zóna Aktivity mikroorganismů a produkce mikrobní biomasy O2 Horninový zásobník S (pyrit) Mineralizace Anaerobní zóna (CH3) 2S H2S O2 Desulfurikace SO32Terestrický ekosystém Anoxické sedimenty O Oceánický ekosystém Zásobníky Sklizeň Vstupy Výstupy Povrchový odtok a eroze Primární minerály (apatit) Organický P * mikrobiální, * zbytky rostlin a živočichů, * humus Povrchy minerálů (jíly, oxidy Fe a Al, uhličitany) P v půdním roztoku HPO42-, H2PO4- Sekundární sloučeniny (CaP, FeP, MnP, AlP) 6
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Jak zlepšit dostupnost živin v půdě, http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch05s04.html Jak zlepšit dostupnost živin v půdě, http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch05s04.html 8
Jak zlepšit dostupnost živin v půdě, http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch05s04.html Jak zlepšit dostupnost živin v půdě, http://grabngrowsoil.com/gardening-how-to/understanding-basic-soil-chemistry/ 9
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Zásobníky Vstupy Sklizeň Výstupy Povrchový odtok a eroze Organický P * mikrobiální, * zbytky rostlin a živočichů, * humus Primární minerály (apatit) Povrchy minerálů (jíly, oxidy Fe a Al, uhličitany) P v půdním roztoku HPO 4 2-, H 2 PO 4 - Sekundární sloučeniny (CaP, FeP, MnP, AlP) Lehmann,J., Kleber, M.(2015) The contentious nature of soil organicmatter., Vol5 2 8 Nature 60-68 Weighing up the empirical information supporting either thehistoric or evidence-based interpretation of the nature of soil organicmatter. A consolidated assessment of scientific evidence published overthe past two decades provides explanations for the properties of alkaline extracts that do not require invoking the secondary synthesis of humic substances. Lehmann,J., Kleber, M.(2015) The contentious nature of soil organicmatter., Vol5 2 8 Nature 60-68 11
A major aspect of the humic supramolecular conformation is that it is stabilized predominantly by weak dispersive forces instead of covalent linkages (Piccolo, 2001). Here, for the first time, a complete range of physical states of a whole soil can be studied. This provides a more detailed understanding of soil organic matter at the molecular level itself key to develop the most efficient and agricultural techniques, and better predict carbon sequestration and climate change. MasoomHussain et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 1670 1680 Here a novel form of NMR withcapabilities to study all physical phases termed ComprehensiveMultiphase NMR, is applied to analyze soil in its naturalstate. The key structural components in soil organicmatter are identified to be largely composed of macromolecularinputs from degrading biomass. Polar lipid headsand carbohydrates dominate the soil water interface whilelignin and microbes are arranged in a more hydrophobic interior. Lignin domains cannot be penetrated by aqueous solvents evenat extreme ph indicating they are the most hydrophobic environment in soil. MasoomHussain et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 1670 1680 12
MasoomHussain et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 1670 1680 Concept of microbial hotspots in soil: Hotspots are small soil volumes withmuch higher process rates and intensive interactions compared to the average soilconditions. The Table inset represents the relative volume and process rates in thehotspots and bulk soil. Mean represents the weighted average process rates by soil mixing. Y. Kuzyakov, 186 E. Blagodatskaya/ Soil Biology & Biochemistry 83 (2015) 184-199 13
Mikrofotografie kořenové čepičky s mucilagem (kukuřice) (Zdroj: V. Sobolev, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture - ARS USDA) Vylučování mucilagu a uvolňování buněk z kořenové čepičky na vrcholu kořene bavlníku, 30 sekund po ponoření do vody. Courtesy Gilberto Curlango-Rivera (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona), et al. Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-09-secret-life-underground-microbes-root.html#jcp 14
CnH 2n O n N N ox ox N N org S org S ox ox P P ox ox N N red red Živiny v půdním roztoku CnH 2n O n 15
CnH 2n O n Extracelulární enzymy Extracelulární enzymy bacterial-feeders such as protozoa food vacuoles (vesicles) 16
Induction of lateral root growth Predation accelerates microbial turnover NH 4 + 17
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Enhanced biological phosphorus removal is widely used to remove phosphorus from wastewater. The process relies on polyphosphate accumulating organisms that are able to take up phosphorus in excess of what is needed for growth, whereby phosphorus can be removed from the wastewater by wasting the biomass. However, glycogen accumulating organisms may reduce the EBPR efficiency as they compete for substrates with PAOs, but do not store excessive amounts of polyphosphate. Composite FISH micrographs ofactivated sludge fromthe (A) lab-scale reactorand (B) the full-scale WWTP at Tarm, Denmark. In both images Ca. Propionivibrio aalborgensis cells appear white having hybridized with Prop207 (green), PAOmix(red) (A) PAO462+PAO846; (B) PAO462+PAO846+PAO651) and EUBmix (blue); Ca. Accumulibacter sp. appear magenta with their cells hybridizing the PAOmix and EUBmix probe sets; all other cells hybridized with EUB mix only and appear blue. Scalebar represents 20 µm. 19
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