Nano%Technologie%in%Civil%Engineering% Prague'Friday'March'1st'

Nano%Technologie%in%Civil%Engineering% Prague'Friday'March'1st'

Presented%by%:% 2 Ing.'Jindřich'Bareš' ''''CTO'PowerCem'Czech'Republic' 2 ir.'ing.'christophe'egyed' ''''CTO'PowerCem'Technologies'

2 Content' 2 IntroducFon' 2 I'Projects' 2 II'ConstrucFon'of'projects' 2 III'Recycled'asphalt' 2 IV'Design'of'Roads'with'RoadCem' 2 V'Design'of'Airports'with'RoadCem'

PowerCem RoadCem Úvod do semináře

Program prezentace 1. Představení společnosti 2. RoadCem - teorie 3. RoadCem - praxe 4. RoadCem - reference 3/46

1. Představení společnosti 4/46

1. Představení společnosti Vedení společnosti Moerdijk, Nizozemsko 5/46

1. Představení společnosti Mateřská pobočka vyvíjí materiály téměř 20 let PowerCem produkty jsou celosvětově patentované Celosvětově zakládány pobočky, které jsou průběžně podporovány z Nizozemska Realizováno přes 1000 projektů s RoadCemem 7/46

1. Představení společnosti Veškeré produkty PowerCem nejsou zdraví škodlivé (je vystaven bezpečnostní list) RoadCem je jemnozrnný práškovitý materiál s širokým uplatněním 8/46

2. RoadCem - teorie 10/46

2. RoadCem - teorie Je a není to stabilizace Zásadní je, KAM se používá Principiálně ano, použitím ne Běžné stabilizace vápnem nebo cementem do podloží. RoadCem nahrazuje konstrukční vrstvy! 11/46

2. RoadCem - teorie Oproti stabilizacím výrazně vyšší množství cementu + RoadCem Směs získává vysokou pevnost v tlaku a zároveň vynikající pružnostní charakteristiky. 12/46

2. RoadCem - teorie Voda proniká do částice cementu H 2 O' H 2 O' H 2 O' H 2 O' H 2 O' H 2 O' Obvykle se kolem středu částice vytváří gel, který zamezí další hydrataci a částice nereaguje celá H 2 O'+' RoadCem' H 2 O'+' RoadCem' H 2 O' H 2 O' RoadCem umožňuje celé cementové částice reagovat H 2 O'+' RoadCem' H 2 O'+' RoadCem' 13/46

How does the technology works

2. RoadCem - teorie RoadCem modifikuje hydrataci cementu Vzniká struktura z dlouze jehlovitých vzájemně propletených krystalů, Cementová vazba je výrazně silnější, reagují téměř celé částice cementu 14/46

2. RoadCem - teorie Možnost použití nejrůznějších místních materiálů (jíly, písky, rašelina (!) ) Odbourání většiny zemních prací spojených s odvozem doposud nevhodných a dovozem vhodných materiálů Efektivní použití asfaltu (velmi podobné pružnostní charakteristiky spolupůsobí ) nebo alternativní obrusné vrstvy ve většině případů omezení nebo vypuštění podpovrchového odvodnění (tepelně izolační charakteristiky, přenos mrazových pohybů bez vzniku trhlin) 15/46

2. RoadCem - teorie Zejména díky omezení odvozu a dovozu materiálu činí úspora oproti klasické technologii 10 40 % (podle plochy stavby) Další úspory se projevují v průběhu životnosti konstrukce 18/46

3. RoadCem - praxe 19/46

3.RoadCem - praxe Postup návrhu: Zjištění parametrů budoucího dopravního zatížení, druhu zeminy dle IGP Odběr vzorků zeminy, laboratorní stanovení receptury na základě testovaných parametrů Výpočet počítačovým programem na základě zjištěných parametrů zeminy, očekávaného zatížení, požadované životnosti Výpočet probíhá přes moduly pružnosti 20/46

3.RoadCem - praxe Stanovuje se: tloušťka stabilizované vrstvy (od 20 do cca. 45 cm) Receptura - množství cementu a RoadCemu (160/1,6 240/2,4 kg/m 3 ) 21/46

3.RoadCem - praxe 29/46

3.RoadCem - praxe Specifika realizace: Desku není třeba dilatovat Obrubníky se osazují dodatečně Šachty apod. se zaměří, sníží, zakryjí, přejedou a dodatečně odkryjí a finálně upraví Odvodnění jen tam, kde hrozí zdvih celé konstrukce vztlakem nebo je zemina vysoce kapilární a hladina podzemní vody blízko povrchu 30/46

4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: Jílové u Prahy 39/46

4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: Horní Brusnice u Nové Paky Jílovitá zemina, velké množství šachet Jílovitá zemina, lokální prameniště (podhorská svahová louka) 40/46

4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: Horní Brusnice u Nové Paky 41/46

4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: Kladno, Dubí Stísněné podmínky, velké množství vody 42/46

4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: Kladno, Dubí 43/46

4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty Česká republika: České Velenice 44/46

Závěr Děkuji za pozornost. 45/46

Kontakty Remko Herremans rherremans@powercem.cz 724 805 724, 241 950 091 Ke Statku 71 Jílové u Prahy Ing. Jindřich Bareš jbares@powercem.cz 602 349 520 241 950 091 René Skala rskala@powercem.cz 724 753 233 46/46

Rekonstrukce% ulice%na%vyhlídce%% Kamenice%%

FREKOMOS,'s.r.o.' Železničního'vojska'1381' 757'01'Valašské'Meziříčí' www.frekomos.cz' Ke'Statku'71' 25401' Jilove'u'Prahy' www.powercem.cz'

1. Content 1. General' 2. PreparaFons' 3. Measuring'heights' 4. Rough'leveling' 5. Se_ng'profiles,'leveling' 6. Pre'compacFon'with'suitable'roller'at'MPD' 7. Spreading'RoadCem'and'mixing' 8. Spreading'cement/binder'and'mixing' 9. Adding water and mixing 10. Compacting 11. Leveling 12. Curing 13. Surface General

1. Film Animation Process General

2. Preparations Preparation is everything!!! Checking design Roadblocks must be placed Permits if required Products must be on site Equipment Lightning for working at night Materials General

3. Measuring heights Construction steps

3. Measuring heights Measuring'heights'and'set'up'profiles' Equipment:' Laser'(to'level'height)' Bulldozer'(to'move'the'soil)' If'necessary:' Hydraulic'excavator'for'heavy'earth'works' Trucks'to'import'or'export'granular'material' Materials:' Wooden'piles'' Construction steps

3. Measuring heights Tips' Make'sure'that'the'granular'material'is'the'same'as'tested'in'the'laboratory'and' the'design.' For'exisFng'roads,'the'exisFng'levels'can'be'followed.'' Take'care'that'the'level'of'the'new'RoadCem'road'is'fi_ng'to'the'exisFng' intersecfon'roads,'gujers'and'manholes.'' Note:' ConstrucFon'works'can'lead'to'a'few'cm'extra'height'' due'to'added'material'which'has'to'be'leveled'at'' appropriate'height'' Construction steps

3. Measuring heights Tips' If'there'are'local'deformaFons'use'the'same'granular'material.' If'you'are'building'a'new'road,'put'the'gujers'and'curbs'aler'the'stabilizaFon' is'finished.'' Construction steps

3. Measuring heights Tips' ConstrucFon'aspects'embankments:' Pay'ajenFon'to'sejling'behavior'during'excavaFon' and'reconstrucfon' Construct'the'road'on''the'excavated'locaFon,' especially'in'weak'soils.' Topping'up'the'road'is'not'advisable''' Construction steps

4. Rough leveling Construction steps

4. Rough leveling Earth'movement'works'and'rough'leveling' Equipment:' Grader,'ripping'the'soil.' Sieve,'to'remove'the'big'stones' Excavator,'for'earth'moving'works'in'order'to'balance' the'soil'' Trucks,'moving'granular'material' Construction steps

4. Rough leveling Tips' Pay'ajenFon'when'you'excavate!!' When'there'are'big'stones'(>'80'mm),'the' following'acfons'can'be'taken:' Remove'stones'>80mm'' Place'an'extra'layer,'like'sand'and'clay,'on'the'stone' layer' Crush'the'stones'if'possible'with'crusher'to'finer' material'' Construction steps

5. Setting profiles and leveling Construction steps

5. Setting profiles and leveling Equipment:' Grader'(Laser'remote),'se_ng'up'profiles' Excavator,'to'make'canalizaFons'during'rainfall' Laser'(theodolite,'geo'measurement)' Construction steps

5. Setting profiles and leveling Tips' During'the'construcFon:' Make'the'road'under'angle'of'2,5%'' Make'sure'that'the'water'floods'over'the'stabilizaFon' into'the'shoulders'or'drainage'system.'' Set'up'profile'minus'3'cm'due'to'addiFonal'materials' Construction steps

5. Setting profiles and leveling Tips' 1 Add'water'to'achieve'OMC'at'non2cohesive'soils'like' sand.' 3 4 2 when'working'with'the'grader.' Go'first'with'grader'from'the'side'to'the'middle' (1,2,3,4,)' Than'compacFng' Next'by'grader'from'the'middle'to'the'sides'again' (2,1,4,3,)' Construction steps

6. Pre compaction Construction steps

6. Pre compaction Pre'compacFon'with'suitable'roller' Equipment:' Compactor:' 2 Sheep'foot'compactor'(cohesive'soils)' 2 StaFc'and'dynamic'compactor.' Construction steps

6. Pre compaction Tips' Start'compacFon'with'dynamic'compacFon'(sand'and'gravel)'and'end'with'staFc' compacfon.' The'weight'and'frequency'of'the'compactor'is'prescribed'in'the'table'on'the'next' sheet.' Construction steps

6. Pre compaction Construction steps

6. Pre compaction Construction steps

7. Spreading and mixing RoadCem Construction steps

7. Spreading and mixing RoadCem By'hand:' Piles'and'marking'lines'to'make'sure'that'the'right' amount'is'well'spread.' Equipment:' Mechanic' Mechanical'spreader'(check'dose'while'spreading)' Mixing'(In'situ)' Rotovator'(Wirtgen)' CulFvator'' Grader' Frees'or'suitable'mixer' Construction steps

7. Spreading and mixing RoadCem Tips' Spread'the'RoadCem'equal'close'to'the'ground' If'there'is'wind,'make'the'surface'a'lijle'bit'wet'so'that' the'roadcem'powder'sfcks'to'the'floor' If'there'are'areas'were'it'is'not'easily'to'mix'and' compact,'use'some'extra'roadcem' Construction steps

7. Spreading and mixing RoadCem Tips' 2/3*h 1/3*h It'is'not'allowed'to'drive'over'the'RoadCem'when' applied'on'the'surface' Bring'in'extra'RoadCem'at'the'beginning'and'at'the'end' of'the'area' Mix'the'RoadCem'into'2/3'of'the'designed'thickness' Note:' First'RoadCem'next'Cement'this'to'prevent:' Lumps,'dust'and'a'shorter'Fmeframe'between'applying'the' cement'and'compacfon.' Construction steps

7. Spreading and mixing RoadCem Tips' When'the'RoadCem'is'mixed'in'the'soil,'the'layer'must'be'compacted'staFc'in' case'it'takes'a'few'hours'to'bring'in'the'cement.' When'the'construcFon2works'must'stop'due'to'heavy'rain,'the'same'procedure' must'be'followed,'so'the'water'can'flood'of.' Construction steps

8. Spreading and mixing cement Construction steps

8. Spreading and mixing cement Spreading'and'mixing'cement'and/or'binder' By'hand' Equipment:' Mechanic' Mechanical'spreader'(check'dose'while'spreading)' Mixing'(In'situ)' Rotovator'(Wirtgen)' CulFvator'' Grader' Frees'or'suitable'mixer' Construction steps

8. Spreading and mixing cement Tips' h During'the'cement'mixing'it'is'important'that'there'is' no'heavy'rain' Keep'a'good'quality'control'and'make'sure'that'the' right'amount'will'be'used.'' During'mixing'the'mixer'has'to'move'slowly' Bring'in'the'cement'at'the'calculated'thickness.' By'cohesive'soils'the'water'has'to'be'added'aler'the' cement'has'mixed'in'the'soil' Construction steps

9. Adding water and mixing Construction steps

9. Adding water and mixing Equipment:' Water'truck' Any'kind'of'water'can'be'used,'even'salt'water' Mixing'with'the'appropriate'rotovater' Tips' Bring'in'the'right'amount'of'water'to'achieve'MPD' Try'in'the'beginning'of'the'execuFon'the'doses'that' you'want'to'bring'in.' Construction steps

10. Compaction Construction steps

10. Compaction Equipment:' StaFc'/'dynamic'compactor' Tips' StaFc,'dynamic'compacFon' The'weight'of'the'compactors'is'given'in'the'next'sheet.' The'type'of'compactor'depends'of'the'type'of'material.' The'compactor'must'be'able'to'compact''the'tracks'of' the'mixer.' CompacFon'must'start'immediately'aler'the'cement'is' mixed'in'the'soil.'within'4'hours'aler'mixing'everything' must'be'compacted.' Construction steps

10. Compaction Construction steps

11. Leveling Construction steps

11. Leveling Equipment:' Laser'remote'Grader'(se_ng'up'profile)' Compactor'staFc,'dynamic' Tire'compactor' Construction steps

11. Leveling Tips' Add'water.' 3 4 2 1 Aler'the'grader'has'past''the'compactor'follows.' Process'modus'from'the'side'to'the'middle'(1,2,3,4)' Next''from'the'middle'to'the'sides'(2,1,4,3)' Use'a'Fre'compactor'if'necessary'and'finish'with'a' suitable'steel'sheet'roller.' Construction steps

12. Curing Construction steps

12. Curing Equipment:' Water'truck' Tips' Water'is'needed'to'make'sure'that'the'crystalline' structure'can'be'formed.' Apply'as'much'as'water'as'needed'(any'kind'of'water).' Make'sure'that'during'the'first'24'hours'the'surface'is' kept'wet.' Construction steps

13. Surface Construction steps

13. Surface Surface'finishing' 1. Bitumen'' 2. Concrete'' 3. GrouFng' 4. ARC' Construction steps

13.1 Bitumen Tips' Use'a'steel'brush,'to'clean'the'surface'of'the' stabilizafon' Bring'on'a'sFcky'layer' Bring'on'the'asphalt'conform'normal'procedures.' By'bringing'on'the'asphalt'the'regular'procedure'must' be'followed'!' Construction steps

13.2 Concrete Tips' Use'a'steel'brush,'to'clean'the'surface'of'the' stabilizafon' Bring'on'a'sFcky'layer' Bring'on'the'concrete'according'normal'procedures.' By'bringing'on'the'Concrete'the'regular'procedure' must'be'followed'!' Construction steps

13.4 ARC Tips' Use'a'steel'brush,'to'clean'the'surface'of'the' stabilizafon' Bring'on'a'sFcky'layer' Bring'on'the'concrete'according'normal'procedures.' By'bringing'on'the'Concrete'keep'in'mind'the'weight'of'''' the'equipment'on'the'pavement!' Construction steps

Part%III%Construc@on%with%recycled% asphalt%

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt' ITS' ITS' Compressive'strength' Mpa' Mpa' Without'RoadCem' 0,29' 6,4' Mpa' With'3,5%'RoadCem' 0,66' 9,5' Demand' 0,15' 1,57' Compressive' strength' Mpa' Without'RoadCem' 0,29' 6,4' With'3,5%' RoadCem' 0,66' 9,5' Demand' 0,15' 1,57'

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

Design'of'Roads'with'RoadCem'

Design'of'Roads'with'RoadCem'

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

ConstrucFon'with'recycled'asphalt'

4. RoadCem - reference Realizované projekty zahraničí: Rusko, Petrohrad 34/46

Part%IV%Design%of%Roads% General

1. Content 1. 'General' 2. Traffic' 3. Soil' 4. Surface'layer' General

2. Traffic

2. Traffic Characteris@cs%that%influence%the%thickness% of%the%pavement:% 1.1'RepeFFon'of'standard'axle'loads' 1.2'Load'and'Fre'pressure' 1.3'Axle'configuraFon'' 1.4'Width'of'the'road' 1.5'Number'of'lanes' 1.6'Speed' 1.7'CalculaFon'N eq' Design characteristics 1

2. Traffic properties business cart Mexico'City' Highway' Number'of'trucks: '3*10^8' Standard'axle'load: '100'kN' Type'of'surface'material: 'Asphalt' Width: ' '3.5'm' Lifespan: ' '20'years' Design characteristics 1

2.1 Repetition of axle load Intensity?' Number'of'trucks,'heavy'loaded,'light'loaded'trucks,' and'cars.'per'day,'per'direcfon,'per'lane!' How'many'trucks'(%)'are'there'driving'on'a'highway?' 9%' What'is'the'average'amount'of'axles?' 4' What'is'the'truck'damage'factor?'' 2'for'heavy,'1,4'for'light'='(damage'factor'TDF)' Design characteristics 1

2.1 Repetition of axle load 1'Car'+'1'truck'='1,5'truck?' NO' ΣN eq(100'kn)' ='a i *(P i /100) 4 '+'a j *(P j /100) 4' ΣN eq(100'kn)' ='a i *(P i /100) 3 '+'a j *(P j /100) 3' a i '='number'of'cars,'p i ='axle'load'car' a j '='number'of'trucks,'p j,'axle'load'trucks' 4'='Flexural'material,'asphalt''' 3'='Brijle'material,'Concrete'blocks'' Design characteristics 1

2.2 Wheel load and tire pressure Wheel'load' F'(N)' " "σ = " Tire'pressure' A'(MM)' Tension'(N/mm2'='MPa)'=10xkg/cm2)' Design characteristics 1

2.2 Wheel load and tire pressure Tire'pressure'/'weight' Design characteristics 1

2.2 Wheel load Wheel%Load%% (kn)% How'heavy'is'heavy?' Car' 5' Heavy'loaded' truck'' 50' Reach'stacker'' 206' Airplane'A380'' (TO)' Airplane'A380''' (AR)'' 280' 194' F16' 50' Design characteristics 1

2.3 Axle configuration The'distance'between'the'wheels'is'very'important'for' the'stresses'and'strains'that'will'occur'in'the' construcfon.'stresses'and'strains'in'the'construcfon' are'also'determining'the'lifefme.'' Design characteristics 1

2.3 Axle configuration Α" Α" δ" Α" δ" δ" Α" δ" 4 δ = Extra surface σ = F/(A+2δ) 2" Design characteristics 1

2.4 Width of the pavement What'is'the'width'of'a'road?' Depending'of'the'kind'of'road:' 2 Highway'3,6'm'' 2 Provincial'road'3'm.'' Lane%width% F s % <'3,00'm'' 3,00' '3,50'm' >'3,50'm' 1,14' 1,07' 1,00' Design characteristics 1

2.5 Number of lanes Number%of%lanes% F r % One'lane/special'lane'' 1,00' Two'lanes' 0,95' Three'lanes'or'more' 0,90' How'many'of'the'trucks'are'driving'on'the' right'lane'in'holland?'' 90%' Which'lane'is'most'heavily'used?'' Right' Design characteristics 1

2.6 Effect of the speed Number%of%lanes% F r % 20'km/h' 1,76' 40'km/h' 1,33' 60'km/h' 1,12' 80'km/h' 1,00' Design characteristics 1

2.7 Calculation N eq N eq '= 'Total'amount'standard'axle'load'repeFFons.'' V '= 'Amount'of'trucks'per'24'hours.' W '= 'Amount'of'work'days'per'year.' F s '= 'CorrecFon'factor'for'the'amount'of'driving'lanes'per'year.' F v '= 'CorrecFon'factor'for'the'driving'lane'width.' F r '= 'Speed'of'the'heavy'traffic.' D v '= 'Truck'damage'factor.' G '= 'Growth.' L '=' 'Life'span.' Design characteristics 1

3. Soil Design characteristics 1

3. Soil Soil'characterisFcs'that'are'influencing'the'pavement' thickness' '2.1'DeterminaFon'type'of'soil' '2.2'Bearing'capacity'' '2.3'Groundwater'level' '2.4'Capillarity'of'the'ground' '2.5'Sejling'behavior' Design characteristics 1

3. Soil properties business cart Peat'PT' Cohesive'material' Viscosity % %0.30% Dynamic%s@ffness %100%kg/cm 2% Ground%water%level: %S%0.5%m% Capillarity: % %20%m% Design characteristics 1

3.1 Determination type of soil Design characteristics 1

3.2 Bearing capacity The'strength'of'a'granular'material'against' deformafon,'and'spreading'of'the'load' '''''''''' ''''''''''''''' Bearing'capacity'is'mainly'depending'of:''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1.'Grain'sizes' 2.'Organic'material' 3.'Moisture'content' 4.'CompacFon '' Design characteristics 1

3.2 Bearing capacity 2 The'bearing'capacity'is'expressed'in'StaFc' or'dynamic'elasfc'modulus'of'the'soil.'' 2 Edyn'='10'*'CBR' 2 MPa'or'N/mm 2' 'or''10*mpa'='kgf/cm 2' Design characteristics 1

3.2 Bearing capacity Soil'has'a'memory?''E stat ' 'E dyn' F' Peat'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Sand F' ' F' F' E' E' E' E' ν" ν" ν" ν" '''E dyn ' 'E stat ' ' ' '''''''''''''''''''''''E dyn ' 'E stat' Design characteristics 1

3.2 Bearing capacity Design characteristics 1

3.2 Bearing capacity Material% Peat' 10' Clay' Sand' Paving'stones' Asphalt' Furnace'slag' Sand'cement'stabilizaFon' ImmoCem'+'sludge' Dynamic%elas@city%modulus% (MPa)% 25' '75' 75' '150' 1.500' 7.500' 1.000' 5.000' 4.522' '4.975' Design characteristics 1

3.3 Ground water level The'effect'of'groundwater'under' the'road'has'influence'on'the' bearing'capacity'and'frost/thaw' behavior' Design characteristics 1

3.4 Capillarity Capillary%ac@on,'capillarity,'capillary%mo@on,'or'wicking'is' the'ability'of'a'substance'to'draw'another'substance'into'it.' The'standard'reference'is'to'a'tube'in'plants'but'can'be'seen' readily'with'porous'paper. h is the liquid-air surface tension (J/m² or N/m) θ is the contact angle ρ is the density of liquid (kg/m 3 ) g is acceleration due to gravity (m/s²) r is radius of tube (m). ' Design characteristics 1

3.4 Capillarity Design characteristics 1

3.4 Capillarity Soil%Type% Capillarity%(m)% Rocks' 0' Gravel' 0' Sand' 020,3' Clay' 1210' Peat' >10' Design characteristics 1

3.5 Settling behavior Immediate%seWlement%(ri)% {'elasfc'deformafon'with'no'change'in'water'content' {'occurs'rapidly'during'the'applicafon'of'load' {'quite'small'quanfty'in'dense'sands/gravels'and'sfff/hard'clays' Consolida@on%seWlement%(rc)% {'decrease'in'voids'volume'as'pore'water'is'squeezed'out'of'the'soil' {'occurs'slowly'according'to'the'permeability' {'only'significant'in'clays'and'silts' Secondary%seWlement%or%creep%(ra)% {'due'to'gradual'changes'in'the'parfculate'structure'of'the'soil' {'occurs'very'slowly,'long'aler'consolidafon'is'completed' {'most'significant'in'sol'organic'soils'and'peats' Thus,'final%seWlement,%r%=%ri%+%rc%+%ra' Design characteristics 1

3.5 Settling behavior Design characteristics 1

4. Surfacing Design characteristics 1

4. Surfacing 3.1'Why'surfacing?' 3.2'What'qualiFes'must'the'surface'have?' 3.3'Which'opFons'are'there?' 3.4'What'is'the'effect'on'the'pavement?' Design characteristics 1

4.2 Properties of the road Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' Skid'resistance '''''''''' the'bounded'layer.' - 2'Airplanes' 2'Cars'and'trucks' 2'Bicycles' Noise'reducFon' Splash'and'spray' 'permanent'loads'' 'Heat' 'Heavy'loads' 'Water'impermeability' Design characteristics 1

4.3 Surface layer materials Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' Asphalt'' - Chip'and'spray' Concrete'bricks' Concrete' CombinaFon'upper'layer' ARC' Direct'StabilizaFon'' Design characteristics 1

Content 1. General' Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' 2. RoadCem'basics' 3. BISAR'CalculaFons' 4. Example'BISAR'CalculaFons' 5. Determine'the'lifeFme' 6. Exercises' - General

Content 2'Maximum'wheel'load'''''''''''''''''''2''Viscosity''of'soil'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2'Viscosity'of'used'materials' Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' please' 2'Tyre'pressure ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2''Dynamic'elasFcity'module'of ''''2Dynamic'elasFcity'module'of' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''soil''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''material' - STEP'1' Business'cards' Establish%layer%thickness,%in%programme' STEP'2' CalculaFng'with' BISAR' Calculate%stresses%strains%and% displacements' '''''Check%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Check%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%Check %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Check%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Check%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%Deforma@on%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Deforma@on%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Pressure%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Fa@gue%and%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Remaining%%' %%%%SubSbase%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Founda@on%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Strength%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Breaking%strain%%%%%%%%%%Aspects' Op@mize%' construc@on' STEP'3' Checking' STEP'4' OpFmizing' General

2. RoadCem basics Sand'SP' Non'cohesive'material' Viscosity: E'dynamic: ''''''''''''''''''0.35' ''''''''''''''''''1000'kg/cm 2 ' ''''''''''''''''''1500'kg/cm 2' Ground'water'level:'''''''''''2'2'm' Capillarity: '''''''''''''''''''0.3'm' Tabasco' Small'Roads' Number'of'trucks:'''''''''''''''2*10^4' Standard'axle'load:'''''''''''''100'kN' Type'of'surface'material:'''Asphalt' Width:'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3.2'm' Lifespan:'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''14'years' Input'data'to'make'calculaFons' Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' - 1. ProperFes'of'the'soil' 2. ProperFes'of'the'traffic' 3.''ProperFes'of'the'materials' Sand'RoadCem' PowerCem'Technologies' Pressure'strength:''''''''10'Mpa' Breaking'strain:'''''''''''''400'mm/m' FaFgue'relaFon:''''''''''''Literature' Dynamic'SFffness:''''''''6000'MPa' Design characteristics 2

2. RoadCem basics Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' Calculate'the'construcFon'to'prevent'damage'during'predesFnated'lifeFme:' Design:'Failing'mechanism'roads' the'bounded'layer.' - DeformaFon'construcFon' DeformaFon'foundaFon'(unbounded)' 'Crack2forming'foundaFon'(unbounded)' 'DeformaFon'grade' DeformaFon'subgrade' Design characteristics 2

3. BISAR Calculation This'is'an'iteraFve'process' Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' - 1. Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the' top'of'the'bounded'layer.' 2. Check'the'strain'at'the'bojom'of'the' bounded'layers.' 3. Check'the'deformaFons'in'the' unbounded'materials' Design characteristics 2

3. BISAR Calculation Check'the'compressive'strength'at'the'top'of' the'bounded'layer.' - (Fre'pressure)' If#this#is#not#the#case,#then#the# mixture#must#be#changed#or#a# surface#layer#with#a#higher# compressive#layer#(arc,#concrete# with#concrecem)#must#be#applied.## Design characteristics 2

3. BISAR Calculation Check'the'strain'at'the'bojom'of'the'bounded' - layers.' The'strain'at'the'bojom'determines'the'' Resistance'against'cracks'due'to:' ε<'ε breaking'strain' 2 One'over'ceding'heavy'load'' ''('Breaking'strain)' (N eff' )'<'(N eq ) '(fafgue)' 2 Repeated'equivalent'' 'wheel'loads'80'kn'(fafgue)' Design characteristics 2

3. BISAR Calculation + - + + - Design characteristics 2

3. BISAR Calculation Design characteristics 2

4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'1:On'the'move'with'BISAR'1/8'' Design characteristics 2

4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'1:On'the'move'with'BISAR'1/8'' Design characteristics 2

4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'2:On'the'move'with'BISAR'2/8'' Design characteristics 2

4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'3:On'the'move'with'BISAR'3/8'' Design characteristics 2

4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'4:On'the'move'with'BISAR'4/8'' Design characteristics 2

4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'5:On'the'move'with'BISAR'5/8'' Design characteristics 2

4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'6:On'the'move'with'BISAR'6/8'' Design characteristics 2

4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'7:On'the'move'with'BISAR'7/8'' Design characteristics 2

4. Example BISAR Calculation Step'8:On'the'move'with'BISAR'8/8'' Design characteristics 2

5. Determine lifetime 2 ''='compressive' +'='tensile' ''''1,35'kg/cm 2 '' ''''<'50'kg/cm 2' So'this'is'ok!' (Yellow'value'is' determined'in'' The'material' design'and' controlled'in' the'laboratory)' Design characteristics 2

5. Determine lifetime 12,5'mm/m ' 12,5'mm/m'<'' 400'mm/m ' So'this'is'ok!' (Yellow'value'is' determined'in'' The'material' design'and' controlled'in' the'laboratory)' Design characteristics 2

Part%V%Design%of%Airports%

Airport Design with FAARFIELD (FAA) Airport Design with BISAR

Airport Design FAARFIELD - Input aircraft data

Airport Design FAARFIELD pavement design

FAARFIELD program calculates automatically the layer thicknesses, based on: Aircraft fleet and number of landings per year Mechanical properties of pavement materials Required Design life Subgrade properties

BISAR program calculations also, based on: Aircraft fleet and number of landings per year Mechanical properties of pavement materials Required Design life Subgrade properties But not automatically

BISAR calculations with RoadCem: 1. Calculate the stress and strain per aircraft type and per pavement construction

BISAR calculations with RoadCem: 2. Calculate the allowable number of load repetitions per aircraft per construction Using either fatigue relation of local soil stabilization or e.g. Dutch Road Authorities fatigue relation for AGRAC Log(N)'='21.37' '7.72'x''log(ε)'

BISAR calculations with RoadCem: 3. Calculate the Miner number per aircraft per construction Miner = E.g.: Miner 747-400ER construction 1 = 2.0 x 10^6/8.0 x 10^6 Miner 737-300 construction 1 = 8.0 x 10^6 / 8.0 x 10^7

BISAR calculations with RoadCem: 4. Summarize the Miner numbers per aircraft per construction E.g.: Total Miner = Miner 747-400 + Miner 737-300 + + In this example: Total Miner = 0,25 + 0,1 + +

BISAR calculations with RoadCem: 5. Check resulting Miner numbers per pavement construction E.g.: Total Miner = 1; pavement will just show NO damage during the design life of the construction Total Miner < 1; construction is sufficient Total Miner > 1; construction is not sufficient

Aim of the design is a pavement construction with Miner number of 1. If Miner > 1, then adapt the design by increasing thickness of the layers and re-calculate all the different airplanes in BISAR and determine the summarized Miner number for the new construction.

If Miner < 1, then either: - Allow for the overdesigned construction if financially acceptable or if increase in Aircraft weight or number is expected in the future. - Adapt the design by decreasing thickness of the layers and re-calculate all the different airplanes in BISAR and determine the summarize Miner number for the new thinner construction.

RoadCem%advantages' Reduced%use%of% primary%and% secondary%materials% Less% %Transport% Use%of%onsite% materials% Effec@ve% design%of% asphalt% thickness% Cost%% reduc@on%

Ques@ons%

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