Melodies as an Indicator of the Reception and Oral Tradition of Broadside Ballads in Moravia and Silesia

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1 Melodies as an Indicator of the Reception and Oral Tradition of Broadside Ballads in Moravia and Silesia Ethnomusicology of the Research into Czech Broadside Ballads Věra Frolcová The Institute of Ethnology Czech Academy of Sciences

2 Two existences of the broadside ballad two phenomena: print and singing, or oral interpretation and memory. Conjunction of the production and the reproduction concept of the research into the song Opava [1860]. Mariánské Hory version1941

3 Broadside Ballads Melodies. Subject and Questions What are the musical characteristics of broadside-ballad singing in Moravia and in Silesia? Does the synthesis of broadside ballads and folk melodics of the regions of Moravia and Silesia occur? To what extent does apply Karel Konrád s idea about the continuity of old-czech singing in some of the regions of Moravia and Silesia after reforms of Emperor Joseph II at the end of the 18 th and in the 19 th century?

4 The broadside ballad as a subject-matter of ethnomusicology: heuristics musical, or more precisely ethnomusicological and hymnographic sources: music s of broadside-ballad singing recorded through oral interpretation in manuscripts and printed sources (hymnbooks, songbooks with sacral and profane songs) melody references of broadsheets and the identification of melodies contrafacts organological sources ethnographic sources (functions and contexts of singing, singers)

5 The broadside ballad as a subject-matter of ethnomusicology: Starting Points for the Research into Melodies Two ethnomusical styles in Moravia and in Silesia Western style of songs. Major-minor harmonic system Eastern style of songs. Modal elements in nonharmonic and harmonic series of tones

6 The broadside ballad as a subject-matter of ethnomusicology: Methodology Applied for the Research into Melodies diachronous research into particular types of songs. Retrospective context methods and comparison of variants determination of model types of the reception, and of musicstyle layers of broadside ballads melodies based on folklore sources musical and ethnographic characteristics of the collection as a whole

7 The Methods of the Monograph of a Single Song, or a Single Type of Song. The Retrospective Context Method dates provenience source incipit of the text melody stroph.scheme metrorhythmic structure, form tonality medium function context

8 Examples of Broadside Ballads Reception and the Tradition of Their Melodies in Moravia and Silesia Melody as an indicator of regional reception. Broadsheets from the 17 th through 19 th centuries Regional types of melodies Adaption of a melody to the eastern style of folk songs A melody called dance holy melody. Profane dance melodies Melody as an indicator of area international reception. Broadsheets from the 19 th century A melody of Czech profane song in pilgrimage repertoire Melody as an indicator of inter-confessional relations. Long-term traditions of melodies

9 Melody as an indicator of regional reception. Regional type of melody. The song of Lazarus ( ) Proskovice version 1937

10 Melody as an indicator of regional reception. Regional type of melody. The song of Lazarus ( ) Proskovice version 1937

11 Melody as an indicator of regional reception. Regional types of melody. The song of Lazarus ( ) dates provenience incipit of the text 1968 Svratka Leželť jest Lazar v nemoci 1937 Proskovice Ležel jest Lazar v nemoci 1900 Líšeň K boháčovi Lazar přišil 1876 Skalica Ležel Lazar v nemoci 1859 [Morava] Ležel Lazar v nemoci 1859 Příborsko Na mšu svatu zvonili [ ?] Ležel Lazar Skalica v nemoci 1763 Olomouc Ležel Lazar v nemoci 1697 Praha Ležel Lazar v nemoci melody stroph. scheme 8a8a8a 8a8a8a8a 8a8a8b 7a7a7b7b 7a7a7a7b It has its own melody It has its own special melody medium broadsheets broadsheets broadsheets broadsheets convolute

12 Melody as an indicator of regional reception. The melody adaptation into the eastern style of folk songs: the descending mixolydian seventh and the tritone in melody

13 Melody as an indicator of regional reception. Medium: broadsheets [1761] [1761] The third song to the Virgin Mary Sicut Buď pozdravená blahoslavená Convolute ( )

Joanes Jozef Pomykal 1768 Boršice Another (song)

14 Melody as an indicator of regional reception. Medium: hand-written hymnal 1768 Hand-written hymnal Joanes Jozef Pomykal 1768 Boršice Another (song) about the Virgin Mary. The same melody [Buď pozdravená blahoslavená]

15 Melody as an indicator of regional reception. Regional types of melody. Hymn to the Virgin Mary ( ) dates provenience 1893 Velká nad Veličkou 1859 [Morava] 1855, 1852 Bečák [ ] Olomouc 1768 Boršice Joanes Jozef Pomykal 1719 Božan 1701 Litomyšl 1663 [Telč] incipit of the text Matičko Boží nebeské zboží Matičko Boží nebeské zboží Matičko Boží nebeské zboží Matičko Boží nebeské zboží Matičko Boží nebeské zboží Matičko Boží nebeské zboží Matičko Boží nebeské zboží Matičko Boží nebeské zboží melody stroph. scheme 5a5a 6b6b 6c 5a5a 6b6c 5a5a6b6b6b Sicut Buď pozdravená blahoslavená Sicut Buď pozdravená blahoslavená [6] 5a5a 6b6b 6c Sicut Buď pozdravená 5a5a 6b6b 6c medium function pilgrimage song printed hymnbook broadsheets hand-written hymnal printed hymnbook broadsheets hand-written hymnal

16 Melody as an indicator of regional reception. Profane dance melody and spiritual singing. Song of the Ascension of Jesus. Praha 1798.

17 Melody as an indicator of regional reception. Profane dance melody Hnalo děvče krávy. Proskovice version 1933

18 Melody as an indicator of regional reception. Profane dance melody, called taněc. Younger broadsheets (late 18 th century and 19 th century) dates provenience 1941 Proskovice 1941 Proskovice 1938 Proskovice 1937 Proskovice 1933 Proskovice incipit of the text Pochválený budiž od nás Kristus Ježíš Poslechněte lidé, co budu zpívati Když milý Pan Ježíš na nebe vstupoval Panenka Maria po světě chodila Hnalo děvče krávy z Uher do Moravy melody stroph. scheme ¾ dance melody taněc 6a6b 6a6a 6b ¾ dance melody taněc 6a6b 6a6a 6b ¾ dance melody taněc 6a6b 6a6a 6b ¾ dance melody taněc 6a6b 6a6b 6b ¾ dance melody taněc 6a6b 6a6a 6c medium function, context spiritual singing spiritual singing spiritual singing spiritual singing couple dance, profane instrumental music

19 Melody as an indicator of international area reception. An adaptation of a Czech melody of a profane folk song in pilgrimage singing

20 Melody as an indicator of international area reception. Melody Bude vojna bude 1772 [1992] dates provenience 1992 Břeclav 1991 Zychcice, Horní incipit of the text Vinšované jaro, ó nebeský ráji Najświętsza Panienka po świece chodziła melody stroph. scheme 6a6a 6b6b 6c 6a6a 6b6b 6a medium function, contex pilgrim. to the V. Mary Christmas carol Slezsko 1981 Záblatie, Slovensko 1941 Mariánské Hory 1941 Mariánské Hory 1933 Ruda na Moravě 1873 Krakovsko, Polsko 1861 Čechy 1772 Brno Chodila Márija po širokom svete Na frýdecké hoře krásná pěkná růže Křesťanská dušičko, rozmýšlej maličko Když milý Pán Ježíš na nebe vstupoval Słysałem ślicny glos, Maryja woła nas Bude vojna bude Kdo tam na ni pude Má duše schovej se nepřítel blíží se 6a6a 6b6b 6a 6a6a 6b6b 6a 6a6a 6b6b 6a 6a6a v 6b6b 6c 6a6a 6b6b 6a 6a6a 6b6b 6a Jako Bude vojna bude Christmas carol pilgrim. to the V. Mary St. Ignac of the Ascension of Jezus pilgrim. to the V. Mary profane ballad broadsheets pilgrim. to the V. Mary

21 Melody as an indicator of international area reception. Pilgrimage song Na frýdecké hoře krásná pěkná růže. Melody Bude vojna bude. Mariánské Hory version 1941

Slavia Latina and Slavia Orthodoxa. The cult of Our Lady of Sorrows.

22 Song as an indicator of inter-confessional relations. The Roman-Catholic and the Greek-Catholic Song Culture. Slavia Latina and Slavia Orthodoxa. The cult of Our Lady of Sorrows. Maria pod křížem stála V Brně u Jana Františka Svobody 1707 Maria pod křížem stála V B. Bystrici 1841

23 Critical limits and hitherto replies Limits Dating and chronology of melodic s Hithero replies In Moravia and Silesia, the synthesis of Moravian folk melodics and broadside ballads occurs only to a lesser extent, namely in the repertoire of folk spiritual songs The Konrád s hypothesis about the continuity of old-czech singing in some places in eastern Moravia seems to be a unity of continuity and discontinuity, and a question of the structural analysis of melodies, not only a question of tonality

24 Perspectives Long-term traditions of melodies that penetrate various media Hand-written and s of songs Regional studies and interdisciplinary cooperation Field research into present-day spiritual singing

25 Thank you for your attention

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