Jak se pečuje o zemědělskou půdu v České republice? Bořivoj ŠARAPATKA Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci e-mail: borivoj.sarapatka@upol.cz
54 % of arable land - problems with water erosion
velikost pozemků v ha Soil erosion vs. average size of fields (in hectares) 25 20 15 10 5 0 r. 1930 r.1950 r.1960 r.1970 r.1977 r.1986 SPÚ r.1993
South Moravia very productive region
Submountain areas
Assessment of soil erosion and deposition using 137 Cs The key assumption to use caesium-137 radionuclide as a erosion tracer is finding of significant relationship between soil loss and radionuclide loss. Then the spatial distribution of these radionuclides in the field can determine areas of net soil loss (erosion) and net gain (deposition). The assessment of 137 Cs redistribution is based on a comparison of measured inventories ( 137 Cs total activity per area) of a individual sampling point in the field with an reference inventory (stable site, without erosion/deposition).
10.4 % of arable land - problems with wind erosion
45 % of agricultural land - problems with compaction
Acidification
Loss of organic matter
Different types of grassland ecosystems: newly established grassland - average 16 plant species species-rich communities - average 33 plant species
Temporary grassland - newly established grassland Temporary grassland - older re-cultivation Seminatural grassland- species reach communities Conduct. Bulk density (Mg/m 3 ) Porosity (%) ph/cacl 2 P (mg/kg) K (mg/kg) Ca (mg/kg) Mg (mg/kg) 70.25 1.46 45.20 5.80 89.25 214.00 2505.00 126.00 (dspoj/dmax)*100 120 100 80 54.15 1.36 48.47 4.83 57.70 104.25 1259.50 55.00 60 39.95 1.35 49.58 40 4.55 40.85 65.50 987,00 37.75 20 Jednoduché spojení Euklid. vzdálenosti Zahrnout podmínku: vyber1=1 (C, Norg, G, resp) 0 l8 l6 l10 l9 l7 l4 l2 l5 l3 l1 Temporary grassland - newly established grassland Temporary grassland - older re-cultivation Seminatural grassland- species reach communities C (%) Norg. (mg/kg) HA:FA respiration 2.02 2069.90 0.244 3.99 2.76 3167.13 0.282 2.51 3.93 5704.15 0.363 6.12
Seminatural grassland Species reach communities Temporary grassland Older re-cultivation Temporary grassland Newly established grassland C = 106,1 t/ha C = 75,1 t/ha C = 58,9 t/ha
The process model functions were specified as: CHM PHD RDM DSM a. LOM b. WIE 1 c. CHD d 1 1 1. WIE b 2 d. WAE c a 2 2 2. A. PHD. LOM a 3 b. HMI 3. ES d 3. DI b 4. SC b 5. DI LOM A HMI WAE WIE ES SC DI CHD PHD RDM DSM Loss of organic matter Acidification Heavy metal intoxication Water erosion Wind erosion Extreme soils (clay soils) Soil compaction Dryness impact Chemical degradation Physical degradation Resulting Degradation Model Desertification Model Individual weightings a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, c1 and c5 were specified by judgment of an independent agricultural specialist.
Desertification 1 Wind erosion Loss of organic matter Dryness impact
Desertification Czech Republic Desertification consists of a set of potential dangers which are: wind erosion, loss of organic matter and dryness impact. DesertificationThreat safe low middle high extremely high 0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers Projection coordination system: S-JTSK Šarapatka, Novák, Bednář, 2005 From the sources of Research Institute of Ameliorations and Soil Conservation, Prague
Soil degradation model - results Czech Republic Soil degradation model is the sum of chemical and physical threat degradation models. Consists of a lot of dangers indluding: water erosion, wind erosion, extreme soils (clayey soils), soil compaction, loss of organic matter, dryness impact, acidification and intoxication by heavy metals. The places with the biggest threat are rounded by circle. The result of degradation model (potential threat) safe low middle high extremely high 0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers Projection coordination system: S-JTSK Šarapatka, Novák, Bednář, 2005 UP Olomouc
120 Jednoduché spojení Euklid. vzdálenosti Zahrnout podmínku: vyber2=1 (mail 1.3.) 100 80 (dspoj/dmax)*100 60 40 20 0 l8 l6 l7 l10 l9 l5 l3 l4 l2 l1
basal respiration (mg CO 2.100g -1 per hour) basal respiration (mg CO 2.100g -1 per hour) basal respiration (mg CO 2.100g -1 per hour) The respiration test yielded important results in all variants. It has correlated well (5% significance level) with several physical and chemical soil properties. 2.5 2.5 y = 0.2068*x 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 y = 2.8264*x - 1.5785*x 2 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 bulk density (g.cm -3 ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 humus (%) 2.5 2.0 1.5 y = 5.5271*x - 5.3239*x 2 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 N tot (%)
bakterie rozkl.celul 80 60 40 20 0 200 1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.2 zatizeni 150 100 50 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 diverzita
bakterie rozkl.celul 80 60 40 20 0 200 1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.2 zatizeni 150 100 50 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 diverzita
Indikátory kvality půdy zahrnují charakteristiky: fyzikální textura, hloubka půdy, infiltrace, vodní kapacita, pórovitost, struktura chemické a fyzikálně chemické - obsah humusu a jeho kvalita, N tot., KVK, ph, vodivost, obsah živin, kontaminanty v půdě. biologické C, N mikrobní biomasy, mineralizovatelný N, respirace, aktivita enzymů, biomasa a abundance jednotlivých skupin živočichů
Po prvním monitoringu během konverze by pravidelné sledování mělo probíhat: na orné půdě - pšenice ozimá (nebo jiná oz. Obilovina), polovina dubna, minimálně 1x za 5 let na každém pozemku na trvalých travních porostech louky polovina dubna, pastviny před pastvou Termín: obnovené travní porosty 1x za 5 let, starší porosty (min. 15 let staré) 1x za 7 let
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