Škola: Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské náměstí 7 III/2 Inovace a zkvalitnění výuky prostřednictvím ICT Název projektu: Inovace výuky na GSN

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1 Škola: Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské náměstí 7 Šablona: III/2 Inovace a zkvalitnění výuky prostřednictvím ICT Název projektu: Inovace výuky na GSN prostřednictvím ICT Číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/1.5.00/ Autor: Mgr. Rudolf Dostálek Tematická oblast: Od osvícení po vládu teroru (světová a česká historie 18. století) Název DUMu: Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism Kód: VY_32_INOVACE_DE.2.01 Datum: Cílová skupina: Žáci středních škol Klíčová slova: Enlightenment, Enlightened Absolutists, Encyclopedists Anotace: Tato prezentace slouží k výkladu učiva tématu: Osvícení a osvícenský absolutismus (v anglickém jazyce)

2 ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM

3 ENLIGHTENMENT movement (political, cultural, philosophical) originated from the opinion that people should follow their S. not their R. people should be religiously tolerant and they should try hard to gain not only POSTMORTAL S.. but also dignified and RESPECTABLE L on Earth

4 ENLIGHTENMENT it puts emphasis on SCIENTIFIC and EMPIRIC COGNITION of the world (light in the darkness) It originated in after 1700 and it spread around Europe during 18th century

5 SCIENTISTS ANTOINE LAVOISIER CARL LINNÉ RENÉ DESCARTES chemistry: sorting out of chemical elements botanics: sorting out of flora Mathematics: infinitesimal calculus

6 PHYSICISTS LUIGI GALVANI ISAAC NEWTON BLAISE PASCAL ALESSANDRO VOLTA electricity and living tissue discoveries in mechanics, gravitation pressure in fluids and gases physics: electric cell

7 INVENTORS BENJAMIN FRANKLIN PROKOP DIVIŠ lightning conductor JAMES WATT MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS improved steam engine hot-air baloon

8 PHILOSOPHERS AND THINKERS

9 JOHN L. public power comes from people not from the God; Two Treatises of Government (O vládě) the right of subjects to deny obedience if their natural rights (life, freedom, possessions) are denied by their government

10 CHARLES M The Spirit of the Laws (O duchu zákonů) a book analysing the current political systems recommends to divide the state power into 3 branches (legislative, executive, judicial) each branch should be independent and should check the two remaining should be the basis of constitutional monarchies and parliamentary democracies

11 V.. denied the existence of supersensible world the principle of religious and ethnical tolerance the ideas of wiping off the enormous social gap equality before the law

12 JEAN JACQUES R promoted: natural equality of people by return to nature abolishion of private property, emotional upbringing of children direct decision of people on public issues

13 ENCYCLOPEDISTS scholars and philosophers issued the inventory of entire human knowledge: ENCYCLOPEDIA or Racional Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts Main authors of Encyclopedia: Diderot D Alambert Holbach

14 ABSOLUTISM the most common type of government in Europe of 18th century (with exceptions of GB and Poland) society was dividend into 3 estates the sovereign and aristocracy: ruling estate the clergy: representatives of God on Earth subjects: working estate, who keep the running of the state with their taxes and who feed the first two estates the absolute monarch rules with the assistance of bureaucracy, police and army

15 ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM some absolutistic sovereigns influenced by the ideas of Enlightenment took their reign as serving to state implemented reforms of modernisation by decreets and orders often against their subjects will

16 ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISTS Maria Theresa of Habsburg Joseph II of Habsburg Frederick II the Great of Prussia Catherine II the Great of Russia

17 Tento digitální učební materiál byl vytvořen pomocí software Microsoft Office 2007 Materiál je určen pro bezplatné používání pro potřeby výuky a vzdělávání na všech typech škol a školských zařízení Jakékoliv další využití podléhá autorskému zákonu