Contents. Part-I. dq`n izkfkfed` okd;-fou;kl Auxiliary Verbs lgk;d` fdz`;kvkí d`ks Finite Verbs eq ;

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1 Contents Part-I Chapters Pages 1. fo";-izosæ (Introductory) 3 11 (i) fgunh O;kd`j. ds` ikfjhkf"d` æcn vksj muds` vaxszth ÔikUrj 3 (ii) okd; ds` Hkx (Parts of a sentence) 4 (iii) æcn-hsn (Parts of Speech) 5 (iv) fojke-fpõ (Punctuation Marks) 5 (v) d`kjd` vksj muds` Hsn 6 (Cases and their Kinds) (vi) O;fDrokpd` lozukekí ds` fofhuu Ôi 7 (Different Forms of Personal Pronouns) (vii) viuk/viuh/vius,oa Lo;aokpd` lozuke 8 (Their Forms in English) (viii) lecu okpd`,oa iz'uokpd` lozuke 9 (Relative and Interrogative Pronouns) (ix) d`k vksj muds` [ M 9 (Tenses and Their Divisions) (x) dq`n fdz`;k-foæs".kí (Adverbs) ds` vaaxzsth ÔikUrj 10 (xi) okd;kí ds` izd`kj (Kinds of Sentences) Some Primary/Basic Sentence Structures dq`n izkfkfed` okd;-fou;kl Auxiliary Verbs lgk;d` fdz`;kvkí d`ks Finite Verbs eq ; fdz`;kvkí ds` Ôi eí iz;ksx d`jrs gq, Sentence Structures okd;- fou;kl (i) Is, Are, Am ls cuus ok s Structures 12 (ii) Was, Were ls cuus ok s Structures 17 (iii) Has, Have, Had ls cuus ok s Structures 21 (iv) Do, Does, Did ls cuus ok s Structures 29

2 ( viii ) 3. Sentence Structures in Different Tenses fhuu-fhuu d`k kí esa okd;-fou;kl Three Forms of Verbs fdz`;kvkí ds` rhu Ôi Short Forms of the Terms used in this Book bl iqlrd` eí iz;qdr dq`n lw( o lads`r (1) Structures in the Present Tense (i) Simple Present or Present Indefinite Tense 37 lkeku; orzeku d`k (ii) Present Continuous Tense 41 viw.z ;k tkjh orzeku d`k (iii) Present Perfect Tense 45 iw.z orzeku d`k (iv) Present Perfect Continuous Tense 49 iw.z viw.z orzeku d`k (2) Structures in the Past Tense (i) Simple Past or Past Indefinite Tense 53 lkeku; Hwrd`k (ii) Past Continuous Tense 57 viw.z ;k tkjh Hwrd`k (iii) Past Perfect Tense 61 iw.z Hwrd`k (iv) Past Perfect Continuous Tense 66 iw.z viw.z Hwrd`k (3) Structures in the Future Tense (i) Simple Future or Future Indefinite Tense 71 lkeku; HfoÆ;d`k (ii) Future Continuous Tense 74 viw.z ;k tkjh HfoÆ;d`k (iii) Future Perfect Tense 78 iw.z HfoÆ;d`k (iv) Future Perfect Continuous Tense 82 iw.z viw.z HfoÆ;d`k 4. Structures of Interrogative Sentences iz'uokpd` okd;ksa ds fou;kl (i) Interrogative Sentences Formed with verbs to be 87 ( To be fdz`;kvkí ls cuus ok s iz'uokpd` okd; (ii) Interrogative Sentences Formed with Has / Have / Had 88 (Has / Have / Had ls cuus ok s iz'uokpd` okd;

3 ( ix ) (iii) Interrogative Sentences in Different Tenses 89 fhuu-fhuu d`k kí eí cuus ok s iz'uokpd` okd; (iv) Interrogative Sentences in the Present/Past/Future Indefinite Tenses 90 lkeku; orzeku/hwrd`k /HfoÆ;d`k ds iz'uokpd` okd; (v) Interrogative Sentences in the Present / Past / Future Continuous Tenses 92 viw.z orzeku / Hwrd`k / HfoÆ;d`k ds iz'uokpd` okd; (vi) Interrogative Sentences in the Present/ Past/Future Perfect Tenses 95 iw.z orzeku/hwrd`k /HfoÆ;d`k ds iz'uokpd` okd; (vii) Interrogative Sentences in the Present/Past/Future Perfect Continuous Tense 97 iw.z viw.z orzeku/hwrd`k /HfoÆ;d`k ds iz'uokpd` okd; (viii) Interrogative Sentences Formed with Interrogative Pronouns 100 iz'uokpd` lozuke ls cuus ok s iz'uokpd` okd; (ix) Interrogative Sentences Formed with Interrogative Adverbs 102 iz'uokpd fdz`;k fo'ks". ls cuus ok s iz'uokpd` okd; (x) Double Interrogative Sentences 103 nqgjs iz'uokpd` okd; 5. Structures of Negative Sentences ud`kjkred` okd;ksa ds fou;kl (i) Negative Sentences Formed with No / Never 105 ( No / Never ls cuus ok s ud`kjkred` okd; (ii) Negative Sentences Formed with Not 106 ( Not ls cuus ok s ud`kjkred` okd; (iii) Some other Negative Expressions 109 dq`n vu; ud`kjkred in (iv) Short Forms of Some Negative Expressions 110 dq`n ud`kjkred` inkí ds laf{kir Ôi 6. Structures in the Passive Voice d`ezokp; eí okd;-fou;kl (i) Passive Structures in Different Tenses 112 fhuu-fhuu d`k kí eí d`ezokp; ds` fou;kl

4 ( x ) (ii) Passive Structures of Interrogative Sentences 117 iz'uokpd` okd;kí d`k d`ezokp; eí fou;kl (iii) Passive Structures of Imperative Sentences 120 vknsækred` okd;kí d`k d`ezokp; eí fou;kl 7. Structures of Sentences in Indirect Narration vizr;{k d`fku eí okd;-fou;kl (i) Rules of Connectives 123 lecu -d`kjd` æcn (ii) Changes in Pronouns 124 lozukekí eí ifjorzu (iii) Changes in Tenses 125 d`k [ MkÍ eí ifjorzu (iv) Miscellaneous Changes 126 vu; ifjorzu 8. Structures of Question Tags or Tail Questions la Xud` iz'ukí ds` fou;kl 9. Structures of Short Responses or Short Replies laf{kir m jkí ds fou;kl 10. Structures of Conditional Sentences ærzlwpd` okd;kí ds` fou;kl 11. Structures of Imperative Sentences vkkk-izkfkzuk lwpd` okd;kí ds` fou;kl 12. Structures of Optative Sentences bpnk] vkæk] vfh k"kcks d` okd;kí ds` fou;kl 13. Structures of Exclamatory Sentences fole;cks d` okd;kí ds` fou;kl 14. Structures of Sentences with Introductory There ( There ls æqô gksus ok s okd;kí ds` fou;kl 15. Structures of Sentences with Introductory It ( It ls æqô gksus ok s okd;kí ds` fou;kl 16. Structures of Sentences Beginning with a Phrase or Clause fd`lh Phrase ;k Clause ls æqô gksus ok s okd;kí ds fou;kl 17. Structures of Emphatic or Compelling Sentences c nsrs gq, ;k ck ;d`kjh okd;kí ds` fou;kl

5 ( xi ) 18. Structures of Causative Sentences izsjd` okd;kí ds` fou;kl 19. Structures of Sentences Beginning with a Negative Expression ud`kjkred` in ls vkjeh gksus ok s okd;kí ds` fou;kl 20. Structures of Sentences using Be + going to ( Be + going to ds` iz;ksx ls cuus ok s okd;kí ds` fou;kl 21. Structures of Sentences using Be + Infinitive (Be + Infinitive ls cuus ok s okd;kí ds` fou;kl 22. Structures of Sentences using Need and Dare ( Need vksj Dare ds` iz;ksx ls cuus ok s okd;kí ds` fou;kl 23. Use of Different Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases fhuu-fhuu fdz`;k foæs". æcnkí vksj inkí ds` iz;ksx (i) Time-Showing d`k lwpd` æcn vksj muds` iz;ksx 180 (ii) Place-Showing LFkkulwpd` æcn vksj muds` iz;ksx 183 (iii) Conditional ærzlwpd` æcn vksj muds` iz;ksx 187 (iv) Reason/Cause-Showing d`kj.lwpd` æcn vksj muds` iz;ksx 188 (v) Result-Showing ifj.kelwpd` æcn vksj muds` iz;ksx 188 (vi) Concession-showing ;»filwpd` æcn vksj muds` iz;ksx 189 (vii) Correlative Words ikjlifjd`iwjd` æcn vksj muds` iz;ksx 190 (viii) Adverbial Phrases and Conjunctions 192 fdz`;k foæs".,oa lecu lwpd` æcn vksj muds` iz;ksx 24. Passages for Translation into English (1) Solved vuqokfnr Passages (2) Passages for Practice Words and Phrases Relating to Courtesy, Etiquette and Good Manners in Hindi and English uezrk] fæævkpkj,oa lnωo;ogkj ls lecfu r æcn,oa okd;kaæ fgunh vksj vaxzsth eí 26. Sentences of Everyday Use Translated from Hindi into English fnu-izfrfnu iz;ksx eí vkus ok s okd;kí d`k fgunh ls vaxzsth eí vuqokn Lokxr] fe u,oa fonkbz (211); U;okn,oa d~`rkrk (213); c kbz,oa æqhd`keuk, (213); fo'okl,oa izksrlkgu (215); Lusg,oa izæalk (216); [sn vksj {kek ;kpuk (217); lgkuqhwfr,oa lkurouk (218);

6 ( xii ) æksd` vksj laosnuk (219); HkX;æk h ;k nqhkzx;æk h (220); izkfkzuk (221); fueu(. (222); fueu(.-i( d`h Lohd~`fr (222); fueu(.-i( d`ks Lohd`kj d`jus eí vlefkzrk (223); Lohd~`fr,oa lgefr (224); vlohd~`fr,oa vlgefr (225); vuqefr (225); eukgh (226); vkkk,oa funszæ (228); ukjktxh (230); dz`ks (232); >xmèk (233); Hkstu vksj Hkstu-lEcU h vknrí (234); le; vksj d`k (236); eksle vksj )`rq;sa (237); Hkocks d` æcn,oa okd; (239); dq`n vu; æcn,oa okd;kaæ (240). 27. The Same Hindi Word used in Different Contexts fgunh ds`,d` gh æcn d`k fhuu-fhuu lanhksû eí vuqokn d`kvuk (243); nsuk (244); suk (245); NksMÈuk (245); ns[uk (246); p uk (247); xuk (247); d`juk (248); [ks uk (249); j[uk (250); fe±h (250); :i;k/ u (251); kh/œ`k;nk (252); ckr/ckr d`juk (253); d`ke (254); uke (254); cmèk (255); idd`k (256); NksVk (257); iqjkuk/izkphu/mez (258). 28. Idioms eqgkojkí d`k vuqokn Phrases okd;kaækí d`k vuqokn Phrases in Pairs tksmèkí eí cus okd;kaæ Idiomatic Comparisons eqgkojsnkj rq uk;í Proverbs ksd`ksfdr;kí d`k vuqokn Formation of Genders f ax ifjorzu Conversion of Numbers opu eí ikjlifjd` ifjorzu Degrees of Adjective foæs". d`h rhu Jsf.;k Appropriate Prepositions (Prepositions ds` lgh iz;ksx Part II 1. vaxzsth vksj fgunh ds` okd;-fou;klkí d`k rq ukred` fo' s" dq`n egroiw.z funszæ dq`n vuqokfnr vuqpnsn v ;kl ds` f, vuqpnsn