Preface. 1 Copyright 2006 Aleš Grmela :18

Transkript

1 Preface Dear reader, You have started to read the book about the human brain. This book is intended for all readers who want to learn how the human brain works. The book is intended to all readers including those who are not involved in the studying the human brain function every day as everyday work. The book is not only intended for very limited group of scientists for their scientific work. In spite of that they can find out in here a lot of information useful for their scientific work. I have decided to write this book to inform you and all public about my newest knowledge leading to understanding how the human brain works not only from the point-of-view of medical research but also from the point-of-view of the modern mathematics and computer science. In spite of that do not search here for complex mathematical technical theories but you will find here generally readable understandable description of the function of what the nature was able to build-up human brain. The people endeavor during many years to understand how the human and animal brains work. The mostly are people interested in their own brain and understand the human brain as a simple one to be interested in it. Such imagination is incorrect. The animal brain is so complex that we do not have technologies that would replace such simple and disdained animal brain. People are convinced that animal brain is only simplified human brain. But we do not know the animal brain so we could say we understand it fully. At the research made on animals we do not solve ethical problems of the death of the animal during the research. However, the research made on humans cannot be made using method harming tested person or to caused it death. Therefore the human brain is hidden by many secrets. Research of the brain made using so-called invasive methods have many problems because of many reasons. Invasive methods of curing or research are such methods that harm testes object man or animal. As far as it is not possible to use invasive method of the research it is necessary to know behavior of the brain after certain irreversible actions. It is important to wait for cases when some injury happens or some other event without any active action of the man that harm another person. Then it is need to harvest maximum of information from such unhappy situation to understand function of the brain after certain injury. Next important possibility is use of the non-invasive methods of the research of the brain. It means methods that do not harm tested person. There belong creation of theories about brain function as whole and its parts only theoretically and from events happening unintentionally that provide us with material for research. 1

2 The nature and life provides us with so many events when harm of the man happens. Often there are events that are useful for scientists to use it for the human brain research. The next important aspect of the brain research is very big variation of the brains of different people. The brains of two different people are surely different. We cannot fully rely on information gained from one brain function or from harm on the one person it holds also for another person. In spite of that at the very big number of functions we can say they are common to the most of people. Scientists gain from the brain harm more information when they are theoretically prepared for big amount of different types of discrepancies of the correct brain function. Therefore it is necessary to create such big number of theories that are either confirmed or disconfirmed with the support of empirically gained information using harm to the people. This will contribute to the creation of new theories waiting for event that will confirm them or on opposite disconfirm them. Curriculum of the practice and theory is being created that finally brings awaited success in the form of better understanding to the function of the human brain. Therefore it is necessary to direct to the theoretical research showing us correct way to the goal whilst no one is harmed on this way. I have started to make such research in I started to use complex and sophisticated mathematical theories to research biological systems. It can be seemed that theoretical does not lead to the goal as well as the research made on real people. During the time I do such research I have convinced myself that such research type belongs to the other types of the research and it not replaceable with anything else. Empiric knowledge must use theoretical knowledge and opposite way. This theoretical research uses knowledge of other experts in many different sciences who discovered many interesting about the brain. Such research joins knowledge of other experts into new relations with the use of mathematics and computer science gives them new dimension. Contrary to the biological sciences can the new relations be found using mathematics that hold generally not for the brain only but for all nature. I tried to use these methods for the research of the human brain. I will to not go into the details in this book and to make you tired of complex mathematical formulas. This book is intended for all readers who are interested in the function of the human brain especially about your own brain. The book is intended to show not only how the brainwork but also what is harmful to the brain and what is positive to the brain. The main goal of the book is to help people understand themselves and not to rely on experts who help in the moment when problem occurs. When the problem occurs it is possible to fix it using medical care. However, the doctors and not only they agree with opinion that it is better when the problem does not occur at all. It is just better to avoid a problem at the beginning. I would compare the health to the porcelain cup that you destroy while you manage it not very carefully, for example into two pieces. You can fix such cup using super glue and you can use it again. In spite of that you can find it has lost something from its original beauty. Clearly it is not that original beautiful cup. It is crashed that is visible and it will be there forever. You can buy the new cup again in the most cases. The health you cannot buy and nobody can. It is similar with the health and life. It is always better when the serious diseases do not occur than when we have to cure it using complicated methods. We can sometimes cure some diseases. The clues always remain after such disease in the body. If the disease is easily curable consequences are either small or none. But if the disease is serious then the clues are permanent. The most typical diseases bringing permanent and irreversible changes in the body are the cardiovascular diseases. There belongs heart attack (heart infarction), brain attack (brain infarction), etc. Consequences of such diseases are always irreversible and they are always very serious. Therefore it is necessary to avoid them. This book describes function of the human brain. How it could of any help to the diseases of the body? Such question seems to be nonsense for the first view. Therefore it is necessary to realize that the human brain controls all body. 2

3 Without the brain would the whole body be nonfunctional. The brain is absolute ruler. Any dysfunction of the brain soon shows incorrect function of the body. Take care of our brains as we are only our brains are. Take care not only about you but take care also about brains of others who live with us or who are related to us any way. Everything we do for others is returned to us sooner or later. Let talk to ourselves how can I take care of others brains? I do not have any rights to this. It is not true, of course. We have not only right but it is our duty to take care about people around us. How we can do it? The answer to this question seems to be simple for the first view. Do not harm people around us. They will not mentally suffer. This will be our contribution to taking care about brains of other people including to our own brain. If other suffer from our activity very soon we will suffer from them. Sometimes it is intentional in the form of revenge whereas sometimes it unintentional as a change of form of behavior. If someone treats me somehow than hw/she expects me I will treat him/hem the same way I expect. Such person is not able to realize often that he/she started certain for of treatment or discussion. If the treatment is bad then it can be understood as an aggression from the originally affected side. And such person starts self-defense much harder or stronger comparing to the original attack. The people can originate closed circle of aggression. And it is very difficult to stop it. Understanding the function of the brain can help you to avoid many not good events in your life and it can help you to keep your mental stability and health in maximum possible way. Every one of us has a different ability to understand the function of his/her brain and to influence out own life so it corresponds with the newest knowledge about the brain function. It is needed to try at least to partially influence the life to the something better. Often it is not difficult. We would like to do knowing how. Therefore it is more than necessary to learn such natural laws. Only this will help us to save in front of the pity the nature can give to every one who breaks the natural laws. Breaking the natural laws is shown at men by the instability of the life. This will cause diseases or some type of unhappiness. This book is interested in how to program your brain and how to influence some events in your life so you could keep your life in better conditions regarding the mental and physical health. My goal was to show how brain controls life of a man. How it can help and how it can harm. There were many examples on the Earth when the control computer caused crash of the airplane and many other catastrophes. The human brain is also control computer controlling us not harm ourselves. In spite of that the brain can harm us when we do not take care about it. Everybody who decided to learn to understand his/her brain will effort to improve his/her soul and the health. Not every one will succeed to understand the brain, however, every one will profit from it that will try it and will learn control his/her brain at least in part. It is not possible to know everything about the brain. There exists no one on the Earth who would know everything about the brain. The pathway to the search for the truth about the brain is so interesting, exciting and suggesting that it is not possible to replace it with anything else. The stories conceived by people cannot be compared with fantastic feeling of the man who is involved in the gaining the information about himself/herself, about nature and the truth. I believe that this book can be of a use for you it will help you in troubles you can meet in life. The book can help you in better understanding how to keep your own health at least in the status you have it now or to improve it. I do not promise miracles. I assume only that understanding the brain function allows men to organize the life so you could prevent health problems that must be cured using strong medicaments or using operations. Strong medicaments have many undesirable side effects and operative treatment always mean some attack to the body that has always some consequences. 3

4 Method of the soul understanding is safe in that everybody is healing himself/herself with no use of chemical medicaments. Practical no one can harm himself/herself. Understanding own soul becomes one of the most important ability for man who decided to do something with himself/herself. I am convinced that the book will bring substantial change of the life for some readers. Nobody will remain cool with an interest in these problems. These ones deal in the most important we have our brain. I do not know a person who is indifferent to his/her spiritual abilities. Everybody is interested in himself/herself. Everybody wants to be better than the others. Many people assume in theirs pride they are the best ones. However, they are very distant from this. The interest in the brain function improves every person. All biggest churches evolve effort about it. Theirs main publications as Holy Bible describe the brain function in first. At present time also the science starts to be interested in the function of the human brain and soul. If you belong to the group of such people the book was intended for you. 4

5 Contents 1. Introduction Characteristics of the Human Brain...13 Body Movement Memory Senses and Perception Thinking Capacity Plasticity Sensitivity on Interactions Talent Soul Sensibility a Extrasensory Perception Geniality Quality of the Brain Computers and the Brain...17 Analysis of Pictures Decision Thinking Computers and Thinking Analog Computers Digital Computers The Brain and the Computer Basic Building Elements of the Brain...20 Neuron Axon Synapse Dendrite Glial Cell Relations of Elementary Building Units of the Brain Basic Principles of the Human Brain Function...26 Research the Human Brain Human Body and Cybernetics Heart and Brain Cells Brain and its Function Generating Impulses in the Brain...31 Introduction Heart and Brain Generating Impulses in the Brain Model of the Neuron Glial Cell Spreading of Signal and Energy in the Neural Structures.36 Spreading of the Signal Flow of the Energy Soul and Energy Control of the Energy Spread in the Body and Brain Selfcontrol Movement and Stability...41 Stability Discrepancies of the Static Stability Control Movement Discrepancies of the Dynamic Stability Control Oxygenation of the Brain Philosophic Aspects Conclusions about Stability and Movement Memory...45 Theory of the Function of the Brain Memory Short-Term Memory

6 Medium-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Dynamic Memory Static Memory Process of Memorizing Process of Forgetting Constructive Memorizing and Forgetting Destructive Memorizing and Forgetting Saving Information in the Brain Recalling Information from the Brain Serial and Parallel Information Processing...50 Logical Thinking Spatial Thinking and Feeling Growth of the Human Brain...52 Growth of Neurons, Dendrites, Axons and Glial Cells Number of Neurons Axons Theory of Neuron Creation Processing of the Concrete and Abstract Terms...55 Concrete and Abstract Terms Feelings Senses and Feelings Visual Perception Perception by Hearing Perception by Olfaction and Taste Perception by Touch Processing of Senses by Intellect Perception by Intellect Abstract Thinking Feeling and Emotions Vibrations and Waves in the Human Brain...62 Waves Vibration Fear and Anxiety Releasing Efficiency of the Brain Function Positive and Negative Vibrations and Sensibility Quality of Life Positive Feelings Negative Feelings Neutral and Combined Feelings Conclusions about Vibrations Inner Energy of the Human Being...66 Generally about Energy Thermal Energy in the Human Body Energy of the Brian Energy of the Brain and Talent Cosmic Energy Overall and Average Energy of the Brain Movement and Energy Mental Energy of the Human Being Characteristics of the Mental Energy Meaning of the Inner Energy and Its Control Conclusions about Inner Energy of the Human Being Extrasensory Perception...75 Introduction to the Sensory and Extrasensory Perception Creation of Signals on the Body Surface Perception of Signal Transferred from the Body Surface Perception of Signals on Distance and in Time Conclussions to the Sensory and Extrasensory Perception Perception of Abstraction

7 Goodness Soul and Hmota Beauty and Ultimatness Love Empathy Citlivost, jemnost a vnímavost Ohleduplnost Pain and Suffer Thinking and Intellect Plasticity Character Creativity Wisdom Greatness Talent Geniality Personality and Strength of the Soul The Body and the Soul References

8 1. Introduction The human brain has been developing for many million years. The first it was as the brain of primates and lately as the brain of the new species man. We do not know why it happened. Moreover we do not know why it happened that one of species started to develop different way. In spite of that it happened that contrary to all other living species that people have the best-developed brain of all animals on this planet. Some animals have well developed olfactory other have developed vision others are able to fly using their own wings. Others are able of fast running using their own legs. The man has the best-developed brain. As the brain is the main control system of the body we can see that some special abilities are joined with the brain that other animals do not have and they can never have these abilities at all as far as their brain remains. Contrary to the animal the people have thanks to the ultimately developed brain many advantages or disadvantages as well in theirs lives. The well-developed brain got the man in the position of the ruler of the animal empire. This gives the man advantage to rule the life on the planet Earth according its own rules. Theirs incorrect use and the excessive abuse can bring to the men and animals big problems and disadvantages as harms. Too strong dominance over all other animals makes people responsible for all that happens with all other species. The people must better understand such responsibility and to realize that everybody must first time understand human behavior to understand behavior of animals and the whole life on the Earth. There exists one advantage distinguishing people from animals. It is quality of the movement. Our movement is not as fast as we think comparing to the movement of some animals. The important difference is sensitivity and refinement of movement. For example it is possible to show this characteristic on the way of the limbs and fingers control. Neither the primates are able to make complex nor fine actions as people can do although the primates have fingers on the hands and legs. Primates are able to catch the grass stalk and to pull the insects from the hole and to use it as a tool to grasp the food. Grasping the subject stalk is so ham-handed that it is very difficult to imagine primates to be able to do complex activities as the composition of some technical devices, writing or to do some fine movements. The next difference is refinement of the vocal chords control. Humans have substantially more neurons dedicated to control vocal chords that other animals have. Only in that case we can talk. The animals are able to evolve numerous noises or sounds. These noises or sounds are typically like barking or so. The singing of birds is quite simple comparing to the speech of people. The big part of the brain is dedicated to control mimics of the human face. At first the control of the lips and their surround requires use of very big number of small muscles. The very big part of the brain is used for this purpose. In the last phase of the human development the thinking had occurred as the highest degree of the brain activity. The thinking was developed from movement. The brain of any animal has certain degree of ability of thinking. Often it is very primitive level of thinking. First-of-all it is gathering the food, self-defense, escape and finds a partner for reproduction, etc. At humans the thinking was developed on the substantially higher level that we can expect from animals. Therefore, the man became the most successful being on the planet. Probably the man is the most successful mammal. His/her intelligence enabled him/her ensure enough of food. Therefore the man can develop himself/herself in a different way. He/she could be engaged in activities that are not absolutely necessary for preservation of the descent or natural reproduction. Therefore the man started to develop in ability to gather the food and to develop himself/herself in many different domain of the life. In this spiral he/she gained so magnificent position that is impossible to threaten the man in it by other animals. 8

9 The development of people brings some problems and disadvantages as well. The people pay for theirs unlimited power with civilization diseases and overall deterioration of the genetic code. It is the only possibility to threaten the man from the natural point-of-view. The other danger is his marvelous power that can destroy all people and the Earth. To avoid such disaster it is necessary to study the human brain and control its behavior. It does not mean to be controlled by other but it means to control own brain. Self-control is one of the possibilities how to avoid negative way in the human life. Understanding the brain function is one of the most important goals of the modern science. The reason comes from the huge uncontrolled power of men that could cause destruction. The men become to be able to control themselves. People do not know function of the brain they are not able to control the most basic emotions and in spite of that or just therefore they want to control everything including all they do not understand. I have met people who are interested in psychology and the function of the brain not to improve them but to learn to control other people and to gain some profit. Some people want to control other only to harm them without having some profit from this. They want to harm other only. Such people always existed and they exist now. So far they used results of the practical psychology to control other people and to force them to behave according to their own goals. Such behavior is not only harmful for the controlled person but also for the harming person. Every person can detect he/she was mystified. The controlling person get talk to him/her it will be too late to do something. But people do not let such knowledge for themselves. They share it with others. So the controlling or harming person can get in the trap he/she baited to theirs. In case such person passed through the life without anything bad that would happen to him/her for his/her bad act something bad will remain afterwards. The whole life of such person will become for the future as sickening remainder. The whole achievement of such person is only negative. Understanding the function of the human brain will show people how it is necessary to behave according to the laws of nature and not to thing that only intellect can have a benefit for people. In the reality the laws of nature hold for the human brain as well. The natural laws have one very positive characteristic comparing to our laws developed by people. It is not possible to break natural laws without negative consequences. Therefore we have to understand ourselves and to learn how to live and to control our emotions. This will help us to get correct that will not act against us. Without understanding the brain function we effort in something and we make many useless mistakes. Such mistakes cost us many power to correct the consequences. Many people try to understand how the brain works. Mostly they are the experts on computer design who want to design computer function on the principles of the human brain. Some of these experts announced they would build such computer very soon. It is possible to assume that these experts overlooked some amount of important facts. They had only built complex computer systems that contributed to the development of the computer science. But they did not built brain like a brain. The nature creates many hundred thousand brains on the whole world every day. We are unable to build it in the form of very primitive functional sample. Modern intelligent computers do not have abilities of the primates moreover they do not have abilities of more primitive mammals. The main goal of this book is not to create manual describing how to build computer working on the principles of the human brain function. It is needed to look for the main goal somewhere else. The main goal is to teach people to understand their own brain to be able to improve own life and to esteem the life more. We are not able to create life. We are able easily to destroy anything not only by the weapons of any sort but also during the daily life the insensitive behaviour of people to other people and unscrupulous treatment with own life and life of other beings. N Modern time has removed believe in goodness and trust in God. In some parts of the World it did not happen so far. In the part of the World where it happened the people the emptiness occurred that caused people started to behave unbelievably cruelly to themselves and to others. There is no power of people to return believe in goodness and God to the souls of people. In the human community the 9

10 criminality is spreading and brutality of criminal offences increases. Many times such deeds are not punished; as they are not uncovered in many cases they are not evidenced. Many of propagators of the trust in God did offend against the philosophy they announced that they are unable to persuade anyone. The faith stopped to limit people to commit whatever bad. There is only one hope for people. It is the scientific understanding the human brain. Our brains created all what people created. It is the same with the faith in God. We have to understand why it happened. As far as we understand our brains we will not be able to blame God for anything or to relay on him. But we will blame only ourselves and we will have to relay only on ourselves. In all of important religions we have described certain fundamentals relations of goodness and evil. These relations we will have to find, as they are the certain sorts of natural laws that are described without required evidence. It does not change anything on the reality these laws hold. These laws were discovered by people of many generations. These people found out them and they forwarded us information about them in the form of religious rules of behavior and faith in God. These people do not have mostly experience with mathematics and other technical sciences. Moreover, the mathematics does not have apparatus that would describe such natural laws using exact methods so these laws would be reproducible and reliable. During the process of gaining understanding of the brain function I found out that when we are able to understand how the human works we will understand all about us and about these laws that we deny only because we do not understand them. What we can gain by this? We will gain huge understanding life and its principles and maybe the sense of life. The understanding the function of the human brain will be the great ridge in the human life. It will be possible to judge people for acts that we can deprecate only. There is a question whether we will judge someone. Or we will wait for the moment when the culprit judges and punishes himself/herself for everything bad he/she did to others. Understanding the human brain function will mean that we will see deeper in the human soul then ever before. Understanding the human soul will position us in front of new understanding of others. Such understanding will allow us to continue in the study of the human soul and brain. More important than only understanding anything is ability to change our own behavior in the profit of others and us. During the description of the human brain function we will have to get knowledge some important information about the brain structure. Without understanding the basic information about brain we cannot get to the higher levels of knowledge. The person who did not learn basics of the small multiplier cannot learn mathematical methods allowing solving complex mathematical tasks. In the next step I will try to come near to the function of the basic building elements of the human brain. Then we will get to the describing the human brain as whole. In the second half of this book I will be approach to describe higher forms of the brain function. The mentioned higher form is ability of the human brain to solve abstract terms and the spirituality at all. The animal brains are not able to solve abstract terms and they cannot be engaged in spiritual terms, as we know it at people. In spite of the book was written using joining many sciences as mathematics, computer sciences, medical sciences, psychology, etc., it will not push you to know all these sciences or mathematical formulas or complex methods that had lead me to write this book. The book is intended for all who want to know something about the brain to use this knowledge practically to own profit. Just junction of the mathematical, technical, biological and medical sciences reached understanding of the human brain in the measure that was not possible before. Mathematics comes to the psychology now where no one would await it. In case of biological sciences the reader can imagine that the human body works on the physical principles that are described using numerous mathematical methods. But here we start to consider many different contexts when the mathematics begins to describe psychical functions of the brain. 10

11 These methods are in the beginning so far. In spite of that these methods lead to the very deep understanding of the brains and souls of people. Such deep understanding the brain and soul will open us path to the see that the ideas described in the most of big religions are not anything hypothetic. But they are the empiric knowledge having real base. We will not talk about that the God caused it. We will say we made it we are blamed for it as we have broken some law of the nature. The basic term belonging to the natural law is the crime and punishment. If I commit some crime I am punished for also it in case the crime is not discovered and the human law does not punish me. In case of such knowledge of the natural law the people will be pushed to revalue the norms of the behavior and assessment of their acts. In the final result it is difficult to imagine that one would want to abuse his/her knowledge against others. If I know I will be punished for everything bad I do and this punishment is more that sure I will not commit anything bad. I will bring one example from my life. When I was 18 I started to read the book How to gain the friends and how to influence the people by the American author Dale Carnegie. This book describes some psychological approaches how to influence and control the people. As I was very young and inquisitive I wanted to verify these methods. I tried them of course. When I saw how these methods work I was very surprised. On the second hand I realized when I would do something like this and I will influence a person in its non-profit so I am responsible for all happens to that person and I will be punished for it. As my verification never reached the level I would harm anyone I was not punished for it. Philosophy and methods of the Dale Carnegie are taught on many courses. People are abusing them without any scruples they harm other people. As I read the book by Dale Carnegie I am able to detect such people who know these methods as well and who abuse these methods. These are the people somehow affected. They want to show their prevalence over others. The do not foresee that they will ask themselves what I did to anyone that something like this happened to me. Now I only see the people who learn something little in the psychology and they hurry to harm others. They do not worry what will happen to others and how they will be hurt. Unfortunately, I am not able to explain such people what they do that they are cause of many badness. To persuade stupid person is impossible. For some people that knowledge is harming whereas for other it is exalting. If we realize to which group we belong it is useful. This book effort is to show how the brain work and how we influence our own life and how we can influence it for the future. By this we can gain more that some doubtful advantages over others. Firstly the understanding the human brain function will help us to change our behavior and our thinking. We will not destroy our own brain and we will not shorten and harm our life and its quality. As far as we will succeed it only in part we have done for us more that using other ways. Many years ago I took part on the course of assertiveness. Teacher taught us how to assert ourselves in the community of people. They taught us how to distinguish assertiveness from aggressiveness. May overall feeling was not persuading. I found out in the future that many people learn assertiveness to and they start to use it or rather abuse it to business purposes. The training brought something positive to me. I learnt that people are controlled by the feelings. Everything we do we do for our feelings. Some people effort to get rich to feel dominance over others to control other by money. Some people have feeling they do something good when give work to others that these others would not be able to survive without them or that they would live in poverty. Some people really make gook acts to feel to be good to bring goodness to others. Some people do it only to get to heaven that is promised them by some religion. 11

12 I do not know whether the heaven exists. I do not know who of us can get to heaven. There exists a lot of religions. Every of them have its own trust and believe. Let us look at this through the science. Everyone wants to feel well. And everyone does what he/she can. Many genetically given needs push us to do certain thing in our lives. For example we are pushed to find a partner to have children together. We are pushed by nature to the sexual activities, etc. As far as we trespass against it that nature pushes us to we are punished by nature. The punishment of the nature is shown by suffer and pain. Therefore we endeavor to do everything not to be punished by the nature for not fulfilling some genetically given duties. One of them is to have a good feeling in life. As far as we do not have it we are punished by depressions and overall harm to our mental health. It is therefore good to build good base for good life style that would lead us to the good in other directions. The next chapters of this book will show in details how to get a good feeling and how to improve the life. 12

13 2. Characteristics of the Human Brain The characteristics of the human brain are depicted in this chapter for short. I have limited description on to the definitions corresponding with the content of this publication. Intentionally I do not use complex and detailed definitions, as they would complicate depiction of the human brain function. Body Movement The most of animals have ability to move freely in the environment they live in. They are not tightly connected with outer environment. Plants are connected on the small region they live on. They are not able to change position. The movement of plants is not possible. Some exceptions exist of course. Animals are full autonomous organisms able to move freely and to control its position. They are supplied with limbs allowing them to move. They are also supplied with control system that controls their limbs to move in the required direction. The control system is the brain at mammals. For simpler animals it is mostly set of ganglia allowing simple movements. Animals have mostly visual system allowing them to find out their position in the environment and change it if required. Memory The memory is ability of the organism to save information into the control system brain or into the other parts of the body for the purpose of the later use in the change of the position and learning. The every animal must be able to remember where it was before a while not to move in the circle. It must be able to compare what it sees with the figure saved in the memory about it where it was while ago. The memory allows animals to return to the where it found the food. Senses and Perception Senses are used to communicate with outer environment. Senses convert transfer information about quantitative and qualitative attributes of the surrounding where the animal live in. Senses are to inform animal about food, predator existence, prey existence and the prey about existence of predator. Main senses are: Vision Olfactory Taste Hearing Touch Senses will be discussed in details in the following chapters. Thinking Thinking is the ability to find out relations among perceptions coming from senses and memory. The thinking is able to build complex result from different perceptions to assess their meaning according to the records in memory and to make correct decision. 13

14 Such decision is changed to the necessary action in form of movement or to create new record in the brain memory that will be used in another case. Capacity The number of the neurons and other neural structures in the brain gives the capacity of the brain. More neurons I have the bigger potential capacity of the brain I have. Not all people can use this capacity. Some people can lose the capacity of the brain by the injury of the brain. Plasticity Plasticity is the ability to form the brain. Plasticity is therefore also the ability of the brain to adapt to the new conditions the body is exposed. The level of plasticity is important for ability to learn and balance the changes of the surrounding. Sensitivity on Interactions The every brain has the different sensitivity to the outer impulses. It is the measure of the ability to perceive outer impulses. There is the twofold ability. Firstly it is the ability to perceive outer impulses. Some animals have more sensitive senses than people have and they are able to perceive surrounding much better than we can. For example the dog has about one hundred time better olfactory system than people have. The second example is eagle with its excellent vision. Secondly it is the sensitivity of the perception by reason. In this the people are the best. The ability of human reason to assess the gentlest differences in the meaning is exceptional. The people are able to distinguish events in the nature and to assign them certain reason and characteristics. Thanks to this ability the man became the most successful species on the Earth. Talent The talent is joined with exceptionally developed ability to some activity. It is always joined only with man and his/her ability. At animal we do not talk about talent. The example of the talent is the art talent to singing, playing some instrument or painting or sculpting, etc. There is also talent for mathematics and technical sciences or talent for sport. If somebody has some kind of talent he/she should use it. As far as the person does not follow the talent he/she is unhappy in the life. The talent for something brings lower abilities in activities typical for others. Such people often suffer from what they do not know instead of be happy what they know. Soul The soul is mentioned in many religions as immaterial part of the human being. We are used to understand the computer as hardware and software. The soul is something like software of the human brain. It is only simplified understanding of the human soul. Its immateriality is much more clear than how it seemed before. Therefore all efforts to measure of weight of what have gone from died human body loses its sense. If something is immaterial that it does not have any physical dimension that we could measure or weight. 14

15 In the sense of understanding of the human brain function we can understand the human souls like a set of abilities of the human brain to certain activities. More abilities we have the better soul we have. These abilities we can take by their count. It means more abilities we have the stronger is our soul. Or we can take abilities by their deepness. The deeper is our knowledge in some human activity the better is our soul. The deepness of abilities has bigger value than number of abilities as the deepness of abilities requires much bigger effort to reach it. Sensibility a Extrasensory Perception Sensibility is exceptional ability for extrasensory perception. There exit some people having ability to perceive events although they do not use their five senses. The example can be ability to perceive what thinks another person few thousand kilometers distant. Such perception cannot be explained by any known physical method. So far it is mysterious for us that something like this is possible. It is necessary to say that such things exist and they are evidenced. Not to have such experience with such abilities I would not trust it. I must say that they exist and they are so real as well as perception by senses. They are joined with many mysteries. It is not queer as in the past times were many mysteries joined with the events that we have explained them using physics. Extrasensory perception will be explained and term sensibility will belong to current terms used in daily life. Geniality Geniality is ability of man to do some exceptional activity that is unreachable for other people. It is probable that such act is joined with ability of extrasensory perception although it is not apparent for the first view. The people having abilities assessed by the term geniality have fewer abilities in other activities current for the average people. However, in their activity they are so exceptional over other that it is not possible for others to reach the similar result. It is important to help genial people in the use of their work and not to see theirs problems with thing that are ordinary for average people. The geniality is the figure of the power of the soul. In such case the power of the soul is exceptional to realize something great and exceptional. Quality of the Brain The term quality of the brain is not very clear. It is not possible to precisely give what we can understand by the term the quality of the brain. Is it geniality or contrary is it ability to perfectly balance daily problems. From the previous explanation results that the quality of the brain is better when the soul is stronger. More and deeper abilities the person has the better brain it has. It is important to show that quality of the soul is decreased with everything negative that person makes during the life. Therefore if we want to improve the quality of our brain we have to endeavor to power our soul. We can reach it only through powering our abilities. 15

16 Loosing time with anything negative leads us from that goal. When we realize that we live only one life then we should weigh how we use this unique life. Will we dive in negative feelings and during our life we will not make anything than we pass it somehow or we will live it fully and we will use it to make something useful for ourselves and for others? We have free will to make anything we want with our life. And we see that the big number of people spend their lives useless activities. Instead of using life to something good they loose it in conflicts with other people. The quality of the brain is manifested also in ability to use abilities to use the life for good things. I think that question of brain quality remain open so far to public discussion. It is not closed and solved. 16

17 3. Computers and the Brain In the relation with the increase of the power of the digital computers and decreasing their size the efforts of comparing the function of the human brain and computers had occurred. Scientists come with many theories showing that computer is able to substitute the function of the human brain in many ways. In parallel with this conviction the differences between the human brain and computers become more visible. In the past it seemed to be clear that the brain and computer has similar structure. Now we know that the digital computer is not similar to the human brain at all and its function is not possible to compare with the brain function. The external demonstrations of data processing show some similarity but internal structure is not similar at all. The human brain can be considered as biological computer. Its structure and function is subject of the research of many experts all over the World. Now we know that it is necessary to use different principles while we do the brain research than we understand the function of the digital computers. Computers are constructed so they could substitute some functions of digital computers in practice. Computers are able to do the most of what the brain can do. However there are some activities that the computers are not able to do with same efficiency like a brain or they are not able to do them at all. Analysis of Pictures The best know function the brain is doing permanently and efficiently is detection of objects on figures by eyes. Practically a daily we are pushed to observe the life around us and unintentionally we recognize objects we see. It looks implicit to us. In the reality it is not implicit at all. When we trying to build the computer program that would be able to recognize primitive figures we find it is very difficult. Recognition of the only one figure is so difficult problem that is not solved anywhere in the World. The only recognition of the written text is very complex problem. Much more complex problem is recognition of the human faces. From the previous text we can see that we know only little about the human brain function. Decision Only a little we know about the process of decision. Digital computer can be programmed to do some decisions. In the most of cases the decisions are very simple and in many cases are incorrect. Contrary to the decision in the computer the decision made by human brain is very efficient. The brain is able to take into account all knowledge it ever gained at one time and according to them the brain make conclusion. It is surprising that conclusions made by the brain are in the most of examples better than the conclusions gained by the decision of the computer. Due to this reasons the computers serve to provide information to the people who make final decision. The decision is much better and more correct with quantity and quality of the information provided to the person who must make decision. Generally, the all decisions about the life of another person or more persons must not be done by a machine, as the no one would be responsible for serious mistakes. Contrary, we know now that there exists many cases when much decision was given to the computer. These are the cases when the human senses are too slow that they would make decision for too long time. The final result of such decision have no sense if it not done in time. 17

18 Typically, it deals with function of technical devices used in the traffic. Some machines placed in cars are able to make decision itself without waiting for acknowledgement from man. Events in traffic go so fast that it is not possible to wait for human reaction to avoid the danger. Therefore, some decisions in the brake systems and other safety systems of cars were moved to machine. Dealing with the strategic decisions where the time does not play important role where the quality of the result is important the human brain makes the better decisions than the machine. Thinking Process of thinking and decision has much common. The correct decision is always the result of thinking. The thinking is ability of the human brain. Other brains do not have this ability developed enough. Animals are able to make certain decisions coming from their basic life needs like a survival of the attack or finding the food. At the complex situations the animals are not able to make complex decision processes. The man is able to deceive the most of other animals and to win over them thanks to its abilities. The win is not reached by power or speed but by ability to conceive complex processes leading him/her to the success. Thanks to its prevalence in ability to think the man gets in the position that no animal can beat the man. I do not mean the attack of one animal to the man who entered the territory of that animal. I mean overall power of men when they use technical devices to reach the required goal. Now the human reason says to save all animals, as they have no chance to defend. Extirpation of animals would endanger the extinction of humans. Human reason get into higher level and it is able to think on more levels. There is not meant a concrete one human hunter who hunts for his/her economical profit and he/she is not interested in anything else. The human as a species is meant in here. When we start reasoning about abilities of computer to think we will find-out that thinking is not natural for computer. Process of thinking requires connectivity of big amount of information in the process. Computers are not able of this so far. Computers and Thinking Computers are able to make only what humans-programmers entered into them. Humans are able to build algorithms those are not determined as well as program algorithms in the computers. Any deviation from given algorithm is understood as an error. Human thinking is instead variable and any algorithm does not determine it. So far we were disusing only digital computers. However, also other than digital computers exist. They are called analog computers. Analog Computers Before we had digital computers we had analog computers. Nowadays analog computrs are not used as they were pushed-out by the digital computers. The need for analog computers decreased with the power of digital computers. It is nice to describe analog computers. The reason of this is their similarity with functions of the human brain. 18

19 How the name suggests, analog computers do not calculate using numbers but they use voltages. Contrary to the digital computers analog computers are used to solve differential equations. Only using these computers can help us to understand solution to the differential equations and principles of life. The life itself is dynamic process that it would be theoretically possible to describe using differential equations. The word theoretically I mean here, as it is not in the human power to do it so far. Analog computers serve to us to better understand processes of life. It is not absolutely necessary to reason about programming human behavior in the computer. Only understanding will be very useful for us. Digital Computers Digital computers occurred after analog ones. But they have conquered the World. They are used practically everywhere. Also for the solving the differential equations the digital computers are used instead of the analog ones. The digital computers are much more reliable and they calculate with much higher precision. Today s numerical method of the differential equation s solution are good enough mathematical apparatus to solve differential equations without analog computers. The Brain and the Computer Many years ago people assumed that it would be possible to simulate human behavior using computers after we enter data about humans into computers and we will be able to know everything about people. Now we know it is not so. Human brain is so complex that we do not know it in details. We only endeavor to understand some principles. And it goes much slower than we expected. I assume that we shall never be able to understand the human brain in all details. Only we shall be able to understand certain part of it. This part will be so wide that we will be able to change our lives to make it better. Computer will help us simulate processes of the human behavior. We will be able to know more about us from them. Results of these simulations will help us to organize our life. 19

20 4. Basic Building Elements of the Brain In this chapter I shall try to describe basic properties of the basic building units of the brain. If you weigh up whether to omit this chapter and continue reading the next chapter then I would like to notify about that this chapter is very important to understand the function of the human brain. It is better to read this chapter. The new horizon of understanding shall open to you. You can gradually go on in better understanding the brain function. I would compare this chapter to small multiply. If one does not know it, it is not possible to continue with the big multiply and other levels of the mathematics. Or let us go little different way. If someone wants to build a house must know the basic elements of the house as bricks for example, etc. When we want to know the function of the brain we must know its basic building units as neurons, axons, dendrites, synapses, etc. As far as we know them by reading the other literature you can find in here some new knowledge you will not find anywhere else, Basic building units of the human brain are: 1. Neuron 2. Dendrite 3. Axon 4. Synapse 5. Glial cell The only glial cell does not take part in the brain functioning. Scientists suppose that its function is only supporting. Glial cell supports neuron with energy as scientists say. It is more opinion of some scientists then the verified theory. Ins pite of that the gial cell does not take part in the brain functioning. The basic function of the brain is neuron. The main functional unit of the brain is neuron. Thanks to the existence of neurons the brain can work. The neuron is the basic unit keeping humans and animal living. At substantial loss of neurons the brain and body start to die. Neurons exist not only in the brain but they can be found out in the spinal cord as well. Therefore when the brain dies the body can work during some time with the aid of neurons in the spinal cord. Natural and independent life is not possible without the brain. The most of people know that neurons generate impulses. Impulses are generated in sets in time when neuron is excited on one or more input fibers. These fibers are called dendrites. Dendrite is salient of the neuron. Dendrites are joined with axons using synapses. This is again way to the output from the neurons. I did go in the opposite direction to the natural signal processing direction. Therefore I would describe it again in the direction of the signal in the brain. Impulses are generated on the neuronal outputs in the place called axon-hillock. From this place only one neuron goes out. Axon is connected to the body of the following neuron or dendrite using synapse. Therefore impulses go directly to the neurons or to the dendrites. This description show that impulses generated by neurons return back to inputs of other neurons. After some time impulses return to the same neuron from which they were generated in certain cases. This principle is called feedback. Seeing this principle only technically or mathematically we can recognize whole science dealing with regulation and control. It shows us the brain as control computer of the whole body. We know it empirically but now we see that it is so. We also see principals used by nature to control our bodies. 20