Milestones of technical development of the Czech Refining Co. in period

Transkript

1 Milestones of technical development of the Czech Refining Co. in period Hugo Kittel, Ph.D., Strategy and Long Term Technical Development Manager tel , e mail hugo.kittel@crc.cz Czech Refining Co. (CRC), O.Wichterleho 809, Kralupy n.vlt. 1. Introduction Crude oil processing represents traditional and matured business activity. For this reason could be considered as profitable, stabile, low risky and profitable enterprise. However it is not completely. Last decade was for refiners extremely demanding and volatile. Refiners have been confronted with all considerable market forces suppliers, customers, substitutes, new entrants, and increasing competitiveness. To stay in business, refiners had to develop proper strategies and invest heavily into more efficient and environmentally friendly technologies. This paper lists the main business drivers in crude oil processing in the last decade and summarizes CRC s response to them on technical and technological level. In the same time, it presents an overview of publication activity of CRC s specialists to reported topics. 2. Analysis of problem Main drivers of development of oil industry in the analyzed period of time were [SOUČEK, 1998; KITTEL, 2004b]: Extensive legislative changes generally concerning economy, environment, quality, and product lines. Tightening of refinery products quality standards, first of all Pb phase out, reduction of sulfur content in oil products and aromatics in motor fuels [PODRAZIL, 2000b; SOLAR, PRAŽÁK, 2000]. Stress put on protection of environment / increased environmental performance [VITVAR, 1998a, 1999d]. Fully liberalized market for oil products for the Czech Republic specifically related to EU accession in May 1, Mergers and divestments in the refinery business. As specific and interesting phenomenon of discussed period can be considered fact that industry leaders have started to withdraw from relatively risky refinery operations (EXXONMOBIL, SHELL, etc.). Privatization of refinery industry and petrol stations in the East European countries, often changing market situation and sometimes also interrupting in the long term established relations and synergies. Growing and volatile prices and increasing risk in availability of crude oils. Market demand significantly changing over the time (first of all decreasing consumption of mogas and heating oils, an apparent shift to high octane mogas, and soaring request on diesel) [KITTEL, 2003a; ŠTĚPÁN, HURTÍK, 1998; PODRAZIL, 1998, 2000a; PODRAZIL, ŠMÍDOVÁ, KITTEL, 2004; PRAŽÁK, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005a, b, and c, 2006; PRAŽÁK, SOLAR, 2001].

2 New emerging components and substitutes (CNG, LNG, BTL/CTL/GTL products, bioethanol, biobutanol, and FAME as examples). Very volatile refinery margin, complicating justification of investment projects. Increasing cost of energy and utilities. Growing capacity of new and revamped units as a way how to reduce fixed costs (new Leuna refinery as a benchmark for Mid Europe refineries). Focus on bottom of the barrel solutions as a form how to improve competitive position, resulting into growing complexity of refineries (Slovnaft EFPA Project as a good example). Increasing competitiveness between refineries promoted and provoked by even more sophisticated and widely exploited benchmarking studies. Considering only conservative stay in business concept, it required from refiners in the past decade preparation of clever strategy, realization of new complex projects, huge investments far above depreciation, and fundamental reorganization and reengineering of refineries. Oil market in the CR was quickly and precipitously liberalized fully in early 90s, e.g. for entire in this paper considered period CRC worked in fully competitive business environment [PODRAZIL, 2000a]. On the other hand, commissioning of a new Ingolstadt Kralupy pipeline on the end of 1995 and privatization of the Czech oil industry offered possibility to share new owners expertise, to consider alternative crude oils sources, and to develop strategic and technological concepts based on much more diversified resources. Opinion related to competitive position of CRC vs. neighboring refineries was published and was not much optimistic [ŠVAJGL, 2003]. 3. CRC s solution CRC was registered as a new business entity in March 28, 1995, joining refinery Litvínov and Kralupy into one company. It was privatized by Unipetrol, Conoco Phillips, ENI, and Shell. In Jan.1, 1996 CRC started its real business activities. Privatization was accompanied with a promise of new owners of capital expenditures (CAPEX) of 500 mil US $ over next 10 years [KUMMINS, 1997]. To synchronize its operating activities with business priorities of shareholders and to stop negative market share development, in August 2003 CRC was transformed into processing refinery [SOUČEK, KRÁL, 2003]. In 2005 Unipetrol was bought by PKN Orlen and during 2007 Conoco Phillips withdrew from CRC selling its share to ENI. Responding to all forces stated in previous chapter, CRC first of all: Prepared new investment projects and mothballed also some old, low capacity and efficiency units. Striven to increase utilization of both refineries. Strengthened and optimized cooperation with petchem partners / customers. Reconfigured / reduced product portfolio. Applied new catalytic systems, additives, and chemicals Management of investment projects in CRC has been well described [SVÁTA, 2006]. Reason, why CRC preferentially focused on revamps, has been also communicated well

3 [VITVAR, 2006]. Operating two refineries in parallel, all mandatory projects have to be mirrored in both refineries. CRC s achievements and vision of development alternatives have been outlined in the past [KITTEL, 2004; SOUČEK 1998, SOUČEK, KITTEL, BALLEK, 2005; VITVAR 2001]. For the response of CRC to the main legislative mandates see exhibit 1. Exhibit 1: Legislative mandates Problem Date Implemented in CRC Document Control system of motor Since 1996 Continuously Notice 102/1995 fuels quality by authorities Motor fuels according to Since 1998 Continuously Act 22/1997 Czech norms only Selected EU 2000 Since Jan Since Jan.1998 ČAPPO 1997 initiative parameters Recuperation Since Jan.1999 In 1998 Air Act Pb phase out Since Jan.2001 Since Oct Notice 244/1999; National program of Pb phase out Benzene 1% max vol Since Jan Since Jan See ČSN EN 228 (Jan. 2001) also ČAPPO initiative 1% wt S in heating oils Since 2001 Since 2001 fully Notice 244/ ppm S Since Jan.2005 Since Oct.2004 Directive 2003/17/EC, Notice 229/2004 ČSN EN 228 (Nov. 2004) 10 ppm S Since Jan.2009 Since Jan.2008 Directive 2003/17/EC, Notice 229/2004 ČSN EN 228 (Nov. 2004) Aromatics 35% max vol Since Jan Since Jan. 2005, see also ČAPPO initiative Directive 2003/17/EC, Notice 229/2004 ČSN EN 228 (Nov. 2004) Blending of FAME Since Sept.2007 (2,5% Prepared by Dec. 2006, Air Act 86/2002 & vol) practices Sept Amendments, Blending of bioethanol Since Jan.2008 Prepared by Dec. 2006, Air Act 86/2002 & practices since Jan. Amendments, Ethanol Act /1997 REACH Since 2008 Since 2008 Regulation 1907/2006 EC In 1997 ČAPPO formulated an Ecological Initiative, which was focused on early implementation of specific qualitative 2000 year parameters of motor fuels. CRC joined this initiative from Jan.1, For technological response of CRC to the main business challenges see exhibit 2. As concerns CAPEX, majority of investment activities have been part of the next complex projects: Deep processing of crude oil, to increase CRC s competitiveness ( ) [KITTEL, 2007; SOUČEK, KITTEL, HÁJEK, 2008; VITVAR 1999b]. Clean Fuels, first of all to solve mandated reduction of sulfur and aromatics in motor fuels ( ) [KITTEL, 2003b, 2003c, 2004a; SOUČEK, KRÁL, 2003; SVÁTA, KITTEL, 2005a, 2005b; VITVAR, 2004]. Energy Efficiency Program (entire considered period of time). Implementation of biocomponents ( ) [KITTEL, CIONOVÁ, PELANT, 2004; SOUČEK, 2006; SOUČEK, 2008a; SOUČEK, KITTEL, PRAŽÁK, 2008]. Assets Rationalization, see dismantled and mothballed units in exhibit 3.

4 Exhibit 2: New or fundamentally reconstructed units Unit Date LITVÍNOV New Continuous Catalytic Reforming unit 1995 New Mogas blending facility (damaged by fire in Nov. 1996) 1997 New Vapor Recovery unit (rail and road terminals) 199 New Visbreaking unit (VBU), (Shell); [VITVAR, 1998b, 1999a, 2003] 1999 POX revamped, a Unitetrol RPA unit, however strategically linked to CRC 1999 NHC, 1 st revamp ( t/h, conversion not increased, e.g %; to process vacuum 1999 distillates from a new VBU) (Unocal, now UOP); [SOUČEK, 2008b; SOUČEK, KITTEL, HÁJEK, 2008] New central laboratories 1999 New Claus IV unit 2000 Sulfreen revamp 2001 Additization of Mogas 91 with VSRPA 2000 PS 3620 (GO HDS) reconstruction [SOUČEK, KRÁL, 2003] June 2003 PS 2304 (GO HDS) reconstruction [SOUČEK, KRÁL, 2003] July 2004 New control room 2001 New Bitumen Loading facility 2002 K#11 revitalization 2006 New Bioethanol Blending facility [SOUČEK, 2006] 2006 New FAME Blending facility [SOUČEK, 2006] 2006 NHC, 2 nd revamp ( t/h, conversion increased to 70%, to increase production of Oct middle distillates ) (Unocal, now UOP); [SOUČEK, 2008b; SOUČEK, KITTEL, HÁJEK, 2008] KRALUPY Connection to crude line Ingolstadt Kralupy Jan New Vapor Recovery unit (rail and road terminals) 1997 New Isomerization unit (UOP, Penex) 1997 Additization of Mogas 91 with VSRPA 2000 New Vacuum Distillation unit [SOUČEK, KITTEL, BALLEK, 2005] May 2001 New FCC (UOP) [HORSKÝ, WEISENBORN, 1998; SOUČEK, KITTEL, BALLEK, 2005] May 2001 Revamp of MTBE unit (Hüls, now UOP) May 2001 New Sulfreen unit May 2001 Second stage desalter 2001 New control room [SOUČEK, KITTEL, BALLEK, 2005] 2001 Modernization PS 2514 (GO HDS) [SOUČEK, KRÁL, 2003; SOUČEK, KITTEL, BALLEK, Apr ] New 3 Cut Splitter (Shell) [SOUČEK, KRÁL, 2003] 2005 New Bioethanol Blending facility [SOUČEK, 2006] 2006 New FAME Blending facility [SOUČEK, 2006] 2006 New Selective Desulfurization (Axens, Prime G+) [KITTEL, 2005a; SVÁTA, KITTEL, 2007] Oct.2007 Exhibit 3: Mothballed / dismantled units Unit Date Mogas Pb Additization 2001 Aromatics extractive distillation 2003 Solvents production facility 2003 Semiregenerative reformer Litvínov (mothballed) 2006

5 Deep processing of crude oil: Naturally, solution was based on shareholders strategic approach to requested CRC s future performance. It was clearly a development project. Central investments were construction of a new semi residual FCC complex in Kralupy (it consists of more individual technologies, inclusive new vacuum distillation; it represents the biggest investment CRC project in the past decade.), a new Visbreaking unit (VBU) with Vacuum Flasher in Litvínov, two step revamps of the new hydrocracker (NHC), and refurbishment of the old high pressure hydrogenization chamber 11 (K#11) in Litvínov. Investments in Litvínov would not be possible without corresponding reconstruction of Unipetrol RPA POX unit, to process visbroken residue and deliver hydrogen back to CRC. This demanding project was of course joined with revision, reconstruction, or revamp majority of already existing CRC s production and auxiliary units, and tank farm. Important factor for construction of a new FCC complex was CRC s connection to crude line TAL / Ingolstadt Kralupy since Jan Effectiveness of in parallel operated NHC and FCC units in CRC has been than optimized later exploiting a Development Linear Programming model [KITTEL, PELANT, 2004]. Clean Fuels: It represents a typical stay in business project, e.g. driven by legislative changes. 10 ppm S motor fuels were finally targeted in this project. Exactly here CRC made difficult decisions between focus alternatively on fully new units or reconstruction already operated ones. Different solution has been implemented finally for mogas and diesel desulphurization. The main issue related to clean mogas was desulphurization of FCC gasoline, containing about 400 ppm S, because FCC unit commissioned in 2001 did not anticipate well future sulfur reduction. 50 ppm S was targeted constructing a new 3 Cut Splitter (3CS) and reconstructing existing Naphtha hydrotreater (new quench, new booster compressor) to treat unselectively heart / middle cut from 3CS. Than later, 10 ppm S level in gasoline has been achieved commissioning a new heart cut Selective Desulphurization unit and relocating already existing gasoline MEROX (light cut) and non selective hydrotreating UNIONFINER (heavy cut) technologies from upstream to downstream position of 3CS. This concept has been reported repeatedly [KITTEL, 2005a, b, c; SVÁTA, KITTEL, 2007]. As concerns diesel desulphurization, three in CRC already existing GO HDS have been reconstructed directly to 10 ppm S content: Unit PS 2304 in Litvínov (New Refinery Litvínov), constructing a fully new reactor section for pressure of about 8 MPa. Unit PS 3603 (original AVD complex in Litvínov), installing a new distribution tray into existing reactor and increasing slightly volume of catalyst there. Unit 2514 in Kralupy, adding in series second big reactor and a new membrane unit, to increase hydrogen partial pressure in the reactor circle. Processing of light cycle oil from FCC unit was also considered in this project.

6 Energy Efficiency Program: Focus was put on increase of heaters efficiency (air pre heating, new burners), better control of big electric devices and waste heat boilers. An expansion turbine is part of NHC and heat pump of FCC. This program is still in progress. Implementation of biofuels: Blending of biocomponents as regular mogas and diesel components was solution preferred in CRC to alternative adding biocomponents on terminals. New unloading and storage facilities have been constructed and blenders modified adding new line for biocomponents in both CRC s refineries. In parallel, CRC continues to produce certain volume of motor fuels without biocomponents, therefore proper segregation of both qualities is necessary. CRC experienced ETBE production organizing three test runs in the past (5 10 days production) [KITTEL, 2002]. Nevertheless, it is continuing with MTBE production now and blends ethanol directly. Other important changes related to technical development of CRC are: Lead phase out: It was controlled by a National Lead Phase out Program [PODRAZIL, 2000; SOLAR, PRAŽÁK, 2000; VITVAR, 1999c]. It represented for CRC necessity to increase octane pool of base components of about 1.5 ON. In CRC, it was possible exploiting the new FCC, Isomerization, and revamped MTBE units in Kralupy and optimizing reformate pool [KITTEL, 2005c]. Moreover, CRC examined repeatedly possibility to produce ethers based on C 5 + olefins and from SC [KITTEL, POSUCH, LEDERER, 2002] and newly also from FCC units. Unfortunately, due to content on aromatics limited to max 35 % vol only, CRC is short on motor octane number since this moment. Dismantling of Pb additization units in both refineries was very costly. Increased Diesel production: It was possible utilizing projects listed in deep processing and clean fuels projects. Together with better utilization of CRC capacity and with optimization of feed diet for Unipetrol RPA Steam Cracker unit, these projects contributed to increase of Diesel production about 50 % in the last decade. Reduction of emissions: CRC invested into a new Claus unit IV in the Litvínov refinery, new / revamped Sulfreen units, Vapor Recovery units, and secondary sealing of tank roofs in both refineries. In Litvínov, gases from vacuum system of PSP Vacuum Distillation (VDU) have been redirected from flare to VDU furnace. Modernization of Waste Water plant in Kralupy and a new SCOT unit in Litvínov is in approval phase now.

7 Product mix: Based on realized investments, CRC is delivering products in line with 2009 quality mandate and with biocomponents. Optimizing product portfolio, aromatics, solvents, and aviation gasolines have been canceled in the last decade. Other projects: CRC invested in both refineries also significant CAPEX into new control system and rooms, health and safety projects. 4. Conclusions Passing significant organizational and ownership changes, CRC managed in the last decade to find relevant response to all business challenges and opportunities, to increase market share, and to satisfy all shareholders expectation. Several major projects have been developed, prepared, and realized. In the center of these activities were commissioning of the new FCC complex in Kralupy, new VBU unit and significant revamp of NHC unit in Litvínov and modernization of all GO HDS units. Based on these projects, CRC managed to improve capacity utilization, increase diesel production, and reduce yield of bottom products. Realizing a mix of new investments and revamps CRC managed to optimize its capital expenditures. CRC is continuing to work on its long term development strategy. 5. References 1. HORSKÝ, Jiří; WEISENBORN, William, J.: " Výstavba komplexu FCC v kralupské rafinérii". Sborník konference APROCHEM 98, str.57. Milovy, hotel Devět skal, KITTEL, Hugo: " Zkušenosti s výrobou ETBE v České rafinérské a.s.". Sborník mezinárodní konference "Motorová paliva 2002". Vyhne, KITTEL, Hugo: " Vývoj českého trhu motorových paliv". Kolokvium MPO ČR a ČAPPO věnované vstupu ČR do EU. MPO ČR, Praha a. 4. KITTEL, Hugo: " Zajímavá technologická řešení v technologii čistých paliv". Sborník konference CHISA 2003, Srní, b. 5. KITTEL, Hugo: " Aplikace směrnice 2003/30/EC". CHEMTEC 2003, Praha c. 6. KITTEL, Hugo: " Výr oba čistých motor ových paliv". Presentace na 56.sjezdu chemiků, Ostrava, a. 7. KITTEL, Hugo: " Významné technologické synergie v současných rafinériích ropy". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2004, str.229. Milovy, b. 8. KITTEL, Hugo: " CRC's response to Challenges Brought by Clean Fuels Legislation & Optimization Opportunities". EPC 6th International Technological Downstream Conference, Geneva, a. 9. KITTEL, Hugo: " The role of linear programming in development of the Czech Refining Company". Proceedings of EPC 2nd International Refining & Petrochemicals Business Conference & Exhibition, Hilton, Antwerp, b.

8 10. KITTEL, Hugo: " Reformate as a component for blending of mogas in CRC". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2005, str.282. Milovy c. 11. KITTEL, Hugo: " Posouzení budoucí úlohy technologie fluidního katalytického krakování v rafinérii ropy s využitím lineárního programování". Sborník konference CHISA Srní, KITTEL, Hugo; CIONOVÁ, Eva; PELANT, Pavel: " Perspektivní komponenty pro výrobu autobenzínů z pohledu lineárního programování". Sborník konference "Motorová paliva 2004". Slovnaft / VÚRUP a.s. Vyhne, KITTEL, Hugo; PELANT, Pavel: " Hydrocracking versus Fluid Catalytic Cracking for production of clean fuels". Proceedings of CHISA 2004 conference, Prague 24/28 Aug KITTEL, Hugo; POSUCH, Branislav; LEDERER, Jaromír: " TAME jako perspektivní komponenta do automobilových benzinů". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2002, str.255. Milovy KUMMINS, B.N.: " Úspěšné výsledky České rafinérské za prvních 15 měsíců". Energie 1997/02/03/ PODRAZIL, Miloš: " Trh petrolejářských výrobků v České republice". Sborník konference APROCHEM 98, str. 81. Milovy, hotel Devět skal, 19/ PODRAZIL, Miloš: " Motorová paliva v České republice". Sborník konference Motorová paliva 2000, str.21. Vyhne, 25/ a. ISBN PODRAZIL, Miloš: " Program vyřazení automobilových olovnatých benzinů v ČR". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2000, str. 31. Rožnov pod Radhoštěm, b. 19. PODRAZIL, Miloš; KITTEL, Hugo; " Český trh motorových paliv z pohledu statistiky ČAPPO". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2004, str.218. Milovy PRAŽÁK, Václav: " Vývoj kvality automobilových benzinů". ČAPPO seminář, Autotec 1999, Brno, PRAŽÁK, Václav: " Motorová paliva historie a současnost". Energy 2003/ /04/61 & 2003/ /05/ PRAŽÁK, Václav: " Tuzemský trh motorových paliv. Sortiment, kvalita a porovnání s EU". Odborný seminář ČAPPO na Autotec 2004, Brno PRAŽÁK, Václav: " Obchodování s ropnými palivy v ČR". Energie, 2005a/ /4/ PRAŽÁK, Václav: "Kvalita motorových paliv v ČR po roce 2005 a porovnání s EU". Tribotechnické informace 2005b/ /02&03/ PRAŽÁK, Václav: " Nízkosirné a bezsirné pohonné hmoty na trhu ČR. Autotec 2005, ČAPPO konference" Moderní pohonné hmoty pro motorová vozidla", Brno c. 26. PRAŽÁK, Václav: " Vývoj kvality a sortimentu motor ových paliv v ČR a porovnání s EU". Sborník konference Motorové palivá Tatranské Matliare, hotel Hutník PRAŽÁK, Václav; SOLAR, Milan: " Vývoj kvality motorových paliv na počátku třetího tisíciletí". APROCHEM Jubilejní 10.konference chemické technologie. Sborník přednášek. Rožnov p.radhoštěm, SOLAR, Milan; PRAŽÁK, Václav: " Vyřazení olovnatých automobilových benzinů z trhu ČR". Sborník konference ČAPPO na veletrhu Autotec SOUČEK, Ivan: " Rozvoj rafinérského a petrochemického průmyslu". Sborník konference APROCHEM 98, str.9. Mílovy, hotel Devět skal. 30. SOUČEK, Ivan: "Biokomponenty pr o motor ová paliva". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2006, Milovy, SOUČEK, Ivan: " Future Outlook for Biofuels in the Czech Republic". Proceedings of the 1st Alternative Fuels Technology Conference & Exhibition (AFTC). EPC, Prague, a. 32. SOUČEK, Ivan: " Processing of VGO at the NHC Unit in the Litvínov Refinery". Proceedings of 9th International Catalyst Technology Conference & Exhibition (ICTC), Prague, Feb.19 & 20, 2008b.

9 33. SOUČEK, Ivan; KITTEL, Hugo; BALLEK, Pavel: " Nová rafinérie Kralupy od hydroskimmingu k hlubokému zpracování ropy". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2005, str.17. Milovy SOUČEK, Ivan; KITTEL, Hugo; HÁJEK, Jiří jun.: " Integrating refinery and petrochemicals the Czech approach". Proceedings of 5th Global Petrochemical Conference. WRA, Düsseldorf, SOUČEK, Ivan; KITTEL, Hugo; PRAŽÁK, Václav: " The role of biocomponents in modern refinery". Proceedings of the 9th Annual European Fuels Conference. WRA, Paris, SOUČEK, Ivan; KRÁL, Josef: " Pr ogram čistá paliva". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2003, str.172. Milovy SVATA, Josef; KITTEL, Hugo: " Postup výroby čistých motorových paliv (<10 ppm S) a mísení biosložek v ČeR a.s.. Autotec 2005, ČAPPO konference" Moderní pohonné hmoty pro motorová vozidla", Brno a (poster). 38. SVÁTA, J.; KITTEL, H.: " Vývoj a vzájemná konkurence automobilového benzínu a motorové nafty jako rozhodujících paliv pro automobily". 7.sjezd chemických společností, Tatranské Matliare, b. 39. SVÁTA, Josef: " Pr ůběh a řízení investičního procesu". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2006, str Milovy, SVÁTA, Josef; KITTEL, Hugo: " Selection of the Best Technology for Selective Hydrogenation of FCC Gasoline for CRC and Impact on the Refinery Configuration". Proceedings of APROCHEM 2007 conference, p Milovy, ŠVAJGL, Oldřich: "Modifikace rafinérských procesů k výrobě motorových paliv do roku 2010". Ropa, uhlie a petrochemia, 2003/45/1 2/ ŠTĚPÁN, Petr; HURTÍK, Tomáš: " Současnost a předpokládaný vývoj a spotřeby topných olejů v ČR". Sborník konference APROCHEM 98, str. 63. Mílovy, hotel Devět skal, TLUSTÝ, Jiří: " Zpracování ropy a r opné produkty České rafinérské a.s.". Sborník konference APROCHEM 98, str.20. Mílovy, hotel Devět skal, VITVAR, Milan: " Ekologické aspekty rafinérských výrob ve světle výsledků České rafinérské a.s ". Energie 1998a/03/5,6/ VITVAR, Milan: " Jednotka visbreaking v Rafinérii Litvínov". Sborník konference APROCHEM 98, str.52. Mílovy, hotel Devět skal, 19/ b. 46. VITVAR, Milan: " V Litvínově byla zahájena výstavba nové technologické jednotky visbreaking". Energie 1999a/04/1,2/ VITVAR, Milan: " 55 let hydrokrakování v ČR". Energie 1999b/04/3,4/ VITVAR, Milan: " Vyřazení olova z výroby autobenzínů". ČAPPO seminář, Autotec 1999, Brno, c. 49. VITVAR, Milan: "Minimalizace emisí České rafinérské". Energie 1999d/04/11,12/ VITVAR, Milan: " Technologie pro řešení kvality roku 2005". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2001, Rožnov p.radhoštěm, října VITVAR, Milan: " Některé aspekty výroby asfaltů v litvínovské rafinérii a využití visbreakingového zbytku". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2003, str.309. Milovy VITVAR, Milan: " Výroba čistých paliv z pohledu procesních hydrorafinačních reakcí a vývoj technologií pro přípravu čistých paliv hydrogenací". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2004, str.251. Milovy, VITVAR, Milan: " Revamp jednotek ve zpracování ropy". Sborník konference APROCHEM 2006, str Milovy,

10 6. Index of abbreviations 3CS 3 Cut Splitter BTL Biomass To Liquid CAPEX Capital Expenditures CNG Compressed Natural Gas CRC Czech Refining Company CTL Coal To Liquid ČAPPO Czech Association of Petroleum and Petrochemical Industry and Trade ČSN Czech Standard of Quality EN European Norm EFPA Environmental Fuel Project Apollo FAME Fat Acid Methyl Ester GO HDS Gas Oil Hydrodesulphurization GTL Gas to Liquid K#11 Chamber 11 LNG Liquefied Natural Gas MTBE Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether NHC New Hydrocrack unit POX Partial Oxidation of residuum PSP Preparation of feed for petrochemistry REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals SC Steam Cracker TAL Transalpine Crude Pipeline (Trieste Ingolstadt) VBU Visbreaking Unit VDU Vacuum Distillation Unit VSPRA Valve Seats Protection Recession Additive