SilvaNet WoodNet 2019

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1 MENDEL UNIVERSITY IN BRNO SilvaNet WoodNet 2019 Proceedings Abstracts of Student Scientific Conference Ing. Ondřej Hemr Ing. Markéta Kupská Ing. Kateřina Sedláčková 2019 Brno FACULTY OF FORESTRY AND WOOD TECHNOLOGY

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3 MENDEL UNIVERSITY IN BRNO Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology of Mendel University in Brno SilvaNet WoodNet 2019 Proceedings Abstracts of Student Scientific Conference Ing. Ondřej Hemr Ing. Markéta Kupská Ing. Kateřina Sedláčková 29 November 2019 BRNO

4 MENDEL UNIVERSITY IN BRNO SilvaNet WoodNet 2019 Proceedings Abstracts of Student Scientific Conference held in Brno on November 29th, 2019 Student Conference is organized by the Council of the Internal Grant Agency of Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology MENDELU under the patronage of the Dean of Faculty (Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology MENDELU) prof. Dr. Ing. Libor Jankovský and in cooperation with projects CZ.1.07 / / (Inovace biologických a lesnických disciplín pro vyšší konkurenceschopnost), CZ.1.07 / / (INVID), CZ.1.07 / / (Výmladkové lesy jako produkční a biologická alternativa budoucnosti), CZ.1.07 / / (Vytvoření mezinárodního vědecko-výzkumného týmu pro vývoj nových materiálů na bázi dřeva), CZ.1.07 / / (Platforma pro systémovou biologii a ekologii dřevin) and CZ /0.0/0.0/ 15_003/ (Phytophthora Research Centre). The conference was supported by funds of specific university research activities of Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology MENDELU. Proceedings Editors: Ondřej Hemr, Markéta Kupská, Kateřina Sedláčková ISBN

5 MENDEL UNIVERSITY IN BRNO SilvaNet WoodNet 2019 Expert guarantors of the conference: Ing. Zdeněk Adamec, Ph.D. Ing. Petr Čermák, Ph.D. Ing. Lukáš Fictum doc. Ing. Roman Gebauer, Ph.D. doc. Ing. Vladimír Gryc, Ph.D. Ing. Luďka Hlásková, Ph.D. Ing. Petra Hlaváčková, Ph.D. doc. Ing. Petr Hrůza, Ph.D. prof. Dr. Ing. Libor Jankovský doc. Ing. Jiří Kamler, Ph.D. doc. RNDr. Irena Marková, CSc. Ing. Tomáš Mikita Ph.D. doc. Ing. Radek Pokorný, Ph.D. doc. Ing. Luboš Purchart, Ph.D. doc. Ing. Daniela Tesařová, Ph.D. Ing. Jan Tippner, Ph.D doc. RNDr. Michal Tomšovský, Ph.D. doc. Ing. Luboš Úřadníček, CSc.

6 TENTO PROJEKT JE SPOLUFINANCOVÁN EVROPSKÝM SOCIÁLNÍM FONDEM A STÁTNÍM ROZPOČTEM ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY Inovace biologických a lesnických disciplín pro vyšší konkurenceschopnost CZ.1.07/2.2.00/ Dotační titul: OP Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost, prioritní osa 2.2 Vysokoškolské vzdělávání Doba řešení: Příjemce projektu: Mendelova univerzita v Brně Koordinátor projektu: Ing. Jan Dvořák, Ph.D. Východiskem trvale udržitelného rozvoje společnosti jsou znalosti biologie a ekologie a schopnost implementovat excelentní poznatky inovativními technickými a správními opatřeními v konkrétních ekonomických podmínkách. Inovací předmětů a studijních plánů budou začleněny principy systémové biologie a ekologie v kontextu inženýrské profilace výuky disciplín na LDF MENDELU. Prostředkem ke zvýšení kompetencí cílové skupiny (studenti Bc., Mgr. a Ph.D.), je zvýšení kvality a inovace systému vzdělávání, založené na znalostech v biologických a ekologických disciplínách. Projekt zdůrazňuje mezioborové souvislosti a napomáhá osvojení technologie implementace poznatků. Bude dosaženo obsahové a kvalitativní inovace biologicky a ekologicky zaměřených předmětů biologického základu a v předmětech orientovaných na aplikaci poznatků oboru. Cíle projektu budou naplněny při řešení čtyř klíčových aktivit a vytváření výukového polygonu. Aktivity jsou realizovány zaměstnanci příjemce a partnery projektu. Partneři projektu: Centrum výzkumu globální změny AV ČR, v. v. i. Česká technologická platforma lesního hospodářství a navazujících průmyslových odvětví LESCUS Cetkovice, s.r.o. Lesy města Brna, a.s.

7 TENTO PROJEKT JE SPOLUFINANCOVÁN EVROPSKÝM SOCIÁLNÍM FONDEM A STÁTNÍM ROZPOČTEM ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY Indikátory vitality dřevin CZ.1.07/2.3.00/ Dotační titul: OP Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost, prioritní osa 2.3. Lidské zdroje ve výzkumu a vývoji Doba řešení: Příjemce projektu: Mendelova univerzita v Brně Koordinátor projektu: prof. Dr. Ing. Libor Jankovský Cílem projektu je posílení kvality a excelence, zapojení do mezinárodních projektů a publikačních týmů, etablování členů cílové skupiny, především mladých vědců a studentů, v mezinárodní vědě a jejich stabilizace. Zapojením vysoce kvalitních zahraničních vědců v oblasti komplexních chorob dřevin bude tým výzkumně navázán na instituce v Rakousku, Norsku, Itálii a Slovinsku. Týmové propojení zlepší odborné a organizační kompetence, excelenci členů cílové skupiny projektu, zintenzivnění komunikační a týmové vazby na zahraniční instituce. Komplexní hodnocení zdravotního stavu lesů spolu s posouzením vitality, resp. stresové zátěže jednotlivých stromů je nezbytné pro pochopení působení klimatických extrémů a environmentálních změn. Pro interpretaci indikátorů vitality s cílem navrhnout opatření v adaptačním managementu a eliminovat dopady parciálních stresorů je nezbytná existence týmu schopného analýzy a syntézy znalostí, opatření je třeba navrhovat s vazbou na excelentní evropská pracoviště. Partner projektu: Centrum výzkumu globální změny AV ČR, v. v. i.

8 TENTO PROJEKT JE SPOLUFINANCOVÁN EVROPSKÝM SOCIÁLNÍM FONDEM A STÁTNÍM ROZPOČTEM ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY Výmladkové lesy jako produkční a biologická alternativa budoucnosti CZ.1.07/2.3.00/ Dotační titul: OP Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost, prioritní osa 2.3. Lidské zdroje ve výzkumu a vývoji Doba řešení: Příjemce projektu: Mendelova univerzita v Brně Koordinátor projektu: doc. Dr. Ing. Tomáš Vrška Cílem projektu je spolupráce cílové skupiny akademických a vědeckých pracovníků a studentů doktorských studijních programů příjemce a partnerů za účelem formování multidisciplinárního vědeckého týmu. Zahraniční vědec zvýší konkurenceschopnost a excelenci týmu a jeho zapojením v IUFRO dojde k propojení týmu na mezinárodní úrovni. Projekt je určen i) mladým vědcům k posílení jejich kvality a excelence v mezinárodním prostředí, ii) studentům ke zlepšení jejich výstupního profilu a uplatnitelnosti v praxi a iii) členům CS zabývající se ochranou přírody, lesnickými a environmentálními disciplínami. Cíle bude dosaženo komplexním zhodnocením produkčních i mimoprodukčních funkcí výmladkových lesů se zřetelem na projevy globální změny klimatu. Hlavní otázky - zastavení úbytku biodiverzity a hospodářská alternativa výmladkového hospodaření zejména na venkově budou studovány a hodnoceny týmem, který propojí dosavadní dílčí poznatky o historii, vegetaci, ekologii dřevin a pěstebních postupech ve čtyřech klíčových aktivitách. Partneři projektu: Botanický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i. Centrum výzkumu globální změny AV ČR, v.v.i. Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v.v.i.

9 TENTO PROJEKT JE SPOLUFINANCOVÁN EVROPSKÝM SOCIÁLNÍM FONDEM A STÁTNÍM ROZPOČTEM ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY Vytvoření mezinárodního vědecko-výzkumného týmu pro vývoj nových materiálů na bázi dřeva CZ.1.07/2.3.00/ Dotační titul: OP Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost, prioritní osa 2.3. Lidské zdroje ve výzkumu a vývoji Doba řešení: Příjemce projektu: Mendelova univerzita v Brně Koordinátor projektu: prof. Dr. Ing. Petr Horáček Využití dřeva a materiálů na bázi dřeva s vyšší přidanou hodnotou, splňujících nároky speciálních aplikací a zároveň předpoklady šetrnosti k životnímu prostředí, je jednou z cest k naplňování principů trvalé udržitelnosti. Cílem projektu je vytvoření mezinárodního vědecko-výzkumného týmu specializujícího se na vývoj nových materiálů využívajících obnovitelných surovin, zejména dřeva. Cílovou skupinou jsou studenti mimopražských vysokých škol (především LDF MENDELU), dále akademičtí a další pracovníci univerzit a výzkumných organizací. Nově vytvořený tým realizující cíle projektu bude veden špičkovými zahraničními experty s vazbou na excelentní zahraniční pracoviště a zkušenostmi s VaV v dané oblasti. Cílová skupina studentů získá aktuální informace z oboru a rozšíří své odborné znalosti mimo typický rozsah vyučovaného kurikula. Akademickým a ostatním pracovníkům VŠ bude umožněno rozšířit si poznatky a zkušenosti z aplikace VaV, které budou přeneseny do vzdělávacího procesu.

10 TENTO PROJEKT JE SPOLUFINANCOVÁN EVROPSKÝM SOCIÁLNÍM FONDEM A STÁTNÍM ROZPOČTEM ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY Platforma pro systémovou biologii a ekologii dřevin CZ.1.07/2.4.00/ Dotační titul: OP Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost, prioritní osa 2.4. Partnerství a sítě Doba řešení: Příjemce projektu: Mendelova univerzita v Brně Koordinátor projektu: doc. Ing. Petr Čermák, Ph.D. Tradiční biologické metody často naráží na meze svých možností a nejsou schopny reagovat na některé z aktuálních problémů zdraví dřevin. Management populací a společenstev odpovídající současným potřebám se musí zabývat problémy zahrnujícími dynamiku složitých otevřených systémů. Moderní pojetí biologie dřevin a praktické péče o ně je proto založeno na celostním a systémovém přístupu, který vyžaduje znalosti a dovednosti přesahující běžné oborové rámce. Nejefektivnějším způsobem, jak získávat zkušenosti ze souvisejících oborů, stejně jako rozvíjet schopnost aplikovat dosud osvojené, je umožnit či iniciovat spolupráci napříč různými pracovišti a teoretickými i praktickými obory. Základním cílem projektu je podpořit spolupráci institucí zabývajících se různými aktivitami spojenými s ekologií dřevin a péčí o ně. Cílů projektu bude dosaženo ve čtyřech klíčových aktivitách. První je zaměřena na interní výměny, tj. pohyb členů cílové skupiny mezi partnery. Druhá zahrnuje zahraniční stáže u renomovaných evropských institucí (na Slovensku, v Rakousku, Německu, Maďarsku, Finsku, Norsku, Švédsku a Itálii). Třetí nabízí celou řadu odborných akcí seminářů, terénních diskuzí, workshopů, velká část probíhá s účastí zahraničních lektorů. V rámci čtvrté aktivity jsou pořádány vzdělávací a tréninkové kurzy s cílem získání tzv. soft skills a podpořit vzájemnou spolupráci mezi akademickou a aplikační sférou. Partneři projektu: Centrum výzkumu globální změny AV ČR, v.v.i. Lesy Města Brna, a.s. Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Ústav pro výzkum lesních ekosystémů Vyšší odborná škola lesnická a Střední lesnická škola Bedřicha Schwarzenberga Výzkumný ústav lesního hospodářství a myslivosti, v.v.i.

11 TENTO PROJEKT JE SPOLUFINANCOVÁN EVROPSKÝM FONDEM PRO REGIONÁLNÍ ROZVOJ Výzkumné centrum pro studium patogenů z rodu Phytophthora CZ /0.0./0.0./15_003/ Dotační titul: OP Výzkum, vývoj a vzdělávání Výzva č. 02_15_003 pro Podporu excelentních výzkumných týmů v prioritní ose 1 OP Doba řešení: Příjemce projektu: Mendelova univerzita v Brně Koordinátor projektu: prof. Dr. Ing. Libor Jankovský Cílem projektu je vybudování komplexní infrastruktury a vytvoření mezinárodního, interdisciplinárního a multioborového výzkumného týmu se zaměřením na výzkum chorob dřevin rodu Phytophthora. Aplikací a implementací inovativních technologií na bázi mikrobiologie, bioinformatiky, biologie, ekofyziologie, anatomie dřevin, genomiky a bioklimatologie, přispět k hlubšímu poznání faktorů ovlivňujících diverzitu, adaptaci a hybridizační procesy, které probíhají u rodu Phytopthora. Dále se pak zabývat evoluční historií tohoto rodu a molekulárními mechanizmy řídící náchylnost a odolnost dubů proti půdním patogenům tohoto rodu. Očekávané výsledky budou rozvíjet disciplínu fytopatologie dřevin, jako jednu z klíčových oblastí excelentního výzkumu na MENDELU, s pozitivními důsledky pro management a ochranu evropských ekosystémů. Bude prohlubována stávající mezinárodní spolupráce s předními světovými institucemi, s cílem a ambicí založit a udržet vzniklý mezinárodní tým VaV centra MENDELU, jako lídra v oboru a získat navazující projekty mezinárodní spolupráce ve výzkumu chorob dřevin rodu Phytophthora. V rámci projektu bude doplněna stávající infrastruktura laboratoří VaV MENDELU o špičkové přístroje a vybavení bezprostředně související s výzkumem chorob dřevin zapříčiněných parazity rodu Phytophthora. Partneři projektu: Austrian Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape Svaz školkařů České republiky, z.s. Arboeko s.r.o.

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13 CONTENTS: SilvaNet 2018 DETECTION OF PHYTOPHTHORA PATHOGENS IN FOREST NURSERIES USING QUANTITATIVE PCR TECHNIQUES Bačová Aneta 15 THE INFLUENCE OF TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT IN THE COPPICES: RESPONSES IN STAND AND SOIL Balková Marie 16 COMPARISON OF SOIL MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE IN A WINDBREAK AND ON ARABLE LAND IN THE CADASTRAL TERRITORY OF HRUŠKY, DOLNOMORAVSKÝ ÚVAL VALLEY Blažejová Aneta 18 THE PRINCIPLES OF THE EFFECTIVITY OF TREE MICROINJECTION AS METHOD OF INDIVIDUAL TREE PROTECTION AGAINST IMPORTANT INSECT AND FUNGAL PATHOGENS Buben František 20 RESPONSE OF FAGUS SYLVATICA SEEDLINGS TO A1 AND A2 MATING TYPES OF PHYTOPHTHORA CAMBIVORA AT PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL LEVEL Corcobado Tamara 22 OCCURRENCE OF POSSIBLE MYCOVIRUSES INFECTING HETEROBASIDION ANNOSUM S.L. IN CZECHIA Dálya László Benedek 23 INFLUENCE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF WILD BOAR IN THE FOREST ENVIRONMENT Drimaj Jakub 25 ASSESMENT OF THE CZECH FOREST ECOSYSTEM CLASIDICATION AT LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL SERIES, EDAPHIC CATEGORIES AND FOREST TYPE SERIES Dujka Petr 27 PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF EUROPEAN WHITE ELM (ULMUS LAEVIS PALL.) TO DROUGHT STRESS AND REWATERING Gebauer Roman 28 NATURAL REGENERATION IN GAPS UNDER DIFFERENT INTENSITIES OF DISTURBANCES Hammond Maame Essi 30 BARK STRIPPING OF TREES IN AN ALLUVIAL FOREST: A MATTER OF DEER DIET PREFERENCES Holík Jan

14 32 DIFFERENCES IN CLIMATE-RADIAL GROWTH RESPONSE BETWEEN GENERATIVE AND COPPICED QUERCUS PETRAEA TREES Horák Pavel 34 THE ROLE OF THE EXTREME DISTURBANCES IN THE SLOPE DYNAMICS OF THE NATURAL TEMPERATE FORESTS Jaroš Jakub 36 INFLUENCE OF HIGHLY MINERALIZED GROUND WATER ON FLOODPLAIN FOREST Juřička David 38 INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION FOR THE GROWTH OF PAULOWNIA SPP. Kadlec Jiří 40 EVALUATION OF DIAMETER INCREMENT OF SILVER BIRCH BASED ON DATA OF NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY Kikal Jan 42 GEODIVERSITY AND ABIOTIC ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Kubalíková Lucie 44 EFFECT OF ZEOLITE ENRICHED SUBSTRATE ON BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTAINER PRODUCED NURSERY STOCK OF EUROPEAN BEECH Kučera Aleš 46 VARIATIONS IN ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF TREE-SOIL INTERFACE AT DIFFERENT SITES Majewski Robert 48 DIFFERENCES IN ANATOMICAL ELEMENTS OF COPPICE AND HIGH FOREST Matoušková Marie 50 WATER STRESS JEOPARDIZES ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION OF A SILVER FIR UNDER THE NURSE CROPS Matoušková Marie 52 ANALYSIS OF THE VISITOR S MOVEMENT IN THE AREA OF TFE MASARYK FOREST IN KŘTINY Olišarová Lucie 54 LIDAR-ASSISTED FOREST INVENTORY AND FOREST HEALTH ANALYSIS BASED ON MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE DATA Patočka Zdeněk 56

15 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESISTANT ASH AGAINST ASH DIEBACK (HYMENOSCYPHUS FRAXINEUS) IN KRNAP Prouza Michal 58 VIRUSES OF PHYTOPHTHORA CASTANEAE Raco Milica 60 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTI ABRASIVE MEASURES AT THE HULÍN SITE Sedláčková Kateřina 61 EVALUATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF GAME DAMAGE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND YIELDS OF SUNFLOWER CROPS AND THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THEM Skoták Vlastimil 63 IMPACT OF INVASIVE SPECIES (HYMENOSCYPHUS FRAXINEUS) ON BIODIVERSITY IN COMMERCIAL ASH PLANTATIONS Surovcová Kamila 65 FUNGAL COMMUNITIES IN NEEDLES OF PINUS UNCINATA SUBSP. ULIGINOSA INFECTED BY LECANOSTICTA ACICOLA IN CZECH REPUBLIC Trifković Miloš 66 EFFECTS OF THE PIT-MOUND MICRORELIEF IN FOREST SOILS ON SOIL MOISTURE AND TREE GROWTH IN SPRUCE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS Valtera Martin 67 IMPACT OF ACTIVE CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT ON DIVERSITY OF SPIDERS IN PROTECTED LOWLAND OAK FOREST Vymazalová Pavla 69

16 WoodNet 2018 NON-LINEAR MATERIAL MODEL OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF WOOD UNDER DIFFERENT MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS Brabec Martin 73 CHEMICAL CHANGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF COATINGS USED FOR WOODEN SHINGLES DUE TO ARTIFICIAL WEATHERING Hess Dominik 75 ANALYSIS OF CUTTING FORCES FROM POINT OF VIEW FRACTURE MECHANICS IN QUASI-ORTHOGONAL CNC MILLING AND CUTTING BY CIRCULAR SAW-BLADE Hlásková Luďka 77 INFLUENCE OF EXTRACTIVES OF SOME TROPICAL WOODS ON ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES Manzo Ginevra 79 CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF TANNIN AND ITS IMPREGNATION INTO BEECH WOOD: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS SELECTED CONDITIONS Oberle Anna 81 INFLUENCE OF WOOD SURFACE SANDING WITH FINE SANDPAPERS ON ADHESIVE BOND PROPERTIES JOIN WITH pmdi ADHESIVE, WITH ADDITION OF PLASMA TREATMENT Panáček Radan 83 DEVELOPMENT OF PAPER BOARDS FOR FURNITURE MADE OUT OF PAPER PULP Sobotková Alena 85 VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL MODEL OF WOOD Suchomelová Pavlína 87

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18 DETECTION OF PHYTOPHTHORA PATHOGENS IN FOREST NURSERIES USING QUANTITATIVE PCR TECHNIQUES Bačová Aneta, Tomšovský Michal, Májek Tomáš Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno / Phytophthora Research Centre aneta.bacova@ .cz Keywords: Phytophthora, qpcr, nurseries The most common disease caused by Phytophthora infection in the Czech Republic is the fall of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) seedlings. The most frequent species involved are P. plurivora and P. cactorum. Epidemic disease incidences can cause relatively significant economic damage locally. In mature beech trees pathogens can invade the tree months to years before they cause crown symptoms, often after a significant reduction of the root system by more than 50%. Woody diseases caused by Phytophthora pathogens are generally very common. Although Phytophthora species are relatively difficult to detect, a large proportion of root and collar rot diseases can be attributed to them. The aim of the study is to optimize the methodology for detection of Phytophthora species on asymptomatic plants in forest nurseries. Diseases can be spread to woodlands when infected but asymptomatic nursery seedlings are used for afforestations. Therefore, methods aimed at the early detection of pathogens in asymptomatic plants or from infested soil are particularly necessary for nursery operations. In this study, the pathogen is detected by quantitative PCR using DNA and RNA extraction from soil and irrigation water. The method allows not only the detection but also the relative quantification of the inoculum in the sample. Optimizing this methodology enable nurseries to detect infections within a few days, and it is possible to target directly to a particular species of pathogen if species-specific probes are used. In this study primer specific for oomycetes was used. To verify the sensitivity of this method, the isolation of pathogens from the soil by baitings was done. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Internal grant agency LDF_VP_

19 THE INFLUENCE OF TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT IN THE COPPICES: RESPONSES IN STAND AND SOIL Balková Marie 1, Dařenová Eva 3, Friedl Michal 1, Hloucalová Pavlína 2, Kadavý Jan 1, Kneifl Michal 1, Knott Robert 1, Kučera Aleš 1, Slach Tomáš 1, Skládanka Jiří 2, Uchytilová Tereza 3, Uherková Barbora 1, Vichta Tomáš 1, Volařík Daniel 1 1 Mendel University Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology; 2 Mendel University Brno / Faculty of University of AgriSciences; 3 CzechGlobe Global Change Research Institute CAS marie.balkova@mendelu.cz Keywords: grazing, litter raking, standards, sprouts, soil, herbs, ecoplates 1 INTRODUCTION In 2019 the data collection was performed on the research plot Hradisko (Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny) according to the original research design in treatments coppicing, grazing, litter raking, control and combinations. We measured fine root production, feed quality, understory vegetation composition and density, soil functional diversity, CO2 efflux and growth of standards and sprouts (Balková et al., 2018). 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS In spring 2019 the litter produced during last season was raked on the raked treatments ( kg/ha). The food quality was evaluated separately for sprouts and for herbs assessing content of ash, protein, fat, fibre, acid detrergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Growth of standards was evaluated via relative growth ratio (RGR in %). To evaluate one-year effect of treatment on soil, functional diversity with use of BIOLOG Ecoplate method was performed (Chen et al., 2013). The metabolic functions (BIOLOG profiles) were compared for all treatments and expressed via Shannon diversity index (Shannon, Weaver, 1963) during repetitious measurement during incubation for 384 hours. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Root biomass of trees and of weeds was negatively influenced by the grazing (less root biomass). Regarding NDF and ADL, herbs performed less-quality and faster-aging food compared with permanent horticulture. Furthermore, sprout food is more nutrientbalanced with more nitrogen and less fibre and is more suitable for juvenile animals and lambs. Biometrically control treatment differs from others, average RGR is the lowest (Fig. 1a). The result for the year 2019 is the same as last year. Generally it can be stated that the standards (compared with control) grow well, mostly in treatments without litter raking. The number of the sprouts as well as their height increased with the stump size. Grazing resulted in a smaller height of the sprouts while thinner sprouts were found under a combination of grazing and raking. Oak sprouts were higher and thicker compared to the hornbeam. 16

20 Forest floor CO2 efflux in the control forest ranged between 1.74 and 5.41 µmol m -2 s -1 depending on temperature and soil moisture. Coppicing resulted in 32 93% increase in CO2 efflux which was higher than in the previous year. The negative effect of raking on in CO2 efflux observed in the previous year was not confirmed for this year. Pasture did not affect CO2 efflux in any year. To conclude the 3-year measurements, the harvest had a big long-lasting effect on forest floor CO2 efflux while litter raking affected CO2 efflux only little and temporarily and pasture did not affect CO2 efflux at all (Fig. 1b). The soil functional diversity was the highest in the control treatment and the lowest in the treatment combining coppicing, raking and grazing. Statistically significantly lower Shannon index compared with control treatment was also in the cut treatment. Combination of cut-litter raking and cut-grazing was not significantly different. 4 CONCLUSION (a) a)( (b) a)( Fig. 1 a; b: (a) Circumstance relative growth ratio in in treatments (results of ANOVA with 95% confidence intervals). Circumference RGR (%) relative growth ratio of standards, C control, LG litter raking, G grazing); (b) CO2 efflux from forest floor during the second season following experiment establishment. Within one-to-two year lasting investigation: Fine root biomass growth is the lowest on the grazing treatment. The silvopasture is suitable for adult animals in a good health condition, unplanned to a breeding. Litter raking is a forbidden type of management for growth of standards. Harvest has a big long-lasting effect on forest floor CO2 efflux while litter raking affects CO2 efflux only little and temporarily and pasture does not affect CO2 efflux at all. The soil functional diversity is the the lowest in the treatment combining coppicing, raking and grazing, especially compared with high forest. REFERENCES BALKOVÁ M. -- DAŘENOVÁ E. -- FRIEDL M. -- HLOUCALOVÁ P. -- KADAVÝ J. -- KNEIFL M. --KNOTT R. -- KUČERA A. -- SLACH T. -- SKLÁDANKA J. -- UCHYTILOVÁ T. -- UHERKOVÁ B. -- VICHTA T. -- VOLAŘÍK D. The influence of traditional ways of management on the state of coppice results in SilvaNet-WoodNet 2018, LDF MENDELU CHEN F. -- ZHENG H. -- ZHANG K. -- ZHIYUN O. -- LAN J. -- LI H. -- SHI Q. Changes in soil microbial community structure and metabolic activity following conversion from native Pinus massoniana plantations to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. Forest Ecology and Management , SHANNON C.E. -- WEAVEER W. The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The contribution was founded by Internal Grant Agency MENDELU, LDF_PSV_ ; the CO2 efflux measurements were supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within the National Sustainability Program I (NPU I), grant number LO

21 COMPARISON OF SOIL MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE IN A WINDBREAK AND ON ARABLE LAND IN THE CADASTRAL TERRITORY OF HRUŠKY, DOLNOMORAVSKÝ ÚVAL VALLEY Blažejová Aneta, Štykar Jan Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology xblazejo@mendelu.cz, jan.stykar@mendelu.cz Keywords: soil humidity, soil temperature, windbreaks, arable soil 1 INTRODUCTION The soil humidity parameter is one of the major indicators of environmental conditions of the ecosystem in question. This study presents results of soil humidity and temperature measurements in a windbreak and across arable land of an agricultural plot in different distances from the windbreak. Examination of soil characteristics of field cultures and landscape elements, for example windbreaks, serving the landscape as purpose-made fragments of forest biocenoses, provides important information about life conditions of these cultural as well as naturally growing plants. The obtained data may help assess real situation in the landscape, both with regard to droughts and in relation to the climate change. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS The area of interest is part of the cadastral area of the Hrušky municipality, situated at the southernmost end of the south Moravia Region, about 8 kilometres east of the city of Břeclav. The territory is part of the Dolnomoravský úval valley, forming the northern half of the Vienna Basin. The area is one of the most fertile regions of the Czech Republic. That is the reason why the local landscape is adapted for intense agricultural production, lacking a sufficient quantity of landscape elements, with forest land only covering 1% of the cadastral area in which the municipality of interest is situated. This is connected with the risk of dry periods in the vegetation times and a significant threat of wind erosion, especially in the spring months. Fig. 1: Research site, location of probes The locality for soil humidity and temperature measurement was selected in the middle of field stretches, where two windbreaks meet in perpendicular orientation to each other. Three measurement points probes were installed in the field, in different distances from the two windbreaks, with one measuring point directly located inside 18

22 one of the windbreaks. Soil parameters were monitored by the field and windbreak probes since May Further measuring sites were installed in June 2019 with funding from in-house resources of IGA MENDELU. All probes have worked until now. Soil humidity measurements are performed by VIRRIB soil humidity volume sensors installed vertically at the depths of 0-20 cm, cm, cm, cm and cm. Soil temperature is measured by platinum resistance sensors at the depths of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 cm. Power is supplied to all these sensors by a solar panel. 3 RESULTS The results show that soil humidity decreases with increasing distance from the windbreaks in most of the measured soil layers. Windbreak soil humidity is significantly lower all year round in comparison to the field probes across the soil profile. In the field the soil responds better to precipitation and is able to keep the received humidity longer. The higher moisture retention ability of field soil in the agricultural plant growth periods is probably due to the regular cultivation of arable soil consisting in systematic breaking of soil water capillarity. Another factor is certainly represented by the lower demand for moisture on the side of agricultural plants in comparison to the grown-up trees in the windbreak. In late summer most agricultural plants achieve their dry maturity, which also applies to the plants grown in the field of interest, namely wheat (2018) and maize (2019). In those periods the mature dry plants take even less water from the soil than the grass and the trees in the windbreak. This difference is further enhanced by the fact that the soil is covered with the plant (and the subsequent stubbles) for some time and protected by the windbreak, which significantly reduces water evaporation from the soil. Soil temperature in the windbreak in the course of the vegetation periods of 2018 as well as 2019 was 5 to 10 C lower than that measured by all the field probes. This applied to all measurement depths. Soil temperature in June 2019 measured by the field probe closest to the wind-break (90/45) was the highest of all measured data, reaching above 35 C, with a dropping trend over the summer months, and the lowest values of all field probes (max. 28 C). 4 CONCLUSION This study proves the existence of a difference in soil humidity in a windbreak and the adjacent arable soil, further providing a comparison of soil humidity data in different distances from the windbreaks. The role of windbreaks in improvement of environmental conditions for the grown agricultural plant is confirmed by the soil humidity decrease with increasing distance from the windbreak. The study has further found that arable soil surface temperatures are very high in the summer months, and may be decreased by the very closeness of a windbreak. In our period of climatic extremes windbreaks thus represent a significant landscape feature that can significantly improve field land condition and reduce the risk of drought and its consequences. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by the Internal Grant Agency of MENDELU (LDF_VP_ ). 19

23 THE PRINCIPLES OF THE EFFECTIVITY OF TREE MICROINJECTION AS METHOD OF INDIVIDUAL TREE PROTECTION AGAINST IMPORTANT INSECT AND FUNGAL PATHOGENS Buben František, Jobánková Terezie, Rozsypálek Jiří, Prouza Michal, Preclíková Karolína, Oberle Anna, Changsanoh Rawiporn, Matoušková Marie, Olišarová Lucie, Novák Karel, Fuchs Ladislav, Paschová Zuzana, Palovčíková Dagmar, Martinek Petr Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology @node.mendelu.cz Keywords: Sphaeropsis sapinea, Cameraria ohridella, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, stem injection, systemic insecticide The efficiency of tree microinjection method for management of Sphaeropsis sapinea: Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton has emerged as a problem on many species of conifer trees (Hartman et al., 2009; Zapletalová and Balejová, 2012). This study observed the health condition of Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold which is damaged by S. sapinea. The damage of needles and buds are typical symptoms of dieback of affected trees (Jankovský and Palovčíková, 2003). The fungal pathogen was isolated from samples of cones on damaged trees. Pieces of cones were surface sterilized by soaking for 4 min in a solution of 5 % sodium hypochlorite, then for 1 min in 70 % denatured ethanol, then again for 1 min in 70 % denatured ethanol and finally for 5 min sterilized distilled water. After drying in layers of sterile blotting paper, pieces of cones were placed on the surface on malt extract agar (MEA; 30 g malt extract, 5 g mycological pepton, 15 g agar (M137 - Hi Media Laboratories, India) with 100 mg streptomycin sulphate. These isolations were incubated in the dark at 21 C. Pure cultures were served for test of fungicides in laboratory testing. In this study were used fungicides available for using in forestry in Czech Republic. Trees were injected on two localities. One of them was arboretum of MENDELU (11 injected trees). The second locality was pine forest lies near village Chotovice (10 injected trees). Used technology for tree protection had some little problems with the resin and very thick bark of pines, but after finding of the optimal method for inject of conifer trees were treated selected individuals. Groups of trees were injected in June Pines are still observed and after vegetation season the results will be evaluated. The efficiency of tree microinjection method for management of HCLM: The Horsechestnut leaf miner (HCLM; Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic, Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera) is one of the most significant pests, which damages leaves on Aesculus hippocastanum L (Kirichenko et al., 2019). The damage of leaves causes a decrease of aesthetic value with intervention to physiological processes of the host tree. One of the possible solutions for how to eliminate this pest can use the method of tree microinjection with the application of systemic insecticides. Evaluation research of this method has started in the spring of 2019 when 21 and 34 trees (A. hippocastanum) were chosen on two sites in Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny. On both sites are trees similar in physiological age, vitality and health condition. Trees were randomly divided into five groups according to the type of active substance and its concentration and dosage. One of them was left as a control group without using 20

24 insecticide. Trees were individually monitored and assessed during the vegetation period. Rating of leaves damaged by HCLM was based on the assessment on the scale from level 1 to 10. Where 10 is the greatest damage completely destructed leaves apparatus. To ensure an objective evaluation, it was performed by 13 evaluators independently and without knowledge of variant of tree group. The preliminary results show that application of insecticides by stem microinjection method has a positive effect on preventing damage compared to individuals from the control group, which was left untreated. The next research will be very important in determining the suitability of a substance and its concentration when stem microinjection method will be using in practice. The efficiency of tree microinjection method for management of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus: Method of tree microinjection with several fungicidal acting matters were applicate into trees (Fraxinus excelsior L.) against the development of pathogenic fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Baral, Queloz & Hosoya. Before using microinjection, there were works which were carried out in the laboratory, where the isolations of H. fraxineus were created. First, samples were taken from the attacked branches of ashes (samples from three ashes), which were debarked, sterilized and transferred to agar medium (AMEA) in Petri dishes (Botella-Sanches et al., 2016). The inoculation medium was grown from the cultures which were cultivated. On the research plots (town forest Křenovice), the suitable ash individuals were selected. For each of them was assessed health status (Kučera et al., 2017) and diameter at breast height was measured, as well. Then trees were divided into five variants according to a used fungicidal substance (one of them was control without treatment). Subsequently, the inoculation with the cultivated strains of H. fraxineus was performed. The inoculation was carried out on the stem from three sides with three different inoculation strains. The measurement of subcortical necrosis grown are still being in process, but even now treatments show considerable differences in the growth of necrosis. REFERENCES BOTELLA-SÁNCHEZ, L. -- ČERMÁKOVÁ, V. -- BAČOVÁ, A. -- DVOŘÁK, M. ADA, a fast-growth medium for Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Forest pathology. 2016, 46 (1), ISSN HARTMAN J. -- VAILLANDCOURT L. -- FLOWERS J. -- BATEMAN E. Managing Diplodia Tip Blight of Landscape Austrian Pines. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 2009, 35 (1), JANKOVSKÝ, L. -- PALOVČÍKOVÁ, D. Dieback of Austrian pine the epidemic occurrence of Sphaeropsis sapinea in southern Moravia Journal of forest science, 2003, 49 (8), KIRICHENKO, N. -- AUGUSTIN, S. -- KENIS, M. J Pest Sci 92: 93. Online, 2019: KUČERA, A. -- VAVŘÍČEK, D. -- SMRČEK, S. -- ROZSYPÁLEK, J. -- DUNDEK, P. -- PECHÁČEK, J. - - PETRUŽÁLKOVÁ, L. Possibilities of control and revitalization of withering ash tree threatened by Chalara fraxinea using organic preparations with fungicidal properties and mineral fertilizers based on nitrogen and sulfur. Certified methodology, treatment and monument procedure, 1st edition, Mendel University in Brno ISBN ZAPLETALOVÁ, E. -- BALEJOVÁ, V.. Originator of drying and wasting of pines. Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, SRS Department of Diagnostics Olomouc, information leaflet, 2012, 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was supported by the Internal Grant Agency Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno No. LDF_TP_

25 RESPONSE OF FAGUS SYLVATICA SEEDLINGS TO A1 AND A2 MATING TYPES OF PHYTOPHTHORA CAMBIVORA AT PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL LEVEL Corcobado Tamara (1), Jung Thomas (1,4), Kudláček Tomáš (1), Májek Tomáš (1), Plichta Roman (2), Saiz Iñigo (3), Kerchev Pavel (3), Matoušková Marie (2), Bačová Aneta (1), Ďatková Henrieta (1), Dálya László Benedek (2), Trifković Miloš (2), Mureddu Davide (6), Milenković Ivan (1) (1) Mendel University in Brno / Phytophthora Research Centre, (2) Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology (3) Czech Academy of Sciences / Institute of Biophysics and Central European Institute of Technology (4) Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, Nußdorf, Germany (5) University of Sassari /Department of agriculture, Sassari, Italy Key words: Phytophthora, root pathogens, European beech, stomatal conductance, fluorescence SUMMARY: Variability in pathogenicity within a Phytophthora species may depend on factors like lineage, strain, age and in some cases mating types. The process of pathogenesis involves invasion of the intercellular spaces and cells, which are accompanied by alterations in plant physiology and metabolome. P. x cambivora is a common and virulent species in European forests associated with different hosts, however knowledge about histology and physiology on pathogenesis is very limited. This study aims to characterize the physiological changes and the mortality rates of Fagus sylvatica seedlings infected with A1 and A2 mating types of P. x cambivora and compare it with P. plurivora infections. The trial included approximately 40 F. sylvatica seedlings per isolate, using two A1 and two A2 strains of P. x cambivora. For comparisons, 25 plants were inoculated with one isolate of P. plurivora and 50 plants were used as control. Inoculations consisted of immersion of the root tips into a jar with water and Phytophthora spp. plugs. After the inoculation day, plants were inserted in boxes with perlite and weekly measurements of stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence and spectral reflectance (using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Carotenoid Reflectance Index (CRI1)) were carried out. Simultaneously, root fragments were collected for metabolomic and histological assessments. One week after inoculation, only differences in stomatal conductance were detectable. Two weeks after inoculation, plants infected with P. plurivora and A2 P. x cambivora showed lower values of stomatal conductance, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II and spectral reflectance comparing to control plants. After three weeks, survival plants restored its physiological state to values like control plants. Kaplan Meier tests showed lower probabilities of survival and faster mortality in plants affected by P. plurivora followed by A2 P. x cambivora. Fagus sylvatica seedlings infected with A1 and A2 mating types of P. x cambivora had similar physiological status and survival probabilities. Plants infected either with P. plurivora or A2 P. x cambivora showed lower physiological values and survival rates comparing to control plants. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Regional Development Fund, Project Phytophthora Research Centre Reg. No. CZ /0.0/0.0/15_003/ and IGA LDF_T_

26 OCCURRENCE OF POSSIBLE MYCOVIRUSES INFECTING HETEROBASIDION ANNOSUM S.L. IN CZECHIA Dálya László Benedek, Sedlák Petr, Botella Leticia Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology laszlo.dalya@mendelu.cz Keywords: dsrna, Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., mycovirus, Partitiviridae, root rot 1 INTRODUCTION The Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (Fr.) Bref. species cluster comprises some of the most devastating pathogens of coniferous trees. Heterobasidion root rot has been a serious problem in secondary Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) stands in Czechia ever since forest management was introduced (Černý, 1989; Sedlák & Tomšovský, 2014). The genus Heterobasidion hosts a diverse mycovirus community with worldwide distribution. Viruses with double-stranded RNA (dsrna) genomes infect approximately 15% of H. annosum s.l. isolates in Europe and Western Asia (Ihrmark, 2001; Vainio et al., 2011). The majority of described virus species belong to the family Partitiviridae (Vainio & Hantula, 2016). A partitivirus species from Poland has been shown to induce hypovirulence in different H. annosum s.l. host strains (Vainio et al., 2018). However, limited data is available about viral communities hosted by Central European Heterobasidion strains. Aims of the study are to: 1) collect 100 specimens of H. annosum s.l. from different regions of Czechia; 2) screen the gathered isolates for the presence of dsrna. Further goals of the work are to: 3) determine the nucleotide sequences of the detected dsrna fragments, in order to describe the putative mycoviral strains and characterize their genome; 4) investigate the effects of the identified viruses on the virulence of their host, by comparing the phenotypic traits of isogenic virus-infected and cured fungal strains. The long-term objective of the project is to explore the possibilities of virocontrol against Heterobasidion root disease with virus strains naturally distributed in Czechia. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS Strains of H. annosum s.l. were obtained by arbitrary sampling throughout the country, with particular focus on managed stands of Norway spruce and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Heterobasidion fruiting bodies growing on stumps, tree stems or roots were collected from substrates at least 30 m apart to minimize the chance of repeated sampling of the same genotype. The sampled isolates were identified to the species level by sequencing of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (Johannesson & Stenlid, 2003). Fungal mycelia were cultivated in 9-cm Petri dishes on malt extract agar (MEA) covered by a thin cellophane membrane, incubated at 22 C in the dark for 3 weeks, and lyophilized at -55 C. The presence of dsrna elements in the isolates was examined using CF11 cellulose affinity chromatography (Morris & Dodds, 1979, modified by Tuomivirta, Uotila, & Hantula, 2002), using approximately 2 g (fresh weight) of mycelium. This protocol is based on the homogenization of samples in a lysis buffer, chloroform extractions and binding of the dsrna to the CF11. The size of the dsrnas was estimated by electrophoresis using gels containing 1.2% agarose. Each sample in which the presence of dsrna fragments of the right size has been confirmed will be prepared for Sanger sequencing to characterize the genome of the 23

27 presumed mycovirus strains. Total RNA will be extracted by the Quick-RNA Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA) from the fungal cultures grown as described above. Our virus collection will be also screened with specific primers in RT-PCR, to detect the presence of viruses with an already known genome. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preliminary results of the project are presented below. In total, 67 isolates of Heterobasidion were collected from nature, 28 of which have been checked for the presence of dsrna particles. One H. annosum s.s. strain turned out positive, showing a double band around 2 kb, which corresponds to the typical dsrna banding pattern for partitiviruses of Heterobasidion spp. (e.g. Vainio, 2018). This finding was confirmed by repeating the dsrna extraction. REFERENCES ČERNÝ, A. Parazitické dřevokazné houby [Parasitic wood-decaying fungi]. Prague: Státní zemědělské nakladatelství IHRMARK, K. Double-stranded RNA Elements in the Root Rot Fungus Heterobasidion annosum. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences JOHANNESSON, H. -- STENLID, J. Molecular markers reveal genetic isolation and phylogeography of the S and F intersterility groups of the wood-decay fungus Heterobasidion annosum. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2003, 29(1), Online: MORRIS, T. J. -- DODDS, J. A. Isolation and Analysis of Double-Stranded RNA from Virus-Infected Plant and Fungal Tissue. Phytopathology. 1979, 69, Online: SEDLÁK, P. -- TOMŠOVSKÝ, M. Species distribution, host affinity and genetic variability of Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato in the Czech Republic. Forest Pathology. 2014, 44(4), Online: TUOMIVIRTA, T. T. UOTILA, A. -- HANTULA, J. Two independent double-stranded RNA patterns occur in the Finnish Gremmeniella abietina var. abietina type A. Forest Pathology. 2002, 32(4 5), Online: VAINIO, E. J. The complete genome sequence of HetPV20-an1, an alphapartitivirus infecting the conifer-pathogenic fungus Heterobasidion annosum. Archives of Virology. 2018, 163(4), Online: VAINIO, E. J. -- HAKANPÄÄ, J. -- DAI, Y.-C. -- HANSEN, E. -- KORHONEN, K. -- HANTULA, J. Species of Heterobasidion host a diverse pool of partitiviruses with global distribution and interspecies transmission. Fungal Biology. 2011, 115(12), Online: VAINIO, E. J. -- HANTULA, J. Taxonomy, biogeography and importance of Heterobasidion viruses. Virus Research. 2016, 219, Online: VAINIO, E. J. -- JURVANSUU, J. -- HYDER, R. -- KASHIF, M. -- PIRI, T. -- TUOMIVIRTA, T. T. -- HANTULA, J. Heterobasidion Partitivirus 13 Mediates Severe Growth Debilitation and Major Alterations in the Gene Expression of a Fungal Forest Pathogen. Journal of Virology. 2018, 92(5), e Online: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was supported by the Internal Grant Agency of MENDELU (LDF_VP_ ). 24

28 INFLUENCE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF WILD BOAR IN THE FOREST ENVIRONMENT Drimaj Jakub, Balková Marie, Adamec Zdeněk, Plhal Radim, Mikulka Ondřej, Kamler Jiří, Hrubý Petr Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology ondrej.mikulka@mendelu.cz Klíčová slova: forestry, stands, roads, aggregation, non-vegetation season 1 INTRUDUCTION The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a key species of the great omnivore, which significantly influences human activity in many areas. It reduces the crop yields of agricultural holdings, eliminates natural regeneration and artificial planting of forest trees, with regard to veterinary issues, poses a risk to farm pigs, destroys rodents or harmful insects, it is increasingly appearing in the urban areas where a direct encounter with a human or a dog can occur. The wild boar finds plenty of calm, cover and food in extensive field crops, in the growing season, but in the autumn and winter it concentrates in the forest. There is a premise that it will be very intensive to perceive the human activity represented by intensive forest management (especially forest cutting and the use of forest roads) or tourism. These two factors can play an important role in choosing the resting place during the daylight phase of day. These two factors can play an important role in choosing the resting place during the daylight phase. The wild boar has very good hearing and is able to move very quietly in the forest environment. Therefore, many forest visitors (tourists, cyclists, mushroom pickers) have never seen wild boar, even in areas with a relatively high density. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the influence of using hiking trails, forest paths and forest extraction (collectively: disturbing human activities) on the winter distribution of wild boar in the forest environment. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS The study area concluded of 12 km2 of contiguous forest stands, which were located around the famous tourist destination Bradlo. Forest stands were composed mainly from Norway spruce (Picea abies) 90% and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) 3%. The altitude ranged from 305 to 599 m a.s.l. The south-eastern part was hit by beetle calamity. The whole forest complex covers network of hiking trails and forest roads. Winter distribution of wild boar was assessed by the occurrence and density of faecal pellet groups (FPG) on 9th April in two years (2017 and 2018). We estimated the FPG accumulation period from 15th November to 9th April. The entire study area has been overlapped with regular network of sample plots with 200 m spacing. In the GIS environment, hiking trails, forest roads and sites with intensive forest extraction have been recorded. The analyses included the calculation of sample plot distances from the nearest road, hiking trail and sites with intensive forest extraction. For the modelling of the FPG number per sample plot the generalized linear model. The wild boar population density was calculated according to the following formula by Plhal et al. (2014): PDi = [xi/(ap DDR)] Pi. 25

29 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Wild boar was not present on 60.8% and 65.98% of the sample plots in the first and second study year respectively. Based on the number of FPG, the estimated winter density of the wild boar in the study area was 20.4 ind./km2 (2017) and 15.1 ind./km2 (2018). Lower density in the second year was caused by intensive hunting of a wild boar as a result of the occurrence of African swine fever in the East Moravia. The statistical evaluation confirmed the highest density of FPGs in forest stands, which were considered suitable for shelter. These were young and dense forest stands or adult forest stands with undergrowth. The presence of intensively used hiking trails had no effect on the density of FPG in suitable forest stands located nearby. Similarly, the influence of the proximity of forest roads and sites with intensive forest extraction has not been proven. Wild boar was very resistant to the disturbing effects of human activities in this area and both recreational use of the landscape and tree harvest had no effect on wild boar distribution in the forest. The wild boar density in the study area was relatively high in both study years. The important factor of wild boar density is season. In our study, we estimated density in winter when wild boar concentrates on suitable localities. Human activities are undoubtedly an important factor influencing the spatial and temporal behaviour of animals. Human pressure modifies home districts, but also moves animal activity into night hours (Podgórski et al. 2013). Forest management can influence the behaviour of wild boar indirectly, because it leads to fragmentation of habitats. As a result, there is an uneven distribution of resources and obstacles that restrict the movement of animals (Tolon et al. 2009, Vistnes et al. 2004). Based on this study, however, the wild boar is considerably indifferent to these factors, and the primary role does not play distances to disturbing influence, but the relevant is presence of forest stands providing a sense of hiding and security. REFERENCES HEBEISEN C. -- FATTEBERT J. -- BAUBET E. -- FISCHER C. Estimating wild boar (Sus scrofa) abundance and density using capture resights in Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 2008, 54(3): PLHAL R. -- KAMLER J. -- HOMOLKA M. Faecal pellet group counting as a promising method of wild boar population density estimation. Acta Theriologica. 2014, 59: PODGÓRSKI T. -- BÁŚ G. -- JĘDRZEJEWSKA B. -- SÖNNICHSEN L. -- ŚNIEŻKO S. -- JĘDRZEJEWSKI W. -- OKARMA H. Spatiotemporal behavioral plasticity of wild boar (Sus scrofa) under contrasting conditions of human pressure: primeval forest and metropolitan area. Journal of Mammalogy. 2013, 64(1): TOLON V. -- DRAY S. -- LOISON A. -- ZEILEIS A. -- FISCHER C. -- BAUBET E. Responding to spatial and temporal variations in predation risk: space use of a game species in a changing landscape of fear. Canadian Journal of Zoology , VISTNES I. -- NELLEMANN C. -- JORDHØY P. -- STRAND O. Effects of infrastructure on migration and range use of wild reindeer. Journal of Wildlife Management. 2004, 68: ZUUR A.F. -- IENO E.N. -- WALKER N.J. -- SAVELIEV A.A. -- SMITH G.M. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology in R. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag New York ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledgment Menza Mendelu for strengthening courage in our team. Supported by the Specific University Research Fund of the FFWT Mendel University in Brno LDF_VP_

30 ASSESMENT OF THE CZECH FOREST ECOSYSTEM CLASIDICATION AT LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL SERIES, EDAPHIC CATEGORIES AND FOREST TYPE SERIES Dujka Petr Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology dujka10@seznam.cz Keywords: forest typology, Czech Forest Ecosystem Classification, ecological series, edaphic category, forest type series, National Forest Inventory The Czech Forest Ecosystem Classification (CEFC) is legislatively encored system of natural conditions evaluation in forests. CEFC is a base for forest management units management series. The system is based on the thesis of experts on forest typology since the 1950 s. In the present, there is an effort to make a qualitative evaluation of the system with help of statistical analyses. An assessment of ecological series, edaphic categories and forest type series is a main goal of dissertation. The assessment will be completed on the National Forest Inventory (NFI) data, which represent an objective design of the data collection, and the Database of Forest Typology (DFT), which represents a subjective design of the data collection. A critical evaluation and comparison of the analysis results of both datasets, suggested solutions and their application into a forestry practice, especially for forest management will be performed. The results will be compared to Geobiocenological Classification System. 27

31 PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF EUROPEAN WHITE ELM (ULMUS LAEVIS PALL.) TO DROUGHT STRESS AND REWATERING Gebauer Roman, Matoušková Marie, Plichta Roman, Houšková Kateřina, Lengálová Klára, Karas Lukáš, Kruttová Michaela, Pantová Petra, Slach Tomáš, Urban Josef Mendel University / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology roman.gebauer@mendelu.cz Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence, dry mass, leaf reflectance, leaf water content, recovery, stomatal conductance 1 INTRODUCTION Drought is one of the factors most limiting plant growth and vitality. The ability of plants to survive drought is particularly important in light of the future climatic scenarios. At present, tree mortality is being observed globally and drought stress is suggested as the driving force behind this process (Anderegg et al. 2016). Trees show a variety of responses to drought stress, with many interacting processes that complicate prognosis of survival of the species during drought (McDowell et al. 2008). In contrast to the vast number of studies reporting tree responses to drought, little is known about recovery from this environmental stress, even though the ability to recover is an important factor determining the drought resistance of trees (Chen et al. 2010). In this study, we evaluated the physiological, anatomical, and morphological responses of potted elm seedlings to moderate and severe drought stress, as well as the effects of rewatering. We specifically addressed the following questions: (i) how does drought affect tree physiology and morphology and (ii) how quickly does tree physiology recover from drought. This information is very important for forest management - the identification and follow-up of the parameters that determine the survival of seedlings during the dry season to increase their survival. Given the predicted climate change, it can be assumed that detailed information on tree resistance to drought stress will be one of the major determinants of tree survival. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 3-4 year old European white elm seedlings (Ulmus laevis Pall.) were grown in pots in a greenhouse under semi-controlled conditions. In total, 36 seedlings were monitored. Seedlings were randomly assigned to three different watering treatments (on June 12); control (well-watered), moderately stressed (irrigated once during drought period) and severely stressed seedlings (no irrigation). After a 14-day-long drought period (i.e. on June 25), 5 seedlings from each treatment were used for anatomical, morphological, and stem hydraulic conductivity analyses; all remaining seedlings were fully watered for an additional 16-day-long recovery period (i.e. till July 10) and then subject to the same anatomical, morphological and stem hydraulic conductivity analyses. Before the start of drought stress, morphological parameters (tree height and stem diameter) were measured for each seedling. The leaf water potential was determined during experiment using the Scholander pressure chamber PMS Using the LI-COR 6400 transpiration and light saturated photosynthetic rate were measured. Leaf temperature was measured by thermo camera Flir i5. Spectral reflectance of leaves was measured by PolyPen RP 410 and reflectance indexes (CRI, NDVI, PRI and SIPI) 28

32 as a proxy for leaf pigments content were calculated. The climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, photosynthetically active radiation) were measured throughout the experiment. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The extreme drought condition was quickly achieved within two weeks from the beginning of experiment as the maximum air temperature exceeded 35 C almost every day, like the conditions of a long heatwave. At the end of drought period, the mean leaf predawn water potential was -0.4, -2.1 and -5.9 MPa for control, moderately and severely stressed seedlings, respectively (Fig. 1), and the leaf temperature of both stressed seedlings was by 5 C higher than in control seedlings during noon. Gas exchange parameters, as stomatal conductance, were reduced by more than 80 % compared to control seedlings, with moderately stressed seedlings less affected than severely stressed seedlings (Fig. 1). The reflectance indexes CRI and PRI (a proxy for carotenoids content) were very sensitive to drought contrary to indexes NDVI and SIPI (a proxy for chlorophyll content), which were reduced only in severely stressed seedlings. During recovery period, moderately stressed seedlings recovered more quickly than severely stressed seedlings. In general, leaf water potential and net photosynthesis were the most sensitive indicators of renewed water supply (Fig. 1). All studied parameters quickly recovered from the water stress and reached the values similar to control seedlings at the end of the recovery period. The longest to recover took stomatal conductance and leaf temperature in severely stressed seedlings. Fig. 1 Predawn leaf water potential (left panel) and stomatal conductance (right panel). C - control seedlings, M - moderately stressed seedlings, S - severely stressed seedlings, O - seedlings, which died during drought period. Black arrows indicate the start of recovery period. REFERENCES ANDEREGG et al. Meta-analysis reveals that hydraulic traits explain cross-species patterns of droughtinduced tree mortality across the globe. PNAS , MCDOWELL et al. Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytol , CHEN et al. Gas exchange and hydraulics in seedlings of Hevea brasiliensis during water stress and recovery. Tree Physiol , ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was financed by Internal Grant Agency MENDELU reg. No. LDF_PSV_

33 NATURAL REGENERATION IN GAPS UNDER DIFFERENT INTENSITIES OF DISTURBANCES Hammond Maame Esi, Pokorný Radek, Okae-Anti Daniel T. A. Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology xhammon1@mendelu.cz Keywords: gaps, disturbed, slightly disturbed, undisturbed, sites 1 INTRODUCTION Natural regeneration in gaps is a popular sustainable silviculture practice which has gained the attention of many forest stakeholders all over the globe. Gaps are products of forest disturbances. Gaps microsites provide optimal growing conditions for different tree species. However, spatial intensity scale of disturbances affects natural regeneration in gaps by causing environmental changes which tend to modify forest dynamics. Based on this, the study sought to identify the effects of microenvironmental conditions in gaps at undisturbed, slightly disturbed and disturbed sites on natural regeneration. 2 METHODOLOGY The study was conducted in May 2019 at Bia Tano Forest Reserve, a tropical moist semi-deciduous forest located in the Goaso Forest District of Ghana. The area has weathered soils with low-activity clays. Annual precipitation ranges between 1500 and 1700 mm while mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures are 26 C and 29 C respectively. Based on the degree of anthropogenic activities and the form of the forest management practised, undisturbed (UN), slightly disturbed (SD) and disturbed (D) sites were classified, and three gaps were selected from each site. Average size of gap was 1247 m 2 in UN,1420 m 2 in SD and 880 m 2 in D. Within each gap, 4 transects; North, South, East and West were laid and georeferenced. Ten 1m 2 circular sampling plots at 2 m interval were created along each transect. Tree species within sampling plots were identified and counted. Hemispherical photos were shot at gap center, 2 nd and 10 th positions on individual transects and were later subjected to WinsCanopy technology in processing photos into Direct site factor (DSF), Indirect site factor (ISF) and Total site factor (TSF). Two soils samples (0-10 and cm) were sampled from gap center and at every 5 th position along each transect. The soils were prepared according to the standardized protocols and analyzed for soil ph, organic carbon (%), nitrogen (%), phosphorus (ppm) and potassium (me/100g) contents for each gap. Soil temperature was measured at every sampling point within gaps. ANOVA and LSD were used to measure significance of variables means at p 0.05 level on Statistica 13 version platform. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There were significant variations between DSF, ISF and TSF in different gaps at slightly disturbed (26.5±13.6%, 7.9±3.7% and 21.5±13.8%) and disturbed sites (20.8±6.7%, 8.1±5.2% and 16.8±8.7%) but at undisturbed site, only ISF (5.6±4.6%) was found to be significantly different. The amount and type of light condition received at the forest floor are directly proportional to gap size and also, dependent on the features of the canopy cover. For soil chemical properties, soil ph at SD (6.4±0.5) site was significantly different and from UN (5.5±0.2) and D (5.4±0.3) sites. This showed the neutrality state of SD sites soils which comparatively would enhance natural 30

34 regeneration. Nitrogen (0.30±0.03%) and potassium (0.57±0.3me/100g) contents at SD were significantly higher than those at UN (0.19±0.09%) and D (0.34±0.02 me/100g), respectively. However, no significant differences were observed between named sites for organic carbon content and phosphorus nutrient. These results were found due to the intermittent gap disturbances at the SD sites which boosted heterogenous microenvironmental conditions to become very conducive that hastened microbial activities and in effect increased the rate of decomposition and mineralization processes in the studied gaps. Soil temperature at UN (25.7±0.3 o C) was significantly higher than those at SD (25.1±0.4 o C) and D (25.1±0.3 o C) respectively. The small canopy openness of the gaps coupled by the dense adjacent canopy cover impeded the free exchanges of elements between the external and internal phases within the ecosystem therefore leading to the average rise in soil temperature at D site. Seedlings densities of undisturbed (10 seedlings /m 2 ) and slightly disturbed (9 seedlings /m 2 ) were significantly higher than disturbed site (3 seedlings /m 2 ). Pioneers (63.8 %) and NPLDs (26.4 %) were significantly abundant in disturbed and undisturbed sites while Shade bearers (68.2 %) at slightly disturbed were significantly higher than disturbed (23.2 %) but indifferent from undisturbed (58.4 %) in abundance. Fig. 1: Seedlings densities (left) and shade tolerance categories (right) of encountered natural regeneration tree species at three different sites. P- Pioneer, NPLD-Non-Pioneer Light Demanding and SB-Shade Bears. 4 CONCLUSIONS This study found out that the nature, degree and frequency of disturbances determined the variabilities of microenvironmental conditions within gaps particularly for light conditions and soil chemical properties. Pioneers increased in abundance under constant light exposure while NPLDs thrived better under intermittent light situations, but Shade bears preferred low light conditions. Conclusively, light conditions, soil chemical properties and soil temperature influenced natural regeneration in gaps. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our profound gratitude goes to the Internal Grant Agency of MENDELU (LDF_VP_ ) funding this research. We are thankful to the technicians of the Department of Soil Science Laboratory at the University of Cape Coast Ghana for the initial soil samples preparations for analyses.. 31

35 BARK STRIPPING OF TREES IN AN ALLUVIAL FOREST: A MATTER OF DEER DIET PREFERENCES Holík Jan Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology xholik4@gmail.com Keywords: bark peeling, damage by deer, spatial point patterns, lowland old-growth forests, deer herbivory 1 INTRODUCTION Bark stripping is a biotic disturbance caused by large vertebrate herbivores which remove phloem and outer bark with the lower incisors leading to the disruption of their protective and translocation functions (Verheyden et al. 2006). Photosynthesis and respiration of trees may be also indirectly affected by bark stripping with a consequence of lower competitive strength of damaged trees (Welch, Scott 1998). The effects of bark stripping on tree performance (growth, mortality) are related to tree life stage, wound severity and susceptibility to stripping (Akashi, Nakashizuka 1999). In this study, I aimed to assess the susceptibility of trees to stripping and severity of wounds caused by stripping. I also investigated the effects of tree spatial patterns on bark stripping of trees. 2 METHODS This study was conducted in the Ranšpurk national nature reserve (48 40 N E) representing an old-growth lowland alluvial forest situated at the confluence of the Morava and Dyje rivers, in the south-eastern part of the Czech Republic. The tree species under investigation were Fraxinus angustifolia (ash), Carpinus betulus (hornbeam), Acer campestre (maple), Tilia cordata (lime) and Ulmus spp. (elm). All woody plants 1 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were identified to species, measured for DBH, tagged and mapped in a square four-hectare tree census plot in 2015, giving a total spatial record of more than 16 thousand trees. These individuals were searched for winter and summer bark stripping in 2018 and Maximum percentage of stripped stem circumference and stripping wound length were measured to serve as proxies for stripping severity. I used general linear models (GLM; Bolker et al. 2009) to model the susceptibility of trees to stripping as the probability of stripping event (binomial GLM) and the stripping severity as maximum percentage of stripped stem circumference (beta GLM) and stripping wound length (negative binomial GLM). I also used several summary statistics (variants of univariate and multivariate pair correlation function) to characterise the spatial point patterns of stripped trees with random labelling hypothesis as a null model. To assess any potential departure from this null model, 199 Monte Carlo simulations were applied to construct the simulation envelopes. All analyses were performed in the statistical software R (R Core Team 2019) and software Programita (Wiegand, Moloney 2014). 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results show that tree species were unequally susceptible to bark stripping. Moreover, a significant interaction between tree DBH and species was found indicating the tree size- and species-dependent complexity of bark stripping. For example, hornbeam and lime trees were only little stripped below 50 mm DBH but there was about a 70% probability of bark stripping in trees above 100 mm. In general, ash, maple and elm were most susceptible to bark stripping. What DBH classes of trees are most 32

36 susceptible is, however, a matter of forest structure generated by various forest management practices (Gheysen et al. 2011). At my study site, forest structure is very complex owing to the decades of no active human interventions, making bark stripping predictions likely very different from managed forests. In addition, bark stripping severity was also of species-specific nature and weakly increased with DBH, both in the case of maximum percentage of stripped stem circumference and stripping wound length. The results based on these two metrics mostly coincided. Ash but also elm and maple trees suffered the most severe stripping wounds. Hornbeam and lime trees, on the other hand, were less severely stripped. I also found that bark stripping was negative density-dependent at least in maple, elm and ash trees, showing clustering of stripped trees and heavier damage at high densities of trees. However, random and positive density dependent stripping was observed in the case of hornbeam and lime trees, respectively. These results suggest that some species were more preferred by deer than others and that stripping was more intense when diet-attractive species were spatially aggregated. This is generally in line with the presumption of increased herbivory rate in the patches of high-quality forage (Bee et al. 2009). I suspect that the differences in the level of bark stripping among species may have been mostly given by their differential bark nutritional value (Jiang et al. 2005) and palatability (Verheyden et al. 2006). REFERENCES AKASHI, N. -- NAKASHIZUKA, T. Effects of bark-stripping by Sika deer (Cervus nippon) on population dynamics of a mixed forest in Japan. Forest Ecology and Management,1999, 113(1), BEE, J. N. -- TANENTZAP, A. J. -- LEE, W. G. -- LAVERS, R. B. -- MARK, A. F --, MILLS, J. A. -- COOMES, D. A. The benefits of being in a bad neighbourhood: plant community composition influences red deer foraging decisions. Oikos, 2009, 118(1), BOLKER, B. M. -- BROOKS, M. E. -- CLARK, C. J. -- GEANGE, S. W. -- POULSEN, J. R. --STEVENS, M. H. H. -- WHITE, J. S. S. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in ecology & evolution. 2009, 24(3), GHEYSEN, T. -- BROSTAUX, Y. -- HEBERT, J. -- LIGOT, G. -- RONDEUX, J. -- LEJEUNE, P.. A regional inventory and monitoring setup to evaluate bark peeling damage by red deer (Cervus elaphus) in coniferous plantations in Southern Belgium. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2011, 181(1-4), VERHEYDEN, H. -- BALLON, P. -- BERNARD, V. -- SAINT ANDRIEUX, C.. Variations in bark stripping by red deer Cervus elaphus across Europe. Mammal Review. 2006, 36(3), R CORE TEAM. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing., Vienna, Austria. Online, 2019: WELCH, D. -- SCOTT, D. Bark-stripping damage by red deer in a Sitka spruce forest in western Scotland IV. Survival and performance of wounded trees. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research. 1998, 71(3), WIEGAND, T.-- MOLONEY, K. A. Handbook of spatial point-pattern analysis in ecology. Chapman and Hall/CRC ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was funded by the Internal Grant Agency MENDELU (Project No. LDF_VP_ ). 33

37 DIFFERENCES IN CLIMATE-RADIAL GROWTH RESPONSE BETWEEN GENERATIVE AND COPPICED QUERCUS PETRAEA TREES Horák Pavel, Karas Lukáš, Senecká Anna, Matoušková Marie, Kupec Anna, Kruttová Michaela, Lengálová Klára, Šrámek Martin, Matula Radim, Šenfeldr Martin Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology martin.senfeldr@mendelu.cz Keywords: abandoned coppice, high forest, tree rings, climate signal, climate growth relationships, Sessile oak, Czech Republic 1 INTRODUCTION Climate change and related increase in temperature as well as shift in precipitation pattern will affect oak forest ecosystems in Central European areas (Stojanovič et al., 2017a). European forests have a long history of traditional coppice management. Coppicing was gradually abandoned in North-Western and Central Europe by the early and mid-20 th century (Buckley 2012). The returning to this traditional way of forest management is now intensively discussed in Central Europe due to conservation of diversity, biomass production and adaptation of forestry to ongoing climate change (Buckley 2012). Although several studies regarding oak radial growth-climate relationships have recently been conducted in Central Europe (e.g. Rybníček et al., 2016), there is still scarce information about the differences in climate signal in tree ring series between generative (i.e., seed origin) and over-aged oak coppiced trees. (Stojanovič et al., 2017a). Completely missing are the studies considering wider site heterogeneity taking in to the account different soil characteristic. 2 AIMS AND HYPOTHESIS The aims of this contribution are: 1) to detect the differences between climate signal in tree ring series between generative (high) and abandoned oak coppiced trees; 2) to detect time changes in climate signal for generative and coppiced oak tree within different sections of tree ring chronologies. We hypothesised that generative trees will show stronger precipitation signal compared to coppiced trees as generative trees are more sensitive to drought (Stojanovič et al., 2017b). 3 METHODOLOGIES In the Podyjí National Park (Czech Republic) we selected the research plot ( N, E) at the area of 10 ha with homogeneous environmental conditions where we sampled Quercus petraea trees using Pressler borer. We took samples from two tree categories according to their origin: A) Generative (GE) seed originated, detected according to root buttress as well as stem and crown shape; and B) Vegetative (VE) coppiced trees, detected according to typical multistem growth, stem and crown shape. For each category we sampled approximately 50 trees/stems of similar diameter at breast high. In case of VE category, the dominant stem was always sampled from multi-stem tree. 34

38 We measured tree ring width (TRW) in the laboratory using binocular microscope Leica, TimeTable (Vias) and Past 5 software. The TRW series were then standardized using different methods (Spline, Negative Exponencial Curve) in order to remove age trend from the raw tree ring series. Then we constructed one robust standard chronology for both GE and VE trees using standard dendrochronological procedures (Cook, Kairiukstis 2013). Further, we calculated Pearson's correlations between indexed tree-ring widths and monthly climatic data - precipitation total, SPEI Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (climate data were obtained from KNMI Climate Explorer database). 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSION We constructed robust standard chronology both for GE and VE trees. The GE chronology covers the period with its expressed population signal (EPS) reaches value The VE chronology covers period with its EPS reaches Both GE and VE tree ring index chronologies showed strong precipitation and SPEI signal but this signal was slightly stronger in GE chronology as this was correlated with higher number of monthly climate parameters. The GE chronology was positively correlated with May (r=0.25) and Jun (r= 0.22) precipitation and also with the August (r=0.26) precipitation in the year preceding ring formation. Moreover this chronology was positively correlated with March-May (r=0.25) and Jun-August SPEI (r=0.17). The VE chronology was positively correlated with May (r=0.33) and Jun (r=0.22) precipitation and with Jun-August SPEI (r=0.39). The climate signal revealed to be strongest in the young and middle-aged trees (until the 1960) for both GE and VE trees. Our results suggest that GE trees growth is more related with water availability compare to VE trees, as it was described by Stojanovič et al., (2017b). But this pattern will probably be modified by site specific environmental conditions. Therefore, other research activities of our team will focus on the study of presented topic at wider scale of environmental conditions. REFERENCES BUCKLEY, G. P. (Ed.).: Ecology and management of coppice woodlands. Springer Science & Business Media COOK, E.R. -- KAIRIUKSTIS, L. A.. Methods of dendrochronology: applications in the environmental sciences. Springer Science & Business Media RYBNÍČEK, M. -- ČERMÁK, P. PROKOP -- O. -- ŽID, T. -- TRNKA, M. -- KOLÁŘ, T.,: Oak (Quercus spp.) response to climate differs more among sites than among species in central Czech Republic. Dendrobiology. 2016, 75, STOJANOVIČ, M. -- SÁNCHEZ-SALGUERO, R. -- LEVANIČ, T. -- SZATNIEWSKA, J., POKORNÝ, R. -- LINARES, J. C.: Forecasting tree growth in coppiced and high forests in the Czech Republic. The legacy of management drives the coming Quercus petraea climate responses. Forest Ecology and Management. 2017a, 405, STOJANOVIČ, M. -- SZATNIEWSKA, J. -- KYSELOVÁ, I. -- POKORNÝ, R. -- ČATER, M.: Transpiration and water potential of young Quercus petraea (M.) Liebl. coppice sprouts and seedlings during favourable and drought conditions. Journal of Forest Science. 2017b, 63(7), ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was performed thanks to Internal Grant Agency MENDELU, project IGA LDF_TP_

39 THE ROLE OF THE EXTREME DISTURBANCES IN THE SLOPE DYNAMICS OF THE NATURAL TEMPERATE FORESTS Jaroš Jakub, Rousová Anna, Šamonil Pavel Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology jakub.s.jaros@gmail.com Keywords: Biogeomorphology, biomechanical influence of trees, denudation, disturbance regime, pedogenesis 1 INTRODUCTION Trees have a biomechanical effect on the movements of soil, regolith and rock fragments throughout their whole lives, but their death can have an even more significant role. Every death is accompanied by breaking of the tree stem or by a treethrow event. Breakage and treethrows have quite different biogeomorphic and soil evolutionary impacts. After tree breakage the root system gradually decomposes and infills with the surrounding soil. In case of a tree uprooting, most of the root system is moved from its original place with all the surrounding soil and the material is completely mixed. Šamonil et al. (2015) and Phillips et al. (2017) found 220 and 263 m 3 of soil per hectare associated with described processes in the surveyed locations in the USA and the Czech Republic respectively. These values clearly show the considerable influence of individual trees in the formation of forested landscape. The dynamics of some forests is potentially significantly co-formed by extremely strong infrequent disturbance events. One such event per century could be as important for forest formation as all the other subtle events combined. The role of the extreme events has not yet been sufficiently explored. In this project, we hypothetically anticipate a significant increase in soil volume associated with the biomechanical effect of trees during an extreme event, as well as a decline in these effects in the first decades immediately after the event. This hypothesis is based on a mathematical model made by Constantine et al. (2012), who suggested a unimodal development of the volume of transported soil in relation to the number of disturbed trees. We decided to verify this model on real data in the Czech oldgrowth forests. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS The research was conducted in following temperate old-growth forests in the Czech Republic: Žofínský Primeval Forest, Boubínský Primeval Forest, Žákova Hora, Ranšpurk, Razula and Salajka. In these localities, an extensive dendrometric survey was carried out multiple times since 1970s on an area of tens of hectares. In the surveys the positions of all living and dead trees were recorded, and their current state was evaluated (e.g. tree is alive, broken, uprooted). Each tree was always identified in the previous measurement and its state change was recorded. Based on the repeated surveys, we will be able to quantify the average volumes of transported soil connected to uprooted or broken trees for the intervals between measurements. Some repeated tree censuses took place immediately after great disturbances. Therefore it is possible to evaluate the immediate impact of these events. Known (eg. Šamonil et al. 2017) or newly established allometric relationships will be used to quantify the volume of transported soil. Size parameters of treethrow pits and mounds will be manually measured according to the methodology by Šamonil et al. (2018) or modelled using formulas published by Sobhani et al. (2014). The biomass volume of the underground part of the stump and root system of broken trees, which approximately equates with the volume of affected soil, will use a combination of allometric equations by Demaerschalk et Omule (1982) and by Chojnacky et al. (2014). 36

40 3 PRELIMINARY RESULTS A survey of tree deaths has been conducted within all six research locations in However, at this stage of project resolving we counted for only three of them. Preliminary results of those three localities are presented in Fig. 1. The average amount of tree deaths was 5,62 cases per hectare in the three plots. Fig. 1: Frequency of tree deaths in During the time frame of our last survey, there were no significant disturbances in the observed plots, which is the reason why the total of tree deaths was rather low, and why the most violent type of death, the treethrow, occurred only in 20,2 % of total cases. However, this information is still valuable as we can determine the dynamics of tree deaths without influence of rare strong disturbances and as a result, we can calculate the volume of affected soil in those years. In the near future we will be working further with the obtained data to calculate missing values for the rest of our research localities and, most importantly, to calculate the volume of soil transported by the recent tree deaths. We will link our current findings with the longterm data including severe disturbances and we will create general model of the biogeomorphic role of trees in temperate old-growth forests. REFERENCES CONSTANTINE, J. A. -- SCHELHAAS, M. J. -- GABET, E. -- MUDD, S. M. Limits of windthrow-driven hillslope sediment flux due to varying storm frequency and intensity. Geomorphology p. CHOJNACKY, D. C. -- HEATH, L. S. -- JENKINS, J. C. Updated generalized biomass equations for North American tree species. Forestry , p. DEMAESCHALK, J. P. -- OMULE, S. A. Y. Estimating Breast Height Diameters from Stump Measurements in British Columbia. The Forestry Chronicle , p. PHILLIPS, J. D. -- ŠAMONIL, P. -- PAWLIK, L. -- TROCHTA, J. -- DANĚK, P. Domination of hillslope denudation by tree uprooting in an old-growth forest. Geomorphology. 2017, 276, 27 36p. SOBHANI, V. M. -- BARRETT, M. -- PETERSON, C. J. Robust prediction of treefall pit and mound sizes from tree size across 10 forest blowdowns in Eastern North America. Ecosystems , p. ŠAMONIL, P. -- DANĚK, P. -- SCHAETZL, R. J. -- VAŠÍČKOVÁ, I. -- VALTERA, M.: Soil mixing and genesis as affected by tree uprooting in three temperate forests. Eur. J. Soil Sci , p. ŠAMONIL, P. -- DANĚK, P. -- ADAM, D. -- PHILLIPS, J. D.: Breakage or uprooting: How tree death type affects hillslope processes in old-growth temperate forests. Geomorphology , 76 84p. ŠAMONIL, P. -- DANĚK, P. -- SENECKÁ, A. -- ADAM, D. -- PHILLIPS, J. D.: Biomechanical effects of trees in an old-growth temperate forest. Earth Surf. Proces. Landforms , p. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was supported by the Internal Grant Agency Faculty of Forest and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno No. IGA LDF_VP_

41 INFLUENCE OF HIGHLY MINERALIZED GROUND WATER ON FLOODPLAIN FOREST Juřička David, Volánek Jiří, Valtera Martin, Kadlec Jiří Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology david.juricka@mendelu.cz Keywords: floodplain forest, conductivity, groundwater 1 INTRODUCTION PR Plačkův les is a unique ecosystem, composed of soft and hardwood floodplain forests, which has endured a floodless environment for the past 50 years. The forest sustained a fundamental change in its hydrological conditions due to Svratka and Jihlava river levee intensification as part of the Nové Mlýny water reservoir construction modifications during Plačkův forest is therefore exclusively supplied by groundwater, which compensates for the absence of floods. Water infiltrates at the eastern margin of the hydrogeological basin of the Carpathian Foredeep and at the hydrogeological massif of the Bohemian Massif bedrock. The contact of groundwater with the Carpathian sediments significantly affects its quality. Groundwater exhibits high overall mineralization in the medium to heavily mineralized characteristics range and contains a high amount of sulphates, chlorides, Mn and Fe. Extremely high levels of mineral substances were also found in the surface water of the Plačkův forest drainage system (Novotná et al. 2019). Due to the change in hydrological and hydrogeological conditions, PR Plačkův les soil chemistry can be altered by high evaporation rates of strongly mineralized groundwater entering the ecosystem trough the sediments of the Carpathian Foredeep. It can affect the microbial activity of the soil, the species structure of the herb layer and the health condition of the forest stand. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1 SITE DESCRIPTION PR Plačkův les is located in the confluence area of Svratka, Jihlava and Dyje rivers ( N, E). It is mixed hard and softwood floodplain forest with altered hydrological and hydrogeological regime, without floods and with highly mineralized groundwater inflow. Bedřichův forest stand, located approximately 1000 m east of Plačkův forest ( N, E), is also represented by mixed hardwood and softwood floodplain forest. On the other hand, it has unchanged hydrogeological regime, with regular floods (locality in Q5 - Jihlava River) and without the Carpathian Foredeep groundwater inflow (clay subsoil). 2.3 SAMPLE COLLECTING AND ANALYSES Soil sampling took place in June 2019 and followed a pre-generated regular sampling network of 50 points for each site (total of 100 samples). The sampling design is based on hexagonal plots with a centre point (the distance of the nearest points is always the same, 50 m). Composite soil samples were collected from a depth of 10 cm (± 2 cm). Equal amounts of soil were taken from the central sampling point and 4 other locations at a distance of 6.6 m away (northern, southern, eastern and western directions). Samples were mixed in situ. Determination of specific soil conductivity (µs/cm) - Salt 38

42 content (%) was determined according to Zbíral et al. (2016). Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for nonparametric data was used to explore the site differences. 3 RESULTS Fig. 1: Conductivity at Bedřichův and Plačkův les Significantly higher soil conductivity (ANOVA p = 0.000) was established at the PR Plačkův les locality (Fig. 1). The values of minimum, maximum, mean and median conductivity are greater in Plaček's forest (127.60, , , µs/cm) than in Bedřich's forest (114.00, , , µs/cm). 4 CONCLUSION Soil conductivity results, gave a sufficiently accurate indication of the total concentration of ionized components in soil and showed higher mineralization of soil in the locality with changed hydroelogical regime and with alleged mineralized groundwater inflow. This confirms the hypothesis of highly mineralized groundwater effect of the Plaček forest soil chemism. Subsequent research phases will evaluate data from soil chemical analyses of Fe, Mn, Cl - a SO4 2- presence and levels of soil microbial and enzymatic activities (Cmic, Corg, SIR and BR average and catalase activity levels). Furthermore, the soil chemism effect on the structure of the herbaceous layer will be evaluated. C, N, S and H total contents will be determined to specify the influence of macroelements on the herbaceous layer structure. Total contents of Fe, Mn, Cl - a SO4 2- in the tree leaves will be assessed as the last phase of the research. REFERENCES NOVOTNÁ J. -- JUŘIČKA D. --, BURNOG M. -- KOTLÁNOVÁ M. -- KYNICKÝ J. Remote Infiltration Areas as a Main Source of Ground Water for Floodplain Forest Without Floods. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 2019, 67(3): ZBÍRAL, J. Analýza půd I. Jednotné pracovní postupy. ÚKZÚZ, Brno ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Supported by the Specific University Research Fund of the FFWT Mendel University in Brno no. LDF_TP_

43 INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION FOR THE GROWTH OF PAULOWNIA SPP. Kadlec Jiří, Pokorný Radek Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology jiri.kadlec.uzpl@mendelu.cz Klíčová slova: dendrometric parameters, LAI, leaf biomass 1 INTRODUCTION Cultivation of Paulownia can be an appropriate opportunity how overcome of wood insufficiency on market in the future. Trees can reach from 30 to 40 cm in thickness at 1.3 m height and stem volume of m 3 /tree (Yadav et al. 2013). Paulownia wood is used for building, production of furniture (García-Morote et al. 2014), production of pulp and biofuel (Yadav et al. 2013). A few varieties of Paulownia were cultivated for timber-saw, for example: Paulownia bellissima, P. clone in vitro 112, P. Shan-tong. One of the important factors influencing growth is water availability mainly during the first two years after planting (TGG 2011). This study evaluates the effect of varying amounts of available water on the growth of four varieties of Paulownia. 2 METHODOLOGY Research site is located in Bohdalov. Four varieties of Paulownia were investigated Paulownia tomentosa ( tomentosa ), P. bellissima ( bellissima ), P. clone in vitro 112 ( 112 ) and P. Shan-tong ( shan-tong ). In spring, before budbreak, their height and diameter at 10 cm above ground was measured. 12 plants of each variety were used and differences in their heights and stem diameters among tested plants could be max 5 %. Plants were planted into container with volume of 114 l and put under shelter with PE tonneu cover. Amount of irrigated water (watering) was 7.4 l/week/container (high watering) usually as recommended watering; 4.9 l/week/container (medium watering) what is a common precipitation amount in South Moravia in CR and 2.4 l/week/container (low watering) what is minimal precipitation amount in South Moravia during last 10 years. In the end of growing season, all plants were measured. Their height of current year shoot (height), stem diameter at 10 cm and projections of crowns were measured. Thereafter all leaves from each plant were cut, weighed, scanned, inserted to paper bags, dried (80 C for two days and then 103 C to the constant weight) and weighed. Leaf area index (LAI) for each plant was calculated as the ration of the projected area of leaves and plant crown projection. 3 PRELIMINARY RESULTS When we compare watering intensities, low watering seems to be unfavourable for height growth of the most varieties of Paulownia (Fig. 1.), except bellissima, which grows in height similarly accross all types of watering. Shan-tong has grown the best under medium watering, whereas tomentosa under high watering. Medium and high watering showed similar effect on growth for 112. The watering intensity is not determinative for stem thickness growth of varieties bellissima and 112. Their stem thickness values under all watering are similar as for values of tomentosa and shan-tong under low watering. While stem thickness of tomentosa is not difference between medium and high watering intensity, shan-tong stem thickness value was higher under medium watering intensity. Leaf biomass seems to be the highest under medium watering intensity for tomentosa, shan-tong and 112. Biomass values of tomentosa and shan-tong were doubled under 40

44 medium watering compare to these under low and high watering intensities. Leaf biomass values of 112 were greater only about ¼ compared to these under low and high watering intensities. Leaf biomass of bellissima was similar for all watering intensities and it showed the lowest weight values compared to other varieties Paulownia. LAI take the values for tomentosa and bellissima under high; for 112 under low and for shan-tong under medium watering intensity, respective. However, these values were not statistically different. When we compare LAI among varieties, shan-tong and tomentosa under low watering (tomentosa has lower values) and shan-tong (it has higher values) and other varieties under medium watering differed significantly. Fig. 1: Height, stem diameter, weight of leaves and LAI of average plant (± SD; whiskers) four varieties of Paulownia according to watering intensity. REFERENCES GARCIA-MOROTE, Francisco Antonio, et al. Stem Biomass Production of Paulownia elongata x P. fortunei under Low Irrigation in a Semi-Arid Environment. Forests. 2014, 5, TGG. Paulownia: Technical Bulletin #1 [online] [cit ]. Online: YADAV, N. K., et al. A Review of Paulownia Biotechnology: A Short Rotation, Fast Growing Multipurpose Bioenergy Tree. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 2013, 4, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was realized with the contribution of funds IGA of the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno, project number LDF_VP_

45 EVALUATION OF DIAMETER INCREMENT OF SILVER BIRCH BASED ON DATA OF NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY Kikal Jan, Adamec Zdeněk Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology xkikal@mendelu.cz Keywords: growth conditions, Korf function, Michailoff function, species composition, stand production 1 INTRODUCTION Birch is a tree species reaching a height up to 25 meters, which, according to Černý, Pařez (1998), has been reached in 30 year. From the forestry aspect it is considered as pioneer tree species in the Czech Republic, which is used mainly as a pioneer tree, eventually as a melioration tree. According to the results of Martiník et al. (2017) is birch suitable for spontaneous ingrowth after clearcuttings caused by disturbances of allochthonous spruce stands. Birch is a light demanding tree species, but it is able to regenerate naturally under the decaying spruce forest stand and thus achieve faster occupation of the clearcuttings caused by disturbances (Huth, Wagner, 2006). The height increment in birch usually culminates between the age of 10 and 20 years (Černý, Pařez, 1998). Around the age of 50 years, pioneer tree species begin to show a declining vitality and at age about 100 years they begin to die (Hynynen et al., 2010). Černý, Pařez (1998) mention that pioneer tree species have faster culmination of height and volume increment in comparison with climax species (spruce, beech). The diameter increment is influenced mainly by tree bionomics, forest site conditions, social status in the stand, climatic conditions, but also by biotic and abiotic factors. The production potential and growth characteristics of pioneer tree species are determined by their bionomic strategy (Míchal, 1994). The aim of the paper is to evaluate the diameter increment of silver birch with regard to its age, its share in the forest stand and forest site conditions. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from the National Forest Inventory of the Czech Republic (NFI) from both cycles were used for calculation of diameter increment at the tree level. Data were measured on 4497 trees within 1488 inventory plots. At the tree level tree age, diameter at breast height, total tree height, merchantable volume and qualitative parameters of the tree were evaluated. At the level of the inventory plot forest site conditions (forest type, natural forest area, etc.), share of birch trees in the forest stand, growth phase, etc. were evaluated. Korf and Michailoff diameter increment curves will be tested by nonlinear mixed effects models (Lindstrom, Bates 1990). Since NFI data used tree species composition as a categorical variable, the influence of this variable will be solved by analysis of variance. 3 RESULTS Results of the analysis of variance shows that diameter increment of birch trees statistically significantly depends on share of birch trees in the forest stand (p value=0.004). Birch diameter increment increase with increasing share of birch trees in forest stand (Fig. 1). 42

46 Fig. 1: Mean values (with 95 % confidence intervals) of birch diameter increment in relation to share of birch trees in the forest stand. REFERENCES LINDSTROM, M.J. -- BATES, D.M. Nonlinear mixed effects for repeated measures data. Biometrics. 1990, 46: MARTINÍK, A. -- ADAMEC, Z. -- KREJZA, J. Struktura, produkce a stabilita mladých porostů s převahou břízy a osiky vzniklých sukcesí po alochtonním smrku v oblasti Nízkého Jeseníku. Mendelova univerzita v Brně. Brno pp. HYNYNEN, J. -- NIEMISTÖ, O. -- VIHERÄ-AARNIO, A. -- BRUNNER, A. -- HEIN, S. -- VELLING, P. -- Silviculture of birch (Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Europe. Forestry. 2010, 83 (1): MÍCHAL, I. Ekologická stabilita. Veronica. Brno pp. HUTH, F. -- WAGNER, S. Gap structure and establishment of Silver birch regeneration (Betula pendula Roth.) in Norway spruce (Picea abies L.). Forest Ecology and Management. 2006, 229 (1 3): ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was supported by the Internal Grant Agency Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno No. IGA LDF_VP_ The evaluation of silver birch diameter increment influenced by tree age, species composition and site conditions based on National Forest Inventory data. 43

47 GEODIVERSITY AND ABIOTIC ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Kubalíková Lucie, Bajer Aleš Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology LucieKubalikova@seznam.cz Keywords: abiotic nature, geoconservation, cultural ecosystem services The concept of ecosystem services developed in the second half of the 20th century (Costanza et al., 1997, Odum, Odum 2000), but the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2005) is considered a basic document where the definitions and approaches were presented. This assessment identified the services that ecosystems provide to society, but geodiversity (abiotic nature) as an indispensable component of ecosystems was somewhat underestimated (Gordon, Barron 2012, Gray 2013). These authors point out, for example, the underestimation of non-renewable natural resources, and insufficient consideration of geomorphological processes or insufficient analysis of geodiversity-biodiversity relations. Based on this, Gordon and Barron (2012) and Gray (2013) define the so-called "abiotic ecosystem services" or geosystem services which include regulatory, support, supply, and cultural services. To these services, the category of so-called "knowledge services" is added (Gray 2013, 2018). Van Ree and van Beukering (2016) also emphasize the importance of subsurface and its role in ecosystems, Tukiainen et al confirm that geodiversity and biodiversity are closely related and that geodiversity has an important influence on biodiversity and landscape values. The ecosystem services of water environments (water considered a part of geodiversity) were also identified and recognized (Grizzetti et al. 2015). Finally, the role of geodiversity within the concept of ecosystem services has been recognized and accepted, however, in specific cases with problems and ambiguities (Gray 2018). Abiotic ecosystem services are already included in the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (European Environmental Agency 2018). Nevertheless, there are still numerous methodological questions regarding the mutual relations between CICES, the concept of natural capital and geodiversity services (Gray 2018). Practical applications combining geodiversity research and the concept of abiotic ecosystem services are rather scarce (García 2019). The issues of cultural ecosystem services were already analyzed (Milcu et al. 2013, Fish et al. 2016), but only limited attention was paid to geodiversity. The importance of cultural and knowledge functions and services of geodiversity were discussed by Gordon and Barron (2012), Gordon (2018) or Gray (2013). This contribution focus on the cultural ecosystem services of geodiversity. The method of CICES (2018) and the criteria of Gray (2013, 2018) were applied to the assessment of Stránská skála Rock in Brno (Czech Republic) where the abiotic component plays a crucial role. Another aim of this study is to compare the suitability of the CICES and Gray s approach to assess the ecosystem services provided by geodiversity. The assessment of cultural ecosystem services has brought these findings: the cultural ecosystem services of geodiversity are numerous and important and should not be neglected when assessing the ecosystem services of any ecosystem or site. There are differences between the two approaches: CICES is not very specific, Gray s method is rather specified in more detail. The assessment of geodiversity within the concept of ecosystem services can bring arguments to financing the management of the localities. 44

48 The ecosystem services are a part of environmental impact assessment and are related to the landscape planning based on them, the future management can be proposed. REFERENCES COSTANZA, R. et al. The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital. Nature. 1997, 387(15): EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY. Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services V5.1. Online 2018: FISH et al. Conceptualising cultural ecosystem services: A novel framework for research and critical engagement. Ecosystem Services. 2016, 21B: GARCÍA M.G.M. Ecosystem Services Provided by Geodiversity: Preliminary Assessment and Perspectives for the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources in the Coastal Region of the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. Geoheritage. Online 2019: GORDON J.E. Geoheritage, Geotourism and the Cultural Landscape: Enhancing the Visitor Experience and Promoting Geoconservation. Geosciences. 2018, 8(4): GORDON J.E. -- BARRON H.F. Valuing geodiversity and geoconservation: developing a more strategic ecosystem approach. Scottish Geographical Journal. 2012, 128: GRAY M. Geodiversity: Valuing and Conserving Abiotic Nature. Second Edition. Wiley Blackwell, 2013, 495 p GRAY M. The confused position of the geosciences within the natural capital and ecosystem services approaches. Ecosystem Services. 2018, 34A: GRIZZETTI B. et al. Assessing water ecosystem services for water resource management. Environmental Science & Policy. 2016, 61: MEA Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington DC MILCU A. -- IOANA J. -- HANSPACH D. et al. Cultural ecosystem services: a literature review and prospects for future research. Ecology and Society. 2013, 18(3):44 ODUM H. T. -- ODUM E. P. The Energetic Basis for Valuation of Ecosystem Services. Ecosystems , s TUKIAINEN H. et al. Spatial relationship between biodiversity and geodiversity across a gradient of land-use intensity in high-latitude landscapes. Landscape Ecology. 2017, 32(5): VAN REE C.C.D.F., VAN BEUKERING P.J.H. Geosystem services: A concept in support of sustainable development of the subsurface. Ecosystem Services. 2016, 20:30 36 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was supported by Internal Grant Agency MENDELU, project number LDF_VP_

49 EFFECT OF ZEOLITE ENRICHED SUBSTRATE ON BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTAINER PRODUCED NURSERY STOCK OF EUROPEAN BEECH Kučera Aleš 1 ; Volánek Jiří 1, Holík Ladislav 1, Tomášová Gabriela 1, Samec Pavel 1, Rosíková Jana 1, Vichta Tomáš 1, Kroutil Ondřej 2, Balková, Marie 1, Vranová Valerie 1 1 Mendel University Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology; 2 University of South Bohemia / Faculty of Science valerie.vranova@mendelu.cz Keywords: Clinoptilolite, Classical molecular dynamics simulation (CMD), Forest tree nursery, Seedling biometrics 1 INTRODUCTION This contribution pursues the work and project purpose of preceding years (Ambrožová et al. 2018) where clinoptilolite milled to a suitable fraction is enriched for a slow release of adsorbed cations. The idea follows classical molecular dynamics simulations (CMD) of energetically favoured (010) clevage plane and (001) plane with accessible micro pores of 10- and 8-membered rings (Fig. 1), which might be used for suitable adsorption behaviour and for zeolite enrichment with K + and NH4 + cations. One-season-old seedlings of European beech (L.) were measured in 10 different treatments of substrate enriched either by mineral fertilizer and/or by different volume of either pure or ammonium nitrate and potassium sulphate enriched clinoptilolite. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed in the Dykovy školky nursery (Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny) during the 2019 vegetation season where primed seeds of European beech were sown into containers of 0.32 l volume. Clinoptilolite with particle size < 200 m was applied. The enrichment process was performed with 20M ammonium nitrate and 0.6M potassium sulphate followed by leaching of remaining salts by distilled water. Enriched, as well as pure zeolite was mixed with either pure or NPK enriched Fig. 2: (010) clinoptilolite/water interface viewed along 001 direction. 10- and 8- membered rings are visible along this direction. Surface atoms are displayed using vdw representation. Silicon atoms in yellow, oxygen in red, aluminium in pink. Water molecules in licorice representation. fertilizer substrate, in volume proportions of 0; 5; 10 or 20 % (10 treatments in total). Seedling height and root collar diameter were recorded monthly (July, August, September, October), and health status was assessed on a scale of 1-5 (1 the best, 5 dead). Treatments were marked as SP (substrate pure), SE (substrate enriched), ZP (zeolite pure) and ZE (zeolite enriched) with percentage of the zeolite admixture (0; 5; 10 or 20 % vol.). 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The seedling height and collar diameter (Fig. 2a, 2b) substantially differentiated according to treatments. In October, the highest seedlings were in treatments with 5% 46

50 admixture of pure zeolite followed by enriched substrate without zeolite and by pure substrate with 20% admixture of enriched zeolite. The root collar diameter was the highest in pure substrate with 5% admixture of pure zeolite followed by pure substrate with 20% admixture of enriched zeolite and enriched substrate with 5% admixture of pure substrate. The leaf length and width (Fig. 2c, 2d) were more balanced except of significantly lower values in treatments of pure substrate and pure substrate with 10% admixture of pure and enriched zeolite. 4 CONCLUSION Regarding the biometrical results we can assume that the zeolite admixture affects seedling growth and leaf size. However, in high volumes can probably inhibit biomass production. Therefore, the combination of enriched substrate and 20% admixture of enriched zeolite might be even avoided. Succeeding data processing and publication activities will be focused on parameters such as fine and coarse root production, root/shoot ratio, nutrient status, chemical properties of substrate, as well as on detailed simulations of the cation exchanges on clinoptilolite surfaces confronted with measurements. REFERENCES AMBROŽOVÁ, P. -- VINH, N.D. -- VOLÁNEK, J. Surfactant modified enriched clinoptilolite applied as a fertilizer in forest nursery. In SilvaNet WoodNet ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The contribution was founded by Internal Grant Agency MENDELU, LDF_PSV_ Special thanks belong to the Dykovy školky nursery, Ing. Václav Hurt, Ph.D. and the nursery employees. 47

51 VARIATIONS IN ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF TREE-SOIL INTERFACE AT DIFFERENT SITES Majewski Robert, 1 Valenta Jan, 2,3 Tábořík Petr, 2,3 Weger Jan, 4 Čermák Jan 1* 1 Mendel University / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology 2 Charles University / Faculty of Science 3 Czech Academy of Sciences / Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics 4 Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening majewski@mendleu.cz Keywords: earth impedance method, absorptive root surfaces, electrical resistivity 1 INTRODUCTION The most recent studies which concern environmental geophysics are focused on visualization of plant root systems or sites contamination. Three mutually complementary studies of Staněk 1998, Aubrecht et al and Čermák et al firstly introduced and shed a new light on plant-soil interface. They postulated a new, field applicable methodological sequence of root system absorption zones measurement by the earth impedance method (EIM). This investigation assumes existence and preformation of a direct contact interface occurring in absorption zones between permeable cell walls of fine roots and soil. The method testing was performed by bulldozer opening, scanning and microscopy, allometric relations to basal area and crown projected area, tree pulling force [Čermák et al. 2013]. However, there is a disagreement with measurement hypothesis and physical phenomena [Urban et al. 2011]. Current state of the MEI method shows that there is a lack of precise methodological sequence, which would allow a statistical comparison of the soil types, tree species and habitats. An influence of the electrode configuration in tree-soil medium remains unexplained. Also, the usage of a low frequency generator remains in a question. Statistical analysis of the data obtained needs to be explained by the physical phenomena [Cao et al. 2010]. In this project we hypothesized that different habitats composing of varying soil types and tree species may be described by characteristic electrical parameters of stem, soil and root-soil continuum. The goal of the work is to (i) validate the utility of the present experimental setup by means of a comparison with a manufactured electrical resistivity tomography equipment, and later (ii) elaborate a methodological, technical and statistical upgrade. 2 METHODS Experimental sites The testing phase has been carried out in the research area Michovka of the Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening in Průhonice. The measurement was performed on Poplar clone NE-49 Populus maximoviczii x Populus x berolinensis. The main part of the project was performed in the Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny, where several sites with following species were measured: Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica. Lastly, standardization of the measurements in order to obtain wider statistical 48

52 representation of characteristic data for specific soil types and woody species, is still in progress. Experimental setups The electrode configuration was the pole-pole array. Modified earth impedance method was performed by electric current generator Earth Ground Tester (Fluke 1625, John Fluke, Everett, Washington, USA). Electrical resistivity tomography was performed by ARES II (ARES, GF Instruments, Czech Republic). In the first phase, the influence of electrodes configuration (C1, C2 stands for current electrodes and P1, P2 for potential ones) was investigated for varying setups. Then, the measurements performed by FLUKE and ARES were compared. In main phase the data were collected from varying sites. 3 RESULTS The testing phase shows that the results obtained by FLUKE and ARES are slightly different. The curves of tree-soil resistivity have similar shape, but the values are 5-6% higher in case of ARES. The 2 nd derivative shows significant deflect points in case of FLUKE measurement whilst Ares II curves do not evince such eminent changes. The resistivity was increasing with higher position of the electrode P1 on a tree trunk. Preliminary results performed in different sites show varying values of resistivity for different tree species and soil types. 4 CONCLUSION The tree-soil resistivity depends on P1 and C2 electrodes placing. Application of the ARES II equipment allowed us to increase the speed and quality of the measurement. The next step towards understanding the tree-soil electric relation has been made, especially in species, soil type and habitat electrical parameters variations. A wider statistical representation of the EIM method is required. REFERENCES AUBRECHT, L. -- STANĚK, Z. -- KOLLER, J. Electrical measurement of the absorption surfaces of tree roots by the earth impedance method: 1. Theory. Tree Physiology , Canada CAO, Y. -- REPO, T. -- SILVENNOINEN, R. -- LEHTO, T. -- PELKONEN, P. An appraisal of the electrical resistance method for assessing root surface area. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2010, Vol. 61, No. 9, pp ČERMÁK, J. CUDLÍN, P. -- GEBAUER, R. -- BØRJA, I. -- MARTINKOVÁ, M. -- STANĔK, Z. -- KOLLER, J. -- NERUDA, J. -- NADEZHDINA, N. Estimating the absorptive root area in Norway spruce by using the common direct and indirect earth impedance methods. Plant and soil. 2013, 372(1-2), ČERMÁK, J. -- ULRICH, R. -- STANĚK, Z. -- KOLLER, J. -- AUBRECHT, L. Electrical measurement of tree root absorbing surfaces by the earth impedance method: 2. Verification based on allometric relationships and root severing experiments. Tree Physiology , , Canada STANĚK Z. Physical aspects of resistance measurement in plants and their ecological applications. Associate Professorial Thesis, Department of Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering URBAN, J. -- BEQUET, R. -- MAINIERO, R. Assessing the applicability of the earth impedance method for in situ studies of tree root systems. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2011, Vol. 62, No. 6, pp ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The study was supported by Internal Agency of Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology No.: LDF_VP_

53 DIFFERENCES IN ANATOMICAL ELEMENTS OF COPPICE AND HIGH FOREST Matoušková Marie, Plichta Roman, Urban Josef Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology marie.matouskova@mendelu.cz Keywords: anatomy, coppice, high forest, sessile oak, water stress Water stress is one of the most important environmental factors affecting tree growth and survival. Many large-scale forests died due to the severe drought during the last century (Allen et al. 2010; Choat et al. 2012). Tree s adaptations to drought consist from changes on both anatomical and morphological level, including decreasing of the tree height and adjustment of conduit diameter (Olson et al. 2018): the diameter of conduit elements is crucial for vulnerability to embolism. Coppice forests have a very long history in European silviculture. Nowadays, they raise forester s interests again, among others due to supposedly better resilience to drought than high forest. Studies proved that coppice forests are able to better reach soil water than high forests (Holišová et al. 2016; Pietras et al. 2016). Lower height together with better water availability and higher growth rates may also affect the size of conduit elements and density of the wood. Taller plants have wider conduit elements (Olson et al. 2018) and thus higher vulnerability to cavitation (Hargrave et al. 1994; Davis et al. 1999) than shrubs in the coppice forest. The main aim of this project was to observe differences in parameters of anatomical elements between coppice and high forest trees. This research was conducted at TARMAG II study site located in Brno-Soběšice within the Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny. 10 branch (stem) samples were sampled from coppice, seedlings and mature trees from the high forest twice per the vegetation season (August, September). In total, 60 samples were used for anatomical analysis. All studied individuals were sessile oaks (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Lieb). Short segments of stem with diameter between 5-10 mm were sectioned using a sledge microtome (Mikrot L, Schenkung dapples, Zürich, Switzerland) and stained with staining solution (mix of 0.35 % safranin in 50 % ethanol (w/v) and 0.65% alcian blue in distilled water (w/v); safranin - lignin staining, alcian blue parenchyma cells staining). Cross-sections were examined under an Olympus BX51 light microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), photographed using a Canon EOS 1200D digital camera (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and uploaded to a computer using QuickPHOTO Micro 3.0 software (Promicra, Prague, Czech Republic). Individual photographs of anatomical sections of each sample were joined together to get complete cross-section and later analyzed using Fiji, one of the distributions of software ImageJ (Wayne Rasband, Research Services Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 2012). Vessel lumen area (Alum), average maximum (dmax) and minimum (dmin) vessel diameter of each cross-section, number of vessels (Ntrach), thickness of vessel walls (ltcw), vessels density (Td), distribution and grouping are the main area of interest according to vessels and hydraulics. Number of parenchyma cells (Npar), thickness of parenchyma cell walls (lpcw) and proportion of parenchyma cells to all cells in cross-section are examined in case of parenchyma and area (Ar) and width (Wr) of annual ring in whole cross-section. Since the 50

54 microphotographs are not yet fully processed, the results of this project, observing the differences between coppice and high forests, are not available at the moment. REFERENCES ALLEN, C. D. -- MACALADY, A. K. -- CHENCHOUNI, H. -- BACHELET, D. -- MCDOWELL, N. -- VENNETIER, M. -- KITZBERGER, T. -- RIGLING, A. -- BRESHEARS, D.D. -- HOGG, E. H.(Ted) -- GONZALEZ, P. -- FENSHAM, R. -- ZHANG, Z. -- CASTRO, J. -- DEMIDOVA, N. -- LIM, J.H. -- ALLARD, G. -- RUNNING, S.W. -- SEMERCI, A. -- COBB, N. A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management (4), ISSN Online: CHOAT, B. -- JANSEN, S. -- BRODRIBB, T.J. -- COCHARD, H. -- DELZON, S. -- BHASKAR, R. -- BUCCI S.J. -- FEILD, T.S. -- GLEASON, S.M. -- HACKE, U.G. -- JACOBSEN, A.L. -- LENS, F. -- MAHERALI, H. -- MARTÍNEZ-VILALTA, J. -- MAYR, S. -- MENCUCCINI, M. -- MITCHELL,P.J. -- NARDINI, A. -- PITTERMANN, J. -- PRATT, R.B. -- SPERRY, J.S. -- WESTOBY, M. -- WRIGHT I.J. -- ZANNE, A.E. Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought. Nature (V). ISSN Online: DAVIS, S. D. -- SPERRY, J. S. -- HACKE, U. G. The relationship between xylem conduit diameter and cavitation caused by freezing. American Journal of Botany (10), ISSN Online: HARGRAVE, K. R. -- KOLB, K. J. -- EWERS, F. W. -- DAVIS, S. D. Conduit diameter and droughtinduced embolism in Salvia mellifera Greene (Labiatae). New Phytologist (4), ISSN Online: HOLIŠOVÁ, P. -- PIETRAS, J. -- DAŘENOVÁ, E. -- NOVOSADOVÁ, K. -- POKORNÝ, R. Comparison of assimilation parameters of coppiced and non-coppiced sessile oaks. IForest (4), ISSN Online: OLSON, M. -- SORIANO, D. -- ROSELL, J. A.-- ANFODILLO, T. -- DONOGHUE, M. J. -- EDWARDS, E. J. -- LEÓN-GÓMEZ, C. -- DAWSON, T. -- MARTÍNEZ, J. J. C. -- CASTORENA, M. -- ECHEVERRÍA, A. -- ESPINOSA, C. I. -- FAJARDO, A. -- GAZOL, A. -- ISNARD, S. -- LIMA, R. S. -- MARCATI C. R. -- MÉNDEZ-ALONZO, R. Plant height and hydraulic vulnerability to drought and cold. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (29), Online: PIETRAS, J. -- STOJANOVIĆ, M. -- KNOTT, R. -- POKORNÝ, R. Oak sprouts grow better than seedlings under drought stress. iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry (0), e1 e7. ISSN Online: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was supported by the Specific University Research Fund of the FFTW of Mendel University in Brno LDF_VP_

55 WATER STRESS JEOPARDIZES ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION OF A SILVER FIR UNDER THE NURSE CROPS Matoušková Marie, Urban Josef, Sendecký Matúš, Martiník Antonín Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology marie.matouskova@mendelu.cz Keywords: birch, nurse crops, silver fir, water 1 INTRODUCTION Until the 19 th century, silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) was one of the most important species spread across Czech forests. However, it s share already decreased to 1 %, mostly because of overbrowsing by a wild game (Senn and Suter 2003), air pollution (Elling et al. 2009) and unsuitable forest management together with unfavourable conditions for the natural regeneration (Dobrowolska et al. 2017). Nevertheless, foresters are nowadays making efforts to increase the share proportion of silver fir again. Silver fir is well known as a shade-tolerant species, which makes difficulties to use it for afforestation on large-scale clearings after disturbances. Another possible solution is to use nurse crops stands of pioneer species the method of regeneration which combines the climax with pioneer species, letting pioneer species improve the site microclimate (Pommerening and Murphy 2004; Vaněk and Mauer 2014). In this study, we compare biometry, physiology and mortality of silver fir seedlings planted under 20 years old silver birch forest stand with various kinds of shelter. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS The research is conducted with study site Skrchov located in South Moravian Region in a village Dolní Smržov (GPS: N, E). This 0.75 ha site is characterized by the mean annual temperature between C and the mean annual precipitation between mm. After the harvesting of coniferous forest in 1993 the natural regeneration of silver birch appeared. The study site was divided into three different treatments: the clearing (20 20m), thinning (thinning intensity 40 % of basal area) and control canopy (without thinning) before planting of the seedlings. Original nurse crop stand of silver birch was characterized by 15m of height and basal area of m 2 ha. During autumn 2015, 5 years old containerized silver fir seedlings were planted (1750 ks ha -1 ) under all treatments. The study site is fenced to protect seedlings against browsing. Weather conditions were recorded using weather station (RTHi, EMS Brno, Czech Republic) and in every treatment, the amount of precipitation was measured too (Pronamic, Denmark). Biometry and mortality were measured between years on all seedlings (70) in every treatment. Plant shoot water potential was observed in dry period in August 2018 using Scholander pressure chamber (PMS 1000, PMS Instrument Company, USA) on nine seedlings in every treatment. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The highest level of water stress of fir seedlings (the lowest value of predawn leaf water potential) occurred under full canopy of birch (shoot water potential = -3.5 MPa), slightly lower water stress was at the thinned plot (-3.2 MPa) while the lowest water stress was on cleared plot (-0.8 MPa; Fig. 1), therefore due to better water availability also the height increment was the highest in clearing, while lowest in thinning (Fig. 2). Similarly, survival rates of fir seedlings after three years were 89, 83 and 93 % for control, thinning and small clearing treatment. 52

56 Fig. 1: Predawn and midday shoot water potential of silver fir seedlings in the clearing, thinned and controlled plot. Fig. 2: Relative periodical height increment measured in years in all three treatments. 4 CONCLUSIONS Results are suggesting that nurse crop usually improving site microclimate may have also an adverse effect, for example in a case of silver fir seedlings, as shown above. On the other hand, clearings and small gaps have a positive impact on the growth and survival of silver fir seedlings. Thus, small-scale clearings would be a recommended silviculture treatment to increase share of silver fir. REFERENCES DOBROWOLSKA, D. -- BONČINA, A. -- KLUMPP, R. Ecology and silviculture of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.): a review. Journal of Forest Research, 2017, 22(6), B.m.: Taylor & Francis. ISSN Online: ELLING, W. -- DITTMAR, C. -- PFAFFELMOSER, K. -- RÖTZER, T. Dendroecological assessment of the complex causes of decline and recovery of the growth of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Southern Germany. Forest Ecology and Management. 2009, 257(4), ISSN Online: POMMERENING, A. -- MURPHY S. T. A review of the history, definitions and methods of continuous cover forestry with special attention to afforestation and restocking. Forestry. 2004, 77(1), ISSN X. Online: SENN, J. -- SUTER, W. Ungulate browsing on silver fir (Abies alba) in the Swiss Alps: Beliefs in search of supporting data. Forest Ecology and Management. 2003, 181(1 2), ISSN VANĚK, Petr and Oldřich MAUER. Regeneration of Silver fir (Abies alba mill.) on clear-cut areas. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 2014, 62(1), ISSN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was supported by the Specific University Research Fund of the FFTW of Mendel University in Brno LDF_PSV_

57 ANALYSIS OF THE VISITOR S MOVEMENT IN THE AREA OF TFE MASARYK FOREST IN KŘTINY Olišarová Lucie, Prouza Michal, Preclíková Karolína, Hrůza Petr Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology xolisaro@node.mendelu.cz Keywords: TRAFx Mountain Bike Counter, Eco-counter, recreation, TFE Křtiny 1 INTRODUCTION Quality leisure time in the form of cycling is currently a worldwide phenomenon. Landowners' obligations under current legislation are often not easy to meet. To this end, various measures are proposed to regulate the movement of these visitors and to ensure greater security and quality of service. Individual interest groups have different needs and preferences. They differ with regard to the age composition and nature of leisure and the personal preferences of individuals. The extensive TFE area offers a wide range of activities that are regularly sought by a large number of tourists. Among other things, recreation deals with Fialová (2015), which monitors tourist visits in the Czech Republic. Hlaváčková et al. (2016 and 2015) monitors tourist attendance of recreational use of forests in order to determine economic characteristics. Navrátil et al. (2014) tried to distinguish tourism in large protected areas. Kozumplíková (2016) focuses on cross-country cycling in the Czech Republic. The behavior of cyclists on sinletrail Moravian Karst is also dealt with by Olišarová and Hrůza (2018) and Olišarová et al. (2019). Hrůza (2014 and 2016) deals with the legal aspect of special-purpose forestry roads and their position in the law, which includes, inter alia, singletrails. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS Six localities in the TFE Masaryk Forest in Křtiny were identified within this research. Their deployment was determined to include interesting and visited sites in the area. The area was monitored at the turn of June to October (15 June October 2019). Quantitative signs of attendance were monitored with respect to weather, time of day, working and non-working days. Selected localities: Extinct settlement Bystřec Rudic sinking Klostermann spring Entrance to the forest U Buku Alexander's observation tower Singletrail Stoupací TRAFx Mountain Bike Counter will be installed at selected locations. The TRAFx Mountain Bike Counter allows you to add cyclists on mountain bikes on single tracks and cycle paths (no direction differentiation). The addition is based on the detection of the metal parts of the wheels, so it also records the wheels with a carbon frame. The width of the recording field is within 1m from the counter, in case of installation in the middle of the trail, the adder can cover the width of up to 2m. Installed beneath the surface of the trail, it is hidden by human eyes and the risk of damage or vandalism is minimized. The counter consists of a sensor that records cyclist passages and is connected to a 54

58 data unit and a data unit that stores the measured data and feeds the adder. When installing the counters, its functionality is verified by calibration measurement. During the measurement, there will be 1 monthly continuous check and manual data collection. Based on measurements will be processed summary report with a detailed analytical evaluation of individual sites. The Eco-Visio online application is used to analyze and implement monitoring-related data. For this research, a questionnaire survey was conducted, in which a total of 300 people were asked. The questionnaire will be designed in such a way that it will show the preferred places of these visitors, their age, sex, preferred type of the selected traffic in the area of TFE. Furthermore, the difficulty of the terrain they are looking for, the type of paths and places for recreation. For an overview of the movement of visitors, counters will be installed on the territory of the Training Forest Enterprise, which provide a quantitative overview of the number of visitors to the site. In this way, it is possible to determine the interest of individual locations from holidaymakers. REFERENCES FIALOVÁ, J. Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny and the visitors monitoring. In FIALOVÁ, J., PERNICOVÁ, D. Public recreation and landscape protection - with man hand in hand. Astron studio CZ, a.s., Praha: Mendel University in Brno, 2015, p ISBN HLAVÁČKOVÁ, P. -- BŘEZINA, D. -- KUBÍČKOVÁ, H. -- MEŇHÁZOVÁ, J. -- FIALOVÁ, J. Methodological approach to quantification of the importance of the training forest enterprise Masaryk forest Křtiny for local economy. In SilvaNet WoodNet Mendel University in Brno, 2015, p ISBN HLAVÁČKOVÁ, P. -- BŘEZINA, D. FIALOVÁ -- J. Visitor Monitoring by Automatic Counters in the TFE Masaryk Forest Křtiny in In FIALOVÁ, J. -- PERNICOVÁ, D. Public recreation and landscape protection - with nature hand in hand. 1. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, 2016, p ISBN HRŮZA, P. Access to forest and its complex conception. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, 2014, p ISBN HRŮZA, P. Technologies for the reinforcement of forest timber hauling roads and theirs recreational suitability. In FIALOVÁ -- J., PERNICOVÁ, D. Public recreation and landscape protection - with man hand in hand!. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, ISBN OLIŠAROVÁ, L. -- HRŮZA, P. Monitoring of visitors single trail Moravian Karst on the forestry roads school forest enterprise Křtiny. In SilvaNet WoodNet 2018: Proceedings Abstracts of Student Scientific Conference. 1. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, 2018, p ISBN OLIŠAROVÁ, L. -- KALA, L. -- HRŮZA, P. Moving of visitors single trail Moravian Karst on the forestry roads in Křtiny. In Public recreation and landscape protection with sense hand in hand...: Conference proceeding. 1. vyd. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, 2019, p ISBN Online: NAVRÁTIL. J. -- KNOTEK, J. -- PÍCHA, K. -- FIALOVÁ, J. Green tourism in large protected areas of nature: South Bohemia and Bohemian Forest. České Budějovice: Published in JIH , p ISBN KOZUPLÍKOVÁ. A., Problems of preparation of projects for off-road cycling in the Czech Republic. In Market realization of non-productive forest functions, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The project was supported by the Internal Grant Agency Faculty of Forest and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno, project IGA LDF_VP_

59 LIDAR-ASSISTED FOREST INVENTORY AND FOREST HEALTH ANALYSIS BASED ON MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE DATA Patočka Zdeněk, Balková Marie, Bezdíček Jiří, Zamec Tomáš, Hertel Matej, Klenzová Aneta Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry a Wood Technology zdenek.patocka@mendelu.cz Keywords: airborne laser scanning, point cloud, area-based approach, regression model, unmanned aerial vehicle, vegetation index, drought, bark beetle infestation In this year, forest inventory on sixty sample plots in University Forest Enterprise was carried out. The sample plots were localized in forest stand with different tree species composition and different vertical structure: 15 plots in selection forest stands, 15 plots in oak-hornbeam forest stand, 15 plots in clear oak forest stands and 15 plots in clear beech forest stands. Coordinates of the sample plots were measured by differential GNSS. Main forest variables for each sample plots were calculated. LiDAR data acquired in 2018 was processed in Fusion software [1] based on an areabased approach (ABA). ABA method, designed for point cloud low-density, is used for forest inventory in Scandinavia since In this statistical method, features and predictors are assessed from the laser derived surface models and point clouds, which are directly used for forest parameters estimation, typically using linear regression or k-nearest neighbor imputation method [2]. Many regression models of forest variables were calculated, and maps of forest variables were created. Fig.1. Example map of dominant height Further part of this project is forest health analysis based on multispectral data acquired by unmanned aerial vehicle sensefly ebee Plus with multispectral camera 56

60 Parrot Sequoia. Capturing of data was performed on the area of 100 ha near Pokojná Hora on July and September of Two vegetation indices were calculated: Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Differential Red Edge Index (NDRE). Based on the field investigation, thresholds for each damage class will be determined. Field investigation will be served as training samples for unsupervised classification. Fig 2. Image classification of NDRE In the following years of this project, LiDAR data acquired in 2014 will be used for forest growth and site index estimation. Fusion of LiDAR and multispectral data will be used for forest inventory. Health analysis will be continued, and hyperspectral data will used as well. REFERENCES MCGAUGHEY, R. FUSION/LDV: Software for lidar data analysis and visualization. Version 3.8. Seattle, WA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Online: NÆSSET, E. Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning laser using a practical two-stage procedure and field data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2002, p. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was financed by the IGA project n. TP_ (Remote sensing to support the sustainability of forest production under the condition of ongoing climate change). 57

61 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESISTANT ASH AGAINST ASH DIEBACK (HYMENOSCYPHUS FRAXINEUS) IN KRNAP Prouza Michal, Olišarová Lucie, Rozsypálek Jiří, Jankovský Libor Mendel university in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood technology michalprouza@seznam.cz Keywords: resistance, ash, ash dieback, ash individuals, distribution 1 INTRODUCTION A main problem with ash cultivation today is the fact that no effective means of mitigating the impact of infection is known to date, there is no progress towards slowing or even stopping the disease (Lenz et al., 2016). This is typical for many infectious diseases caused by invasive pathogens (Skovsgaard et al., 2017). There are several fungicides (Dal Maso et al., 2014) and other chemical preparations (Defra 2016), which are particularly useful in forest nurseries (inhibit the growth of H. fraxineus). However, this method is not suitable for use in forest stands, due to the amount of need for repeat application for sufficient efficiency, also in terms of economic demands and environmental load of the environment by extraneous chemicals. The only known solution to the situation is the production of resistant planting material by planting clonal plantings - seed plots of individuals with verified inherited tolerance to H. fraxineus (Skovsgaard et al., 2017). Until such material is available, it is necessary to focus on forest-based mitigation measures, by considering interventions differentiated according to the local situation, the severity of the damage, the host genetic structure, the site conditions, the climate, the type of stand and the experience gained in the fight against H. fraxineus. Forestry management must focus on stabilizing the current situation, mitigating the current consequences and preserving tolerant individuals as the hope of future populations (Metzler et al. 2013). 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS In cooperation with the KRNAP Administration, a permit was granted for research on the territory of the national park and forest management plan data, appropriate sites were identified, or directly the research stands. The next stage was the field survey itself of selected sites. Each stand was evaluated using a methodology to assess ash health damage by the H. fraxineus pathogen (Kučera et al., 2017). The methodology is based on the evaluation of the host crown proportion invaded by the pathogen. For this evaluation is set ten degrees scale of patogen attack on the trees representing the individual phases of the attack. At the same time, resistant individuals were identified without damage or suspected of infection (individuals of grade 1 and 2 according to methodology, Kučera et al., 2017). These newly selected individuals were identified in the field and recorded in the database according to the identification number, GPS, photographs were taken with a brief description of the individual and the whole stand. This year, all identified resistant individuals from last year were searched. In these individuals the health condition was re-evaluated according to the above mentioned methodology. New photo documentation was taken and the GPS position of the trees in the field was refined, as it turned out that last year's GPS data showed a significant error. In addition, leaf samples were taken from a proportion of 58

62 selected resistant individuals for laboratory determination of ash resistance against disease. The data obtained during the research activity was statistically analyzed by statistical software (STATISTICA 12) from Dell Statistica. In addition, a database of resistant ash individuals against infection in Microsoft Excel 2010 has been created with map outputs in ArcGIS, which can be put directly into the KRNAP map server. 3 CONCLUSION The aim of the one-year project was to map the current situation from the point of view of the distribution of potentially resistant ash trees against the pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in the Giant Mountains National Park. Main project's aim was to actively search for resistant ash-trees, to permanently label them in the field, to create a database in GIS and map output for their inventory within the park, which could help in their reproduction in the future. There was found over 70 resistant ash individuals in this year. A partial goal was to re-evaluate selected resistant individuals last year to confirm the persistence of their resistance to pathogen. The vast majority of selected individuals show permanent health status, consistent with last year's assessment. which so far suggests the persistence of the resistance of these individuals, but it is necessary to verify this resistance laboratory and observe trees over the coming years. So far, approximately 140 resistant individuals have been found within the project within 2 years. 20 individuals were sampled for a laboratory resistance test. These are test tests to verify the methodology. The next season is planned to test all selected individuals. REFERENCES LENZ, H. D. -- BARTHA, B. -- STRAßER, L. -- LEMME, H. Development of Ash Dieback in south-eastern Germany and the increasing occurrence of secondary pathogens. Forests. 2016, 7, 41; Online: SKOVSGAARD, J. P. -- WILHELM, G. J. -- THOMSEN, I. M. -- METZLER, B. -- KIRISITS, T. -- HAVRDOVÁ, L. -- ENDERLE, R. -- DOBROWOLSKA, D. -- CLEARY, M. -- CLARK, J. Silvicultural strategies for Fraxinus excelsior in response to dieback caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Forestry. 2017, 90, Online: DAL MASO, E. -- MONTECCHIO, L. Risk of natural spread of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus with environmental niche modelling and ensemble forecasting technique. Forest Research , (4), DEFRA (Ed.) Results from preliminary screening of approved fungicides for efficacy against Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (Chalara fraxinea), the cause of Ash dieback. Defra Report (4 pp.) METZLER, B. -- BAUMANN, M. -- BAIER, U. -- HEYDECK, P. -- BRESSEM, U. -- LENZ, H. Bundesweite zusammenstellung: Handlungsempfehlungen beim eschentriebsterben. Afz-Der Wald , (5), ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was supported by the Internal Grant Agency Faculty of Forest and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno No. IGA LDF_VP_ (Spatial distribution of resistant ash against ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) in KRNAP. My thanks belong to PhDr. Robin Böhnisch (director of KRNAP) and whole KRNAP Administration for project realization. 59

63 VIRUSES OF PHYTOPHTHORA CASTANEAE Raco Milica 1, Jung Thomas 1, Botella Leticia 1 Mendel University in Brno / Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology milica.raco@mendelu.cz Keywords: dsrna, novel viruses, oomycetes, Next Generation Sequencing Over the past years, several novel viral species have been discovered in all major taxa of phytopathogenic fungi, and to a lesser extent in some oomycetes. In oomycete genus Phytophthora there are just a few virus species described yet, and their role is poorly understood. Discovery of novel viruses and their future study might be an essential step not only in understanding the evolution and origin of their phytopathogenic hosts but also in designing biological control methods for their suppression. This research aimed to examine, whether Phytophthora castaneae, the causal agent of chestnut trunk rot, harbours double-stranded RNA (dsrna) particles, a significant indicator of the presence of a possible RNA virus. Fifty-six isolates from Vietnam and Taiwan were screened, and the putative virus presence was confirmed in 50% of the tested isolates. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Supported by European Regional Development Fund, Project Phytophthora Research Centre Reg. No. CZ /0.0/0.0/15_003/ and Internal Grant Agency MENDELU, IGA LDF_VP_

64 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTI ABRASIVE MEASURES AT THE HULÍN SITE Sedláčková Kateřina, Olišarová Lucie, Šlezingr Miloslav Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology xsedla20@node.mendelu.cz Keywords: bank abrasion, biological measures, gravel, water reservoir 1 INTRODUCTION Bank abrasion (a process of mechanical rock disturbance) is the main effect of water surface waves. Bank disturbance and decrease of the shoreline caused by waves are long-term processes accelerated by a combination of unfavorable factors a large area of the reservoir (supports the influence of wind), easily intrusive bank material, inadequate bank slope, stabilization measures absence, etc. (Balková and Olišarová, 2017). Bank abrasion is a problem especially in large open water areas where relatively large waves are formed. It can cause (among other things) landslides. This can be particularly dangerous in gravel pits because heavy machinery works there and it contributes to the destabilization of slopes. The research area of this experiment is the gravel pit Hulín (GPS: ,305 N, ,867 E). It is a water reservoir of about 120 ha large. Mining from water is realized by suction diggers and grapple. This reservoir is ideal for abrasion research due to its approximate rectangular shape, so the winding tracks can be defined well as they reach about 2 km length. The reservoir banks are almost 6,5 km long and they are formed of well flammable material without stabilization measures (Balková and Olišarová, 2017). The basis of experiments in Hulín was to select the shore protection to ensure that the abrasive bank does not occur at all. (Olišarová and Balková, 2018). 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS Within the research project, the design and implement stabilization measures in this locality were determined. Stabilization adjustments from previous years were adjusted and prepared to fulfill its purpose in the coming years. There are several bank stabilization methods. The technical way is a solution includes measures like stone or concrete toes of slopes, retaining walls, etc. The biological way includes all types of reinforcement by vegetation (willows, reed, grass carpets, trees). Biotechnical way of stabilization is a combination of technical and biological stabilization elements fascine or fascine-gravel cylinders, woven fences, etc. The basis of this experiment is to select the shore protection which provides the best erosion reduction. Bank abrasion (a process of mechanical rock disturbance) is judged by five degrees. 1st degree of erosion is the most serious extensive damage to banks, erosion walls over 3 m. 2nd degree intensive erosion caused high vertical walls. 3rd degree most common damage for the water reservoir. The erosion damage is not significant; the erosion walls are 0,5-1 m high. 4th erosion degree the erosion walls 0,5 m high, gentle slopes, small amount of eroded material. The last degree is bank without erosion (like a beach bank). 61

65 The area for experimental stabilization was divided into 30 m into three parts (A, B, C). In each part of this area, other stabilization measures were implemented. In part A, the sloping bank at slopes of 1:10, 1:5 and 1:2 provided with a stabilizing palisade (transversely laid logs stabilized by piles) was treated by removing the weed. One pilot was added and the collapsed soil form the side slope removed. In part B, the sloping bank at slopes of 1:10, 1:5 and 1:2 without added technical stabilization (fitted only with willow cuttings) was in very good condition. About 85 % of willow cuttings were attached. Planting of willow stabilization stands was supplemented with reeds (10 tubers of Typha latifolia). These should support the stabilization effect of shrub willows in the coming years. In part C, the sloping bank at slopes of 1:10, 1:5 and 1:2, in the lower part covered with a layer of gravel with the planting of 7 rows of willow cuttings. This part was in relatively good condition, unfortunately, it was significantly overgrown with weed. It has been eliminated because it prevented the growth of willow cuttings. 3 RESULTS In summer, the level was expected to rise, which, due to the very dry years 2017 and 2018 decreased in the monitored locality about 0,8 m. the effect of the waves did not reach the stabilization and its effectiveness could not be fully monitored. We used the situation for minor adjustments of the stands and the repair of measures. In the next years is the final determination of the most demanding parts of the banks and subsequent design of antiabrasion measures. According to the potential bank's damage along the perimeter of the reservoir, it will be also designing the monitored elements of anti-abrasion protection, which are currently realized on experimental plots. Fig. 1: Sample of willow stands (M. Šlezingr) REFERENCES BALKOVÁ, M. -- OLIŠAROVÁ, L. Use of terrestrial laser scanning for water reservoir bank abrasion monitoring. In SilvaNet WoodNet 2017: Proceedings Abstracts of Student Scientific Conference. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, 2017, p ISBN OLIŠAROVÁ, L. -- BALKOVÁ, M. Minimalization of losses a forest and agricultural land under the conditions of erosion and abrasion processes in landscape. In SilvaNet WoodNet 2018: Proceedings Abstracts of Student Scientific Conference. 1. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, 2018, s ISBN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The project was supported by the Internal Grant Agency Faculty of Forest and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno, project IGA LDF_TP_

66 EVALUATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF GAME DAMAGE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND YIELDS OF SUNFLOWER CROPS AND THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THEM Skoták Vlastimil, Kamler Jiří, Drimaj Jakub, Mikulka Ondřej Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology vlastimil.skotak@gmail.com Key words: crop damaging, sunflowers, wildlife conflict In the search for food, the game uses economically significant plants and it causes some damages, that will probably never be excluded. The core of the problem is not the conflict between game and vegetation, but it is in the human interest to make the most of the cultivated plants. Nowadays, there is an increasing need to develop and put into practice functional safeguards to prevent damage as far as possible. If damages occur, it is needed to determine their scope, express it in money and compensate the owners. Sunflower is one of the agricultural crops that is very vulnerable to game damage. The main reason is its attractiveness for herbivores on one side and the susceptibility of sunflower plants to damage, which in the early stages often leads to the death of the whole plant (Kamler et al. 2009). In fact, sunflower stands are endangered even by low numbers of hare, that like to graze at night. However, the exact effects of damage on the subsequent life of plants and their production ability are unknown. Therefore, this project dealt with determining the response of the plants to simulated game damage and inventorying the damage. We performed the simulated damage on a sunflower field near the village Podolí near Brno (49 12 '07.0 "N 16 43'51.1" E) in seven variants and three repetitions over an area of 20 m 2 for each sample. Tab. 1: Simulated damage variants Variant Method of damage 1 plants damaged 5 cm above the ground 2 plants damaged 5 cm above the simple leaves 3 plants damaged 15 cm above the ground 4 plants damaged 15 cm above the simple leaves 5 plants damaged 15 cm at the upper part 6 plants undamaged for control 7 plants undamaged without competition We monitored the damage response for each sample and in the harvesting period we registered the total yield of each plant. For variants 1 and 3, the sunflower is killed. For variant 4 plants have production, but this is significantly reduced. At an early stage in variant 2, plants are able to compensate the damage and the yield is reduced by about 25% compared to the undamaged variant 6. For variant 7, we monitored the response to the removal of competitors. The yield in this case was 10% higher than in the undamaged sample. The specific amount of yield for each variant in kilograms per 100 plants is shown in the following graph. 63

67 Kg Yield according to individual damage categories per 100 plants in Kg Damage variant Graf. 1: Yield according to damage categories in kilograms per 100 plants We performed the inventory in the period of growth in the whole South Moravia. We chose the inspection period according to the development of sunflowers. In practice, we recommend to determine the amount of damage to plants in two terms depending on the height of sunflowers at 15 and 40 centimeters. At the first inspection it is still possible to find the remains of the plants after complete destruction and we are able to determine if the crop was damaged by game or any other reason. During the second inspection, we monitor mostly damage by ungulates. The reaction to this is usually growth compensation and subsequently reduced yield. For the final determination of the amount of damage we summed the two checks. For inventory we chose lines at distances of 10, 30 and 60 m from the field edge and in each of them we evaluated damage on ten consecutive plants. These groups of sunflowers were evenly spaced along the line. On these samples we recorded the distance from the forest complex, the distance from the scrub and the degree of damage. Three categories of damages were specified weak damage, strong damage and no damage by game. The results of the inventory show that, that the most common type of damage is biting the whole plant near the ground at an early stage. In the inventory year it was 13.5%. Strong and weak damage was reported in 4% of plants. Damage is highly influenced by the distance from the forest border. Based on the findings we are able to estimate the financial loss caused by the game for each field. LITERATURE KAMLER, J. -- HOMOLKA, M. -- CERKAL, R. -- HEROLDOVÁ, M. -- KROJEROVÁ-PROKEŠOVÁ, J.-- BARANČEKOVÁ, M. -- VEJRAŽKA, K. Evaluation of potential deer browsing impact on sunflower (Helianthus annus). European journal of wildlife research. 2009, 55(6), ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was supported by the Internal Grant Agency Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno LDF_VP_

68 IMPACT OF INVASIVE SPECIES (HYMENOSCYPHUS FRAXINEUS) ON BIODIVERSITY IN COMMERCIAL ASH PLANTATIONS Surovcová Kamila, Košulič Ondřej, Hamřík Tomáš, Rozsypálek Jiří, Michalko Radek Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology KamilaSurovcova@seznam.cz Keywords: arthropods, ash forest, ash decline, commercial forest, biodiversity 1 INTRODUCTION Invasive species often have a tendency to cause negative effects in ecosystems. However, in some cases the effects of invasive species is seemingly positive. Ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) are one of the last smooth tree species that continue to grow in lowland floodplain forests. In the last decades, ashes have been attacked by the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Ash decline can cause significant changes in the stand structure, microhabitat conditions, and various biotic interactions. 2 AIM OF STUDY AND METHODS Our objective was to analyse the biodiversity of spiders and carabid beetles in commercial ash plantations along the gradient of H. fraxineus infestation. In particular, we studied the effect on species and functional diversity, activity density, conservation value, degree of rarity, and abundance of rare and endangered spider and carabid species. Experiments took place on 12 locations in the floodplain area around southern Moravia (Czech Republic). We collected 5,809 spiders belonging to 120 species and 2,425 carabids belonging to 67 species. All studied indicators showed a hump-shaped relationship with increasing infestations except carabid species and functional diversity, that showed no particular relationship with infestation. 3 CONCLUSIONS Surprisingly, the results showed that the invasive organism can have a seemingly positive effect on the diversity of particular organisms in forests. However, the ultimate impact was still negative because a strong infestation of ash plantations greatly reduced the overall biodiversity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The study was financially supported by the Specific University Research Fund of the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno (LDF_PSV_ ). 65

69 FUNGAL COMMUNITIES IN NEEDLES OF PINUS UNCINATA SUBSP. ULIGINOSA INFECTED BY LECANOSTICTA ACICOLA IN CZECH REPUBLIC Trifković Miloš 1,*, Mullett Martin 1, Dvořák Miloň 1, Jankovský Libor 1 1 Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, Brno, Czech Republic * Corresponding author: milos.trifkovic@mendelu.cz Keywords: fungal endophytes, pine needle pathogens, brown spot needle blight, bog pine, biodiversity, fungal isolation Fungal pathogen Lecanosticta acicola is the causal agent of brown spot needle blight (BSNB) on various species from the genus Pinus. In the Czech Republic till now it has been reported on two locations in South Bohemia exclusively on bog pine (P. uncinata subsp. uliginosa). The main objective of this study was to estimate the diversity of endophytes and pathogens in needles of bog pine on these locations by using culturebased methods. We sampled needles from 15 bog pines with characteristic symptoms of BSNB, the same number of trees with asymptomatic needles were used for sampling. From each tree, we took 15 needles, which we surface sterilized and cut into 4 segments. Segments were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated up to 5 weeks in dark at 18 C. Fungal colonies that have grown from needles pieces were sorted into morphotypes. In total, we differentiated 10 distinguished morphotypes. This survey extended the knowledge of the fungal species spectrum in needles of bog pine in the Czech Republic. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was funded by the project IGA LDF_VP_ , authors are very thankful for this financial support. 66

70 EFFECTS OF THE PIT-MOUND MICRORELIEF IN FOREST SOILS ON SOIL MOISTURE AND TREE GROWTH IN SPRUCE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS Valtera Martin, Juřička David, Pálková Lucie, Chytilová Martina, Patočka Zdeněk, Raschmann Gabriel, Hemr Ondřej, Matoušková Marie, Deutscher Jan, Urban Josef Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology martin.valtera@mendelu.cz Keywords: electrical impedance spectrometry, Picea abies, microsite variation 1 INTRODUCTION Small topographic irregularities in forest soils can be formed by various natural processes or human activities. Wind is one of the typical disturbance agents in temperate forests. The uprooting of a tree following wind storm forms typical pit-mound pairs, as the soil material torn out with the roots, gradually slumps from the root plate (see SCHAETZL et al., 1989). This pit-mound microrelief has been hypothesized to significantly influence soil moisture and water retention for tree growth (VALTERA and SCHAETZL, 2017). As far as we know, these hypotheses have not yet been tested. This contribution shows the preliminary results of the first year of a research on the effects of the pit-mound microrelief on the dynamics of soil moisture and tree vitality and growth. 2 METHODS The research methods were partly presented in PÁLKOVÁ et al. (2019). Briefly, two research plots of 0.25 ha (Kanice and Křtiny) were established at the University Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny. The plots were selected for their well-developed pit-mound microrelief, the even-aged forest stands dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies), and their moderately-steep slopes. The positions of all standing trees were recorded using a combination of ground measurement and airborne laser scanning. The stem diameter in 1.3-m height (DBH) was measured at each tree. All pit and mound features that origin from a historical tree uprooting were recorded into the stem-position map. Manual dendrometers were installed on 16 paired trees per plot, where each pair consisted of one tree growing at mound and one at a control position (neither mound nor pit); the depth increments were recorded in 2-week intervals. In addition, 3 of the pairs per plot were equipped with electrodes and heat sensors for sap-flow monitoring. At each plot, soil electrical conductance was measured in 10 topographic transects of pits-mound pairs and in a nearby control (undisturbed) position using the electric impedance spectrometry (EIS) method. 3 RESULTS The DBH distributions of spruce trees at mound and control microsites do not show a significant difference between the microsites, but illustrate that the largest trees were mostly at mounds (Fig. 1). In contrast, the depth increments at dendrometers showed mostly comparable or even smaller growth for the trees on mounds than the trees on control positions (data not shown). 67

71 Fig. 1: The depth distribution of spruce trees at mound (dashed) and control (solid line) microsites After a relatively dry period, there was a strong increase in soil electrical conductance few days after a heavy rainfall (33 mm), and then in the next two weeks with a few moderate rainfalls (total 38 mm), as illustrated at a single pit-mound transect from Kanice (Fig. 2). The strongest increase of soil moisture in the cm depth was observed downslope the pit-mound, whilst the strongest increase of moisture in the top 0 3 cm was observed at the control position. Fig. 2: EIS data for different microsites and the two time periods following rainfall at the Kanice 3 CONCLUSION Our preliminary results provide an indication for further research. A larger dataset is needed to test the hypothesis on tree growth. The sap-flow data still have to be analyzed, and the EIS series need to be summarized in for a statistical analysis. REFERENCES PÁLKOVÁ, L. -- VALTERA, M. -- JUŘIČKA, D. -- CHYTILOVÁ, M. -- PATOČKA, Z. Monitoring of soil moisture in relation to the pit-mound microrelief of forest soils. In: EUREKA th colloquium and working session. Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic ISBN , ISSN , pp SCHAETZL, R. J. -- JOHNSON, D. L. -- BURNS, S. F. -- SMALL, T. W. Tree uprooting: review of terminology, process, and environmental implications. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 1989, 19(1), VALTERA, M. -- SCHAETZL, R. J. Pit-mound microrelief in forest soils: Review of implications for water retention and hydrologic modelling. Forest Ecology and Management , ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research has been financed by the Internal Grant Agency MENDELU, project No. LDF_TP_ We thank to Michal Bellan and Jan Krejza for their assistance in the field. 68

72 IMPACT OF ACTIVE CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT ON DIVERSITY OF SPIDERS IN PROTECTED LOWLAND OAK FOREST Vymazalová Pavla 1, Košulič Ondřej 1, Šipoš Jan 2, 3, Hédl Radim 3 1 Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology 2 Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of AgriSciences 3 The Czech Academy of Sciences / Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany vymazalova.pavla@gmail.com Keywords: spiders, biodiversity, lowland forest, active management Traditional woodland management created a dynamic mosaic of differently aged patches providing favorable conditions for a variety of arthropods. After the abandonment of historical ownership patterns providing traditional management and deliberate transformation to high forest after the World War II, large areas of forest became darker and more homogeneous. This had significant negative consequences for biodiversity [1-4]. Recently introduced coppicing interventions that could open otherwise homogeneous and dark forest stand are reintroduced in some protected locations around southern Moravia of the Czech Republic. An important question is whether newly introduced active interventions maintained by selective logging and coppicing may constitute conditions suitable for overall biodiversity of spiders including forest as well as open habitat specialists. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of active logging interventions on spiders in formerly coppiced oak-hornbeam forests in the Děvín National Nature Reserve (SE Czech Republic), which were conserved for overall 80 years without any active management. In particular, we studied the effect of canopy thinning on species richness, abundance, functional diversity and its evenness, conservation value, degree of rareness and community composition of spiders. Sampling was based on 15 vegetation plots distributed equally among three thinning intensities: strong thinning, moderate thinning and control (no management). The spiders were collected using pitfall traps during vegetation season of We used three pitfall traps per plot, placed five meters from each other across the diagonal of each research plot. Altogether, we collected 3,683 adult spiders representing 21 families, 70 genera, and 116 species. Of these, 38 species were classified as having a preference for forest habitats and 65 species were classified as having a preference for open habitats including forests with a higher level of canopy openness. The records contained a total of 23 species (20%) listed in the Red List of Threatened Species of spiders in the Czech Republic [5]. In general, we discovered a substantially diversified spider assemblage with a large presence of rare species characteristic for endangered open and xeric habitats as well as species of well-preserved forest ecosystems. The species richness and conservation indicators increased with canopy openness. The species richness was also positively correlated with diversity of undergrowth vegetation. The 69

73 abundance of spiders had the highest values in the moderate thinning plots. However, this was mainly caused by several eudominant representatives of common forest species such as Pardosa lugubris and Trochosa terricola. Functional diversity was significantly higher in open habitats with strong canopy thinning, however, the functional traits (e.g. spider hunting strategies and body size) were equally dispersed in all canopy thinning variants. Moreover, the evenness of the functional diversity negatively depended on the coverage and density of herb vegetation. The presented research showed that return to active management can be an appropriate strategy for biodiversity conservation in oak woodlands. However, the logging activities should not be applied by large scale clearings. The strong community changes of spiders highlight the importance of complexity of lowland forests maintained by active interventions and various traditional managements as shown also in other studies [6, 7]. We propose an active forest management in oak forest reserves as suitable conservation tool to prevent the generally observed decline of woodland biodiversity in the landscapes of Central Europe. REFERENCES BENGTSSON J. -- NILSSON S.G. -- FRANC A. -- MENOZZI P., Biodiversity, disturbances, ecosystem function and management of European forests. Forest Ecology and Management , HÉDL R. -- KOPECKÝ M. -- KOMÁREK J. Half a century of succession in a temperate oakwood: from species-rich community to mesic forest. Diversity and Distribution , MÜLLEROVÁ J. -- SZABÓ P. -- HÉDL R. The rise and fall of traditional forest management in southern Moravia: A history of the past 700 years. Forest Ecology and Management , KOPECKÝ M. -- HÉDL R. -- SZABÓ P. Non-random extinctions dominate plant community changes in abandoned coppices. Journal of Applied Ecology , ŘEZÁČ M. -- KŮRKA A. -- RŮŽIČKA V. -- HENEBERG P. Red List of Czech spiders: 3rd edition, adjusted according to evidence-based national conservation priorities. Biologia , KOŠULIČ O. -- MICHALKO R. -- HULA V. Impact of Canopy Openness on Spider Communities: Implications for Conservation Management of Formerly Coppiced Oak Forests. PLoS ONE 11 (2): e ŠIPOŠ J. -- HÉDL R. -- HULA V. -- CHUDOMELOVÁ M. -- KOŠULIČ O. -- NIEDOBOVÁ J. --RIEDL V. Patterns of functional diversity of two trophic groups after canopy thinning in an abandoned coppice. Folia Geobotanica. 2017, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The study was financially supported by the Specific University Research Fund of the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno (LDF_VP_ ). 70

74 WoodNet 2019 WoodNet

75 WoodNet 2019 NON-LINEAR MATERIAL MODEL OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF WOOD UNDER DIFFERENT MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS Brabec Martin, Milch Jaromír, Tippner Jan, Děcký David, Zatloukal Petr, Čermák Petr, Dömény Jakub Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology martin.brabec@centrum.cz Keywords: Non-linear behaviour, Mechanical tests, Numerical modelling, Moisture content, Temperature 1 INTRODUCTION The selection of individual wood-based material for the complex products, such as wooden structures or products requiring high number of proof tests would be effectively and quickly done with help of modelling approach (computed prediction). A great progress in modelling methods became, from wood-based material history point of view quite recently (not more than 80 years ago), as the computational technique was developed. The numerical solution of differential equations describing the mechanical material behaviour is easy task for computational technique. Therefore, a calibrated and experimentally verified numerical model capable to truly predict the reality is a very effective tool for the optimization of the material processing and estimation of utilization limits of products. However, the correct and accurate numerical modelling requires the real parameters characterizing the mechanical behaviour of the material to be modelled. The inconsistency of literature material characteristics coming from different measurement techniques, growth and loading conditions, specimens size and wood species point of view, makes their direct utilization inapplicable. Therefore, this three-year project aims to measure and collect material characteristics for different moisture and temperature conditions and populate the consistent bi-linear material models directly usable by practitioners within the numerical modelling approach. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS In the first year of project was managed the quarter sawing and drying (to moisture content = 12%) of Norway spruce (Picea abies, L. Karst.) and European oak (Quercus robur, L.). Each board originated from a different tree. The specimens were made as clear laboratory-sized special orthotropic blocks according to international standards. In total 20 specimen sets (5 moisture content levels and 4 temperature levels) consisting of 10 specimen types (4 types of test: compression, tension, shear and bending and 3 loading directions: L, R, T, excluding the R and T for bending specimens) with 15 repetitions were made. Thus, the total number of specimens in one set was 150. In order to keep the consistency between the different specimen type within the specimen set but also between the different specimen sets, the specimens were cut to provide one specimen for each specimen type and each specimen set from each board. The natural variability of single wood species was covered by collecting of each specimen for repetitions within each specimen type and set from different board means different tree. 73

76 WoodNet 2019 All mechanical tests are carried out by universal testing machine Zwick Z050/TH 3A equipped with 50 kn load cell. The displacements and strains are determined by means of the optical technique based on Digital Image Correlation (DIC). On the specimens surface to be measured in the full-field mode the stochastic and highcontrast speckle pattern sprayed as basic white thin paint covered by black variously sized speckles was made. For the tracking measurement mode only the single points in appropriate locations on the captured surface were highlighted by markers. In order to validate the consistency between the measured material characteristics within the 3D elasto-plastic orthotropic model, the 3D solid finite-element (FE) models of compression and bending test with implemented material characteristics were performed in the ANSYS computing system. The wood was modelled as elasto-plastic orthotropic material with non-linear isotropic hardening, where different behaviour in compression and tension was taken into account. The validation of the material models was done by confronting of predicted mechanical behaviour with experimental one. The models were calibrated by iterative changing of individual material characteristics until the prediction was consistent with reality. 3 RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND CONSLUSIONS Owing to delay in managing of material for specimens, only two bi-linear elasto-plastic material models for oak wood conditioned under two different combinations of ambient conditions were built up (MC of 12% and 26%, both at 20 C). Each material model consisted of 27 characteristics. The non-calibrated model of oak wood with MC of 26% (Fig 1B) loaded by compression parallel to the grain and perpendicular to the grain in R and T directions and bending exhibits considerably better prediction than the model for MC of 12% (Fig 1A). However, the final Mean Relative Errors (MRE) between the numerically predicted and experimentally measured mechanical behaviour of oak wood with MC of 12% and 26% indicates that both calibrated material models faithfully represent the mechanical behaviour of oak wood within the elastic and also plastic range. If the natural variability in mechanical behaviour of wood (10-30%) is taken into account, the resulted MRE are low and the predictive ability of the numerical models is excellent. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Specific University Research Fund of the FFWT Mendel University in Brno (Grant No. LDF_TP_ ) Fig 1 The Mean Relative Error (MRE) in the course of calibration procedure for oak wood with MC of 12% (A) and 26% (B); the red crosses show MRE in individual calibration steps (S1-S5). 74

77 WoodNet 2019 CHEMICAL CHANGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF COATINGS USED FOR WOODEN SHINGLES DUE TO ARTIFICIAL WEATHERING Hess Dominik, Tippner Jan Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology dominik.hess@mendelu.cz Keywords: wooden shingle; spruce; wood tar; carbolineum; artificial weathering; FT- IR 1 INTRODUCTION The wooden shingle is one of the traditional roofing which is used mainly for the restoration of historical wooden buildings to preserve the traditional character of folk architecture (Kohout et al. 1996, Policinska-Serwa and Jakimowicz, 2013, Kolmačka et al. 2016). From the point of view of its utilization in historical buildings, this element is exposed to continuous action mainly by abiotic but also biotic agents. Only a few years of exposure can drastically change the quality of this covering, so regular maintenance is required to ensure its longevity (Buchanan 1992, Kolmačka et al. 2016). Wood surface degradation is primarily initiated by solar radiation, but other factors may also be important here (Evans 2012). By changing the color of the untreated wood surface, the roughness is changed and the outer fibers are gradually released and eroded. (Buchanan et al. 1990, Buchanan 1992). The durability of wood used in structures, together with maintaining its natural appearance and long-term durability, can be improved by the use of suitable weather-resistant coatings (Pánek and Reinprecht 2014). For the long service life of wood shingles, two coatings are used - wood tar and carbolineum. Wood tar is obtained by decomposing the material at high temperatures without access to air. Carbolineum is obtained from charcoal tar. Both coatings have very good properties increasing the wood's resistance to biotic and abiotic agents. The experiment involves a detection of chemical changes in different types of coatings used in the present and the past. Wooden shingles are expose to natural and artificial aging in various climatic conditions. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS The specimens for experiment were made of spruce wood (Picea abies L.). The dimensions of the specimens for the natural and artificial aging were (18 ± 1) (74 ± 1) (150 ± 2) mm (R T L). The faces of all specimens were covered by epoxy resin to prevent water uptake in the longitudinal direction. Three coatings were used for surface treatment - wood tar, carboline EXTRA and carboline POWAFIX. The coatings were applicated by brush. After application of the coatings the specimens were air-conditioned at the relative humidity of 65 % and the temperature of 20 C. Specimens for natural aging were placed on the outdoor stands. The specimens are weighed every month. Color change and gloss are measured. The exposed specimens are weighted ever month. Color changes and gloss are measured. The chemical composition of the coatings for the reference samples was performed using FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers) which will be used to compare the chemical changes of the coating on the exposed samples after a period of one year. The artificial weathering specimens are stored in the Q-Sun Xenon Test Chamber Model Xe-1. Artificial weathering is consists of 12 cycles corresponding to 12 weeks (Table. 1). 75

78 WoodNet 2019 Tab. 1: Exposure cycles Step Function Temperature Duration Condition 1 Condensation (45 ± 3) C 24 h 2 Sub-cycle step h consisting of 48 x cycles of 3 h consisting of steps 3 and 4 3 UV (60 ± 3) C 2,5 h Irradiance set point 0,89 W/(m 2 nm) at 340 nm 4 Spray 0,5 h 6 l/min to 7 l/min, UV off 3 CONCLUSION The natural and artificial weathering of the coated specimens has begun. Slight color changes can be observed on specimens exposed outdoors after 2 months. The chemical composition of the paints using FT-IR was performed. After performing all 12 cycles in an artificial weathering chamber, an additional FT-IR measurement will be performed to compare chemical changes in the coating compositions. REFERENCES BUCHANAN, B. Restoring and treating wood shakes and shingles., New England Builder: The Journal of Light COnstruction, Builderburg Group, Inc., Montepelier, Vt BUCHANAN, B. -- DE GROOT, C. R. -- BOYETTE, J. Resistance of shakes and shingles made from western hemlock and Pacific silver fir to wetting-drying degrade accelerated tests. Forest products Research Society. Forest Prod. J. 1990, 40(9) 29-34p. EVANS, P. D. Weathering of Wood and Wood Composites. In: Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites, second emission, CRC press. 2012, pp KOLMAČKA, V. -- NOVOSAD, J. -- POLÁŠEK, J. Shingle traditional roofing (in Czech). Praha: Národní památkový ústav, ISBN POLICINSKA-SERWA, A. -- JAKIMOWICZ, M. Wood shingles in modern construction industry. Poland, Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology. 2013, p , ref. PÁNEK, M. -- REINPRECHT, L. Colour stability and surface defects of naturally aged wood treated with transparent paints for exterior constructions. Wood Research. 2014, 59(3): ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was financed by funds provided by Internal Grant Agency MENDELU (project No. LDF_VP_ ). 76

79 WoodNet 2019 ANALYSIS OF CUTTING FORCES FROM POINT OF VIEW FRACTURE MECHANICS IN QUASI-ORTHOGONAL CNC MILLING AND CUTTING BY CIRCULAR SAW-BLADE Hlásková Luďka Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology xhlaskov@gmail.com] Keywords: CNC, conventional milling, climb milling, cutting force, fracture mechanics 1 INTRODUCTION Milling of wood and agglomerated wood-based materials using CNC machines has been one of the most common operations in the production of furniture and construction joinery. Analysis and modelling of cutting forces are the basis of machining theory. The cutting force of machining wood and wood-based materials is not constant in fact but it varies depending on the chip cross-section, cutting speed, material removal, tool edge damping, fiber direction, etc. (Naylor, A. et. al. 2012). Energetic effects can be theoretically calculated using conventional methods based on specific cutting resistance which is a function of many factors. On the other hand, the power of the cutting force can be judged according to the latest knowledge also from the point of view of fracture mechanics (Williams 1998, Atkins 2003, Laternser et al. 2003, Atkins, 2009). The aim of the experiment was to accurately determine the cutting forces in the conventional and climb quasi-orthogonal milling of the MDF fibreboard. 2 METHODS The machining was performed by CNC milling machine (SCM Tech 99 L, SCM Group, Italy). During the experiment, the main cutting parameter was methodically changed: feed per tooth. The values of the cutting and feed forces were measured and calculated from the used cutters and milling methods by which the parameters of the calculation model were determined. The measurement of the forces was realized by a three-axis piezoelectric dynamometer (Kistler 9257B, Kistler Holding AG, Switzerland). The connection of the measuring device is composed from the notebook with the DynoWare evaluation software, the DAQ system-bus data type of 5697A DAQ, the 5070A multi-channel amplifier, and the Kistler 9257 B piezoelectric three-axis dynamometer. The measurement was carried out first by milling the right edge of the MDF board by conventional milling, then the milling head was moved to the left edge of the sample and the climb milling was performed. In the case of repeatability and statistical data evaluation, at least 10 measurements were carried out. 3 RESULTS In climb milling, the feed force has the opposite direction and acts in the direction of the intended feed rate of the sample and shows a negative value. The output values are the time value and the corresponding measured value. In the comparison of the experimentally measured forces, we can notice higher values of the resulting cutting forces in the climb milling process. The resultant cutting force is 77

80 WoodNet 2019 directed to material reducing clamping forces while decreasing machine susceptibility to vibrations, and it is possible to increase the feed per tooth (fz) while maintaining a good quality machined surface. On the other hand, the cutter edges prove higher loading at the beginning of the engagement in cutting the chip of the largest thickness. This phenomenon is also applied to the increasing amount of feed per tooth (chip thickness). In evaluating the values of the specific cutting resistance, it is possible to notice the trend in which the value of the coefficient of specific cutting resistance decreases with increasing chip thickness. The theory says that a significant force of resistance against feed rate can be in conventional milling. At the beginning of the process, the chip proves a zero value and increases toward the end of the cut. The cutting forces thus force apart the milling cutter and the sample. On the other hand, the feed resistance against feed rate is smaller in climb milling than that in conventional milling. In climb milling, the resistance gradually decreases in cutter circuit from the beginning of the chip thickness cut. At the end of the cut, the chip reaches zero. 4 CONCLUSION Measured and calculated data of cutting forces for conventional and climb milling has allowed us to determine fracture toughness and shear yield strength of milling wood for the axial-perpendicular model of milling by a cylindrical cutter with the elaboration of the Ernst-Merchant theory When we compare of the specific cutting resistance, we can state that in areas of very low chip thickness there are large difference between the newly designed model, based on Ernst-Merchant theory (Hlaskova 2017) and the old modified Technologically-statistical method of Cukanov and Amalicky according to Lisican (1996), which was focused only on the determination of specific cutting resistance in chipboard (DTD) machining. REFERENCES ATKINS, A. G. Modelling metal cutting using modern ductile fracture mechanics: quantitative explanations for some longstanding problems. International Journal of Mechanical Science s. 2003, 45(2): ATKINS, A. G. The science and engineering of cutting. The mechanics and process of separating, scratching and puncturing biomaterials. Metals and Non-Metals, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 2009, 432 pp. HLÁSKOVÁ, L.,: Mechanics of saw blade cutting process. Dissertation Theses. Mendel university of Brno, 2017, 231 pp. LATERNSER, R. -- GÄNSER, H., P. -- TAENZER, L. -- HARTMAIER, A. Chip formation in cellular materials. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology. 2003, 125(1): LISIČAN J. Theory and wood technology. Zvolen: Matcentrum, p., ISBN NAYLOR, A. -- HACKNEY, P. -- PERERA, N. -- CLAHR, E.,: A predictive model for the cutting force in wood machining developed using mechanical properties. Bioresources.com, 2012, 7 (3). pp ISSN WILLIAMS, J. G.,: Friction and plasticity effects in wedge splitting and cutting fracture tests. Journal of Materials Science. 1998, 33(22): ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This article is based on research sponsored by the Internal Grant Agency FFWT of Mendel University in Brno. The authors are grateful for the support of the project IGA LDF_TP_ Analysis of cutting forces from point of view fracture mechanics in quasi-orthogonal CNC milling and cutting by circular saw-blade. 78

81 WoodNet 2019 INFLUENCE OF EXTRACTIVES OF SOME TROPICAL WOODS ON ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES Manzo Ginevra Mendel University in Brno / Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology ginevra.manzo@mendelu.cz Keywords: marimba, tropical woods, extractives, acoustic properties. 1 INTRODUCTION Marimba is an idiophone (also percussion) musical instrument. The producing of sound is based on natural vibration of single bars. The vibration is made by hitting a single bar with mallets or hammers. The most used wood species are the tropical ones, as they bear the best characteristics for percussion instruments. These characteristics are: acoustical functions, timbre, hardness, stiffness and aesthetic importance (Holz, 1996). The main acoustic properties of idiophone instruments are damping, Young s modulus, radiation (or Acoustic Constant AC), and Acoustic Conversion Efficiency (ACE). Wood components are cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin. Moreover, there is a small percentage of elements defined as extractives which can be removed from wood (Palanti, 2011). Extractives are known to influence wood colour, biological durability and wood properties related to moisture. Besides, particular effects of extractives are focused on vibrational properties (Bremaud, 2013). With the practice of these substances extraction, mechanical and acoustical properties of wood may decrease (Farvardin, 2015). The aim of the present research was to define the influence of extractives of tropical hardwoods on vibro-acoustic properties. The wood species were the ones involved in manufacturing of marimba bars. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS Three different wood species were used: Padouk (Prerocarpus soyauxii), Jatobá (Hymenae courbaril) and Merbau (Intsia sp). Tropical Africa, South America and South-East Asia were rispectively the regions of origin. For each species were used 30 specimens of dimensions of 300x15x5 mm 3. The samples were kept under controlled condition for one month at 19±1 C and 60±1% of relative humidity (long term conditioning). After the conditioning, acoustic properties such as damping, AC and ACE were measured. The second step was to split each wood species into two groups of 15 specimens. Each group was soaked into methanol to remove extractives. One group for three weeks, and the second one for six weeks. After that samples were dried from methanol and conditioned. Vibro-acoustic characteristics were measured and results data were compared with the previous ones. The free-free support method was used to achieve damping and modulus of elasticity in bending, and so radiation and ACE. This method involves a microphone AUDIX TM1PLUS, a fire Wire Audio Capture EDIROL FA-101 (194 khz at 24 bit), a hammer and two foam rubber supports. The impulse was processed by a FFT analyzer software in frequency domain. The normal A tone frequency was set to 442 Hz. The supports were positioned at nodal point (0.2 and 0.8 of length of the specimens). 79

82 WoodNet RESULTS AND COMMENTS The first data are focused on the first step of the measuring and the main results are shown in table 1. Table 1: Mean and standard deviation (σ) of the acoustic properties divided per each species. ρ [kgm -3 ] tanγ [/] MOE B [GPa] AC [m 4 kg -1 s -1 ] ACE [m 4 kg -1 s -1 ] Species Mean σ Mean σ Mean σ Mean σ Mean σ CV (%) Padouk Jatobá Merbau The three species analyzed showed density values close to the literature of Brémaud (2012). Dampings from all species are acceptable if compared with Brémaud data, but tending to high values. Ac data were slightly higher than AC values for idiophones, suggested by Wegst (2006). Values of ACE were totally acceptable (Brémaud, 2012). The following steps are still being processed, in particular the removing of extractives (fig.1). The data will be compared with the results of table 1 (untreated specimens) and processed to define how the extractives influence vibro-acoustic properties. Fig.1: Padouk wood samples soaking in methanol. REFERENCES BRÉMAUD., I. Acoustical properties of wood in string instruments soundboards and tuned idiophones: Biological and cultural diversity. Acoustical Society of America. 2012, 131(1): p. BRÉMAUD, I. -- AMUSANT, N. -- MINATO, K. -- GRIL, J. -- THIBAUT, B. Effect of extractives on vibrational properties of African Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.) Wood Science and Technology, Springer Verlag, 2011, 45 (3), p. FAVARDIN, F. -- ROOHNIA, M. -- LASHGARI, A. The effect of extractives on acoustical properties of persian silk wood (Albizia julibrissin), Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología. 2015, 17(4): p. PALANTI, S. Durability of wood. 1st edition. Published in Palermo - Italy by Dario Flaccovio p. ISBN HOLZ, D. Acoustically important properties of xylophone-bar materials: Can tropical woods be replaced by European species? ACUSTICA Acta Acustica. 1996, 82: p. WEGST., G. K. Wood for sound. American Journal of Botany. 2006, 93(10): p ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was supported by the Internal Grant Agency Fund of Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology. Project No LDF_VP_