Morphogenetical approach and soils. Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.

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1 Soil Science topic No. 3: Morphogenetical approach and soils Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

2 Characteristic features of forest soils Non homogenous profiles of uninterrupted development Organic horizons Distinctive soil biota Skeletal texture classes High acidity High mobility ofmineral elements

3 Characteristic features of forest soils Forest tree species grow extremely long time soil components, unavailable for agricultural plant species, can be split into active/bioavailable forms Forest habitats show a great amount of dead organic matter coveringmineral soils production of organic acids within decomposition of plant litter forms outstandingly strong extractive environs

4 If there are soluble substances, we have to use A weak extracting agent for estimating risks for the environment A middle strong extracting agent for estimating an actual plant nourishment A high powered extracting agent for estimating a long term plant nourishment The circumstances of every individual soil horizon formation differ in such rate that properties of the horizons as a whole are each other incomparable

5 Notes Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

6 Principles Soil taxonomy=soil systems=classification of soil = soil typology A general feature: combination of two approaches 1) Soil forming factors 2) Pedogenetic processes

7 Soil forming factors Genesis of soil Functional viewpoints Notes

8 Pedogenetic processes Morphometrical parameters Structural viewpoints Notes

9 Concept of description of intimate soil properties Genetically derived stratigraphy of profile Morphological, physical, chemical and biological features of horizons

10 Goals from both theoretical and practical points of view Creation of basis for progress in soil scientific knowledge Soil mapping Prediction of soil development under an impact of utilization of soil

11 Hierarchically highest soil units=units derived from dominant pedogenetic processes classification derived from genetical viewpoints Key role=limits of soil properties values classification derived from structural viewpoints

13 Requirements Soil classification system should be opened but their structurehaveto ensure an inner stability Soil classification system should be universal Soil classification system should be compatible

14 Requirements Emphasis should be put on hierarchical assemblage of soil Emphasis should be put on multicriterional features Emphasis should be put on an extend of soil profile differentiation

15 Requirements Soil taxonomy should be based on relatively exactly field evaluated properties of soil horizons Soil taxonomy should be based on polygenetical soil development including the relict soils

17 Overview of forest soil classification General principles FAO/ISSS 1994 US department of agriculture system 1990 Canadian system of soil classification 1987 Other classifications (C.P.C.S. 1992, Russian and German systems, in particular)

18 Processes in profile development Eluviation illuviation Calcification decalcification Melanisation leucinisation Salinisation desalinisation Hydrolysis Oxidation Cheluviation

19 Decomposition biosynthesis Erosion accumulation Humification mineralization Peat formation Podzolization Processes in profile development Lessivage Gleying Pseudogleying Ferrallitizatio Lateritization Pedoturbation Brunification

21 WRB major soil units Fluvisols, gleysols, regosols, leptosols, arenosols, andosols, vertisols, cambisols, calcisols, gypsisols, solonchaks, solonetz, kastanozems, phaeozems, greyzems, luvisols, planosols, podzoluvisols, podzols, lixisols, acrisols, alisols, nitisols, ferralsols, plinthosols, histosols, anthrosols.

23 Soil Taxonomy/C.S.C.S. major soil units Histosols, entisols, vertisols, mollisols, aridisols, spodosols, alfisols, ultisols, oxisols, inceptisols. Brunisols, chernozemic soils, cryosols, gleysols, luvisols, organic soils, podzols, regosols, solonetzes/solods.

25 A. World Reference Base for Soil Resources ( ISSS ) International Society of Soil Science ( ISRIC ) International Soil Reference and Information Centre ( FAO ) Food and Agriculture Organisation of The United Nations IUSS Working Group WRB, World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006, 2nd edition. World Soil Resources Report 103, FAO, Rome. E.U. 145 pp. ISBN: B. Soil Taxonomy A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys ( USDA ) United States Department of Agriculture Soil Survey Staff, Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 11th ed. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC. 344 p. ISBN C. The Canadian System of Soil Classification Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey (Soil Classification Working Group of the Committee) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) The Canadian System of Soil Classification (1998) Agric. Agri Food Can. Publication Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa. 187 p.

26 A general description of WRB Podzoluvisol referred to higher clay content in B horizon showing either an broken boundary by tonguing of E horizon or reddish nodules Podzol referred to cementation by organic matter, iron and aluminum below an A or E horizons Lixisol referred to higher clay content, lower CEC andhighbase saturation in B horizon, lacking both mollic A and albic E horizons

27 Acrisol referred to higher clay content, lower CEC and low base saturation in B horizons, lacking albic E horizon Alisol referred to high clay content, high CEC and low base saturation in B horizon, lacking E horizon( acidluvisol ) Nitisol referred to high clay content, blocky structure which falls easily apart (due Fe oxides), lacking the tonguing (which is diagnostic for podzoluvisol) Ferralsol referred to strongly deeply weathered soil material based on low activity clay Plinthosol referred to iron rich, humus poor mixture of clay in mostly platy hardpans caused by repeated wetting and drying. Histosol referred to peat moss: soils having at least 40cm of organic material or at least 80 cm of organomineral material

28 Anthrosol referred to human activities Fluvisol referred to fluviatile, marine and lacustrine sediments which receive fresh material at relatively regular intervals Gleysol referred to unconsolidated soil materials showing a saturation with water to such an extend that evidences of reduction processes are seen Regosols referred to unconsolidated soil material haveng no diagnostic horizons other than an ochric or umbric horizon Leptosol referred to limitation in depth by continuous hard rock or a highly calcareous material Arenosol referred to soil materials coarser than sandy loam and having no other horizons than an ochric or albic E horozon Andosol referred to soil materials formed mostly vulcanoclastic material coarser than 2mm

30 Vertisol referred to soil materials derived from high percentage of the clay particles in all horizons and showing cracks on soil surface Cambisol referred to altered, cambic B horizon being at least 15cm thick Calcisol referredto soil materials rich in calcium carbonates (both calcic and petrocalcic horizons) Gypsisol referred to soil materials enriched with calcium sulphate (gypsic and petrogypsic horizons) Solonchak referredto soil materials saturated with exchangeable sodium or/and magnesium and showing distinctly higher clay content Solonetz referred to degradation of solonchaks Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

31 Kastanozem soil having minor mollic A horizon, calcic or gypsic horizon Chernozem soil having main mollic A and calcic horizon Phaeozem soil having main mollic A horizon and lacking both calcic and gypsic horizons Greyzem soil having mollic A horizon and higher clay content in dark B horizon Luvisol having higher clay content in B horizon and lacking both mollic A and albic E horizons Planosol referred to saturation of surface water (mottling); soil having albic E horizon overlying slowly permeable horizons Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

33 Other classification systems the classical versions INRA (1995) Référentiel pédologique. INRA, Paris. 332 p. Arbeitskreis für Bodensystematik der DBG (1998) Systematik der Bôden und der Bodenbilden den Substrate Deutschlands. Mitteilungen der Deutchen Bodenkundlichen Gesselschaft, No p. Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

34 Russian classification systems Other classification systems V. V. Dukutchajev, N. M. Sibircev B.G. Rozanov, V.M. Fridland German classification system H. Pallmenn, W. Laatsch E. Muckenhausen, E. Ehwald English/Welsh, Belgian, Netherlandish,Portuguese, Australian, New Zealander, Brazilian, Japanese Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

36 C.S.C.S. Brunisol referred to brownish coloured Bm horizon Chernozemic soil referred to humified products of decomposition of xerophytic or mesophytic grasses Cryosol referred to both organic and mineral soil material exposed to cryoturbation (disrupted or mixed horizons) Gleysol referred to influence of either periodic or sustained reducing conditions caused by non aered water Luvisol referred to eluvial Ae and Bt horizons Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

37 Organic soils referred to peat, muck and bod soils Podzol referred to accumulation of amorphous material composed mainly of humified organic matter combined with Al and Fe Regosol referred to weak development Solonetz referred to significant amounts of sodium Solod referred to degrydation of formar solonetz Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

39 USDA soil classification Soil Taxonomy Baldwin, M., Kellog, C.E., Thorp, J., 1938 Thorp, J., Smith, G.D., 1949 Soil taxonomy 1975; Soil taxonomy 1983; Soil taxonomy 1988 Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

40 Soil Taxonomy Spodosols referred to either spodic (reddish, darker and brighter colours caused by illuvial Fe and Al associated with organic compounds) or placic horizon (thin, dark reddish layer cemented by Fe, Mn organic matter complexes) Alfisol referred to prominent eluviation followed by illuviation: difference in clay content, high base saturation in Bt horizon Ultisol referred to high content of clay particles characterized by low base saturation, primarily leached and weathered Oxisol referred to intensive weathering: removal of soluble weathering products, production of residual sesquioxides and clay Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

41 Inceptisol referred to cambic B horizon Histosol referred to organic parent material : more than 50% of organic material in the upper 80cm of the profile Entisol referred to slight, weak development: properties determined largely by the parent material without other horizons Vertisol referred to high clay content, prominent changes in volume resulting in cracks vs. very plastic consistency Mollisol referred to very deep mollic epipedon; accumulation of large amount of organic matter in the presence of calcium Aridisol referred to arid and semiarid environments where one or more diagnostic horizons (argilic, natric, cambic, calcic, petrocalcic, gypsic, petrogypsic) were developed Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/