Resin Identification Code

Transkript

1 POLYMERY

2 Resin Identification Code The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI) introduced its resin identification coding system in 1988 at the urging of recyclers around the country

3 Rozdělení polymerů TERMOPLASTY (polyethylén, polypropylén, polystyrén, polyamid, ) Zahřátím na jistou teplotu přecházejí do plastického stavu, tato změna je vratná REAKTOPLASTY (fenolformaldehydová pryskyřice, melaminová pryskyřice, ) Zahřátím na jistou teplotu se vytvrzují (3D struktura); tatozměna je nevratná ELASTOMERY (kaučuky-přírodní, isoprenový, chloroprenový, silikonový, ) Vykazují elastický stav, tj.malou silou velká deformovatelnost

4 Polymer Definition A Chemical compound formed by many monomers linking to form larger molecules that contain repeating structural units. Monomer Mono-one Mer-unit Polymer Molecule Poly-many

5 Polymer Families Materials Plastics (Polymers) Elastomers Reaktoplasty (Thermosets) Thermoplastics

6 Normální stav klubíčková struktura. ENTROPICKY VÝHODNÉ Natažený stav rozbalená struktura. ENTROPICKY NEVÝHODNÉ

7 SILIKONY nejvýznačnější elastomery R = methyl, alkyl, fenyl,..

8 Primární Zdroje Basic Petrochemical Polymer Materials End Products Ropa Ropa Natural Gas Natural Gas Ethylene Propylene Styrene Vinyl Chloride Butadiene Cyclohexane Acetylene Ethylene Propylene Styrene Vinyl Chloride Butadiene Cyclohexane Acetylene HDPE LDPE LLDPE PP PVC ABS PA Acetal PC PUR PBT etc. HDPE LDPE LLDPE PP PVC ABS PA Acetal PC PUR PBT etc. Plastics Plastics Elastomer Elastomer Fibers Fibers Adhesives + Coatings Adhesives + Coatings

9 Polymer Structure Polymery majístrukturu podobnou spaghetti

10 Polymer Families Thermoset The ultimate branched polymer becomes a crosslinked network called a Thermoset.

11 fenol + formaldehyd REAKTOPLASTY (termosety)

12 Polymer Families Engineering and Commodity Corrosion Resistance Thermal/Electrical Resistance Practical Toughness and Stiffness Light Weight Engineering High Temperature Resistance Flame Resistance

13 Polymer Families Plastics Thermosets Thermoplastics Commodity Engineering High Performance Amorphous Crystalline Amorphous Blends Crystalline Amorphous Crystalline PMMA PVC PS PE PP ABS PC/ABS ASA PC MPPO PC/PBT PPO/PA ABS/PA PBT PA POM PEI PEEK PPS

14 Plastics Tree HIGH PERFORMANCE PLASTICS PEI LCP PSU PPS PA ENGINEERING PLASTICS PC PA blends PPE / PS blends PC blends PBT blends PBT PMMA ABS POM COMMODITIES PS HIPS PVC PET Polypropylene Polyethylene AMORPHOUS SEMICRYSTALLINE

15 History of Major Plastics PS 1930 Germany PMMA 1934 UK PVC 1933 Germany/U S LDPE 1939 UK PA 1939 US Teflon 1943 US Silicone 1943 US ABS 1952 US PET 1953 US

16 Polymer Morphology Refers to the Structure of the Polymer Material Amorphous Crystalline

17 Polymer Morphology Amorphous Resins

18 Polymer Morphology Crystalline Resins

19 Polymer Morphology Crystalline Polymers are Actually Semi - Crystalline Regions of Crystallinity in an Otherwise Amorphous Mass

20 Polymer Morphology Amorphous Crystalline Broad Softening Range Sharp Melting Point

21 Polymer Morphology Amorphous Polymers: Are Structural Below the Glass Transition Temperature (T G ) and Rubbery Above It Rely on Physical Entanglements of the Molecular Chains for Structural Properties Below T G

22 Polymer Morphology Glass Transition Temperature That Temperature at Which a Polymer Structure Turns Rubbery upon Heating and Glassy upon Cooling

23 Polymer Morphology Glass Transition Temperature (T G ) Glassy T G Rubbery Raise Temperature of Polymer Both amorphous and crystalline polymers exhibit a glass transition temperature.

24 Polymer Morphology Amorphous Polymers: Are Structural Below the Glass Transition Temperature (T G ) and Rubbery Above It Rely on Physical Entanglements of the Molecular Chains for Structural Properties Below T G

25 Model of Amorphous Polymers Locked Entanglements Polymer Morphology T G Stiff Flow Easier Flow Raise Temperature of of Polymer Adding Heat Increases Space Between Molecular Chains

26 Polymer Morphology Model of Crystalline Polymers Rigid Solid T G Soft Solid T Flows Easily M Raise Temperature of Polymer Adding heat increases space between molecular chains but crystalline structure prevents flow.

27 Polymer Morphology Amorphous Polymer Modulus (Stiffness) T G Temperature

28 Polymer Morphology Crystalline Polymer Modulus (Stiffness) Glassy State T G Glass Transition T M Leathery Region Rubbery Plateau Liquid Flow Temperature

29 Polymer Morphology Crystalline Polymer Modulus (Stiffness) High Crystallinity Moderate Crystallinity Low Crystallinity Amorphous Temperature

30 Polymer Morphology Amorphous vs. Crystalline Modulus (Stiffness) Amorphous Crystalline Crystalline T G Amorphous T G Crystalline T M Temperature

31 Polymer Softening Range Amorphous Materials Have a Broad Softening Range T G Solid (glassy) Stiff Flow (rubbery) Flows Easily Temperature

32 Polymer Softening Range Crystalline Materials Have a Sharp Melting Point T G T M Solid (glassy) Stiff Flow (rubbery) Flows Easily Temperature

33 It is Important to Know the Processing Temperature Range for Each Plastic to Make Good Parts Polymer Flow Characteristics Adding Heat to a Polymer Melt will Increase Flow Adding Too Much Heat or Heating for Too Long May Cause Degradation

34 Polymer Amorphous Processing Range T G Degradation Processing Temperature Range Raise Temperature of Polymer

35 Polymer Crystalline Processing Range T G T M Degradation Processing Temperature Range Raise Temperature of Polymer

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37 Polymer Combinations Physical Combination Chemical Combination Blend Homopolymers Are Physically Mixed Copolymer Homopolymers are Chemically Mixed

38 Polymer Combinations Multiple Phase Material Physical Combination Blending Single Phase Material Chemical Combination Copolymerization The phase characteristics of the blend depend on the miscibility (solubility) of the parent polymers.

39 Polymer Additives Additives Fine Tune a Polymer Property Performance Profile: Stabilizer Systems Flame Retardants Colorants Flow Aids Release Agents

40 Polymer Stabilizer Systems Stabilizers are added to the polymer to inhibit degradation caused by: Oxygen Oxidative Stability Light Energy Ultraviolet Stability Heat Energy Thermal Stability Water Hydrolytic Stability Certain Stabilizers protect the polymer during processing and others guard against the affects of weathering

41 Inteligentní (smart) materiály 80. léta 20. stol. Intensifikace poznatků a kombinace vědomostí o známých materiálech a jejich kombinacích (včetně miniaturizace) Magnetotropní materiály

42 Elektrochromní skla

43 WO 3 + x e - + xm + M x WO 3 (M = H, Li) Bezbarvá Tmavě modrá V 2 O 5 + x(m+ + e ) MxV 2 O 5 Žlutá světle modrá Nb 2 O 5 + x(m+ + e ) Mx Nb 2 O 5 Transparentní světle modrá

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45 PLASTY s tvarovou pamětí A fiber made of a new biodegradable plastic with "memory" can be used to tie a smart suture. After forming a loose knot, the ends of the suture were fixed. The knot tightened in 20 seconds when heated to 40 C.

46 PHILIPS 2003 Kapalné čočky (liquid lenses)

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50 Plenty of Room at the Bottom Richard P. Feynman December 1959

51 NANOTECHNOLOGIE studium systémůřádu nm nelze jednoznačně určit, zdali to je odvětví chemie, fyziky, věd o materiálu, elektroniky, biologie, mechaniky INTERDISCIPLINÁRNÍ CHARAKTER Moorův zákon (obecně, platí v míru ) : Každých 18 měsíců se zdvojnásobí průměrná výkonnost zpracování dat mikroprocesorem ( tj. stejně výkonný procesor lze koupit za 18 měsíců za polovinu ceny) obecné povědomí : je to díky stále pokračující miniaturizaci elektronických součástek. Nejde to ale do nekonečna. Richard Feynmann : konstrukce objektů stylem atom za atomem

52 Analogie úspěšných nanotechnologických procesů je de facto kombinace chemických reakcí probíhajících v každé živé buňce. Princip skládání jak dosáhnou toho, že z relativně jednoduchých stavebních kamenů vbuňce vzniknou komplikované makro-molekulární útvary jako bílkoviny, nukleové kyseliny, membrány a nukleové kyseliny? SELF-ASSEMBLY = SAMOORGANIZACE, SAMOSKLAD Ve 2 oblastech již bylo dosaženo úspěchů : syntéza a elektronické aplikace nanotrubic kombinace nanotechnologie a biotechnologie : US administrativa přidělila US National Science Foundation 423 milionů USD na Národní nanotechnologickou iniciativu (NNI).

53 SELF-ASSEMBLY = SAMOORGANIZACE, SAMOSKLAD

54 Molekulární stavebnice Počítačové simulace molekulárních vrtulí a rotorů Jaroslav Vacek, Josef Michl

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