hp Mygpkp Ar g A bpzu u dygpl$ps bpv$ dp v$ua fpa g Mfuv$u y A gp L$ey Ar g A bpzu 10 qv$hk l gp X$ug u hps L $hu fus Mbf X$u: fplºg Np ^u

Transkript

1 Registration of News Paper No. GUJGUJ/2015/65432 Pages: 8 Price : Rs. 3/- Annual Subscription : Rs. 800/- Posting Licence No. RAJKOT / 678 / ,posted at rajkot-rms published & posting dt.-daily (evening) VALID UP TO Web: ; saurashtrakranti@gmail.com Year: 4, Issue: 102 (Tuesday) sóu, âl$pil$, dyöl$ A dprgl $: NY$hu AipL$ dymycp, âl$pi õ p : 125, õv$pf Qçbf, lqflf QpL$, Q p àgpv$, fps>l$pv$ fps>l$pv$: V²$pg dpv$ S>du u ëlpzu!: õv$[þx$ndp pk fps>l$pv$: hpx $.9 dp ê$p.8.91 L$fpX$ p MQ L$pçeyr V$u lpg b i fps>l$pv$ ilf L$p N k Üpfp ApS> kps> õ lrdg fps>l$pv$: dy edóu Aphpk eps> p u R>sdp X$ep p X$p hp Mygpkp Ar g AbpZu u dygpl$ps bpv$ dpv$ua fpag Mfuv$u y Agp L$ey Ar g AbpZu 10 qv$hk lgp X$ug u hps L$hu fus Mbf X$u: fplºg Np^u qv$ëlu: L$p N k AÝen fplºg Np^uA fpag dyø L$ÞÖ u dpv$u kfl$pf f a f u A p L $ f p â l p f L $ e p R >. dnmhpf hu qv$ëludp AL$ âk L $ p Þ a f Þ k d p f p l º g N p ^ u A A L $ Cdg p D M L$ep fplºg khpg Dcp L$ep R> L$,Äepf X$ug C Ðepf qv$ëlu u lpv$gdp ApN gpnu: 18 cx$ y ep ykøkúke çk[ðk ½ýk kufku WÃkhÚke fwëe økþk : çk[kð ylku hkník fk{økehe ÞwØLkk Äkuhýu þy ÚkR : ËkS økþu k kufku Ãkife MkkíkÚke ðäwlke nk ík økt¼eh (AS>Þku kdpqpf) Lkðe rëõne,íkk. 12 hk»xùeþ ÃkkxLkøkh rëõnelkk fhku çkkøk LkSf ÂMÚkík nkuxu økwsoh yktëku Lk : hu ðu xùuf ¾k e fhðklkku nwf{ òhe økwsoh Lkuíkk çkulkmk klku LkkuxeMk òhe : {tøk ðkhlkk rëðmku ðäw ºký xùulklku hë fhðklke Vhs : kufkulku ¼khu {w~fu e (AS>Þku kdpqpf) sþãkwh,íkk. 12 Ãkkt[ xfk ylkk{íklke {ktøk MkkÚku òhe økwsoh Mk{wËkÞLkw yktëku Lk yksu Ãkkt[{k rëðmku Ãký òhe hnuíkk íkulke {kxe ymkh ÚkR níke. çkes çkksw nðu rsõ k ðneðxeíktºku yk {f ð ý yãklkkðelku hu ðu xùuf ¾k e fhðk {kxu økwsoh Lkuíkk rfhkuze Mkn çkulkmk klku ykëuþ fþkuo Au. yklkk {kxu íku{lke Mkk{u LkkuxeMk òhe fhðk{kt ykðe Au.hksMÚkkLk{kt s AN cpfs p s kde p fnp dóu, AQAAg A rhv$i dóu Z L$C S> ÅZ lsu. fsy fpag X$ug p 10 qv$hk lgp S> Ar g AbpZu Ap rhi L$hu fus Mbf X$u? s p A Ahp ep L$, hx$pâ^p Ar g AbpZu p rdx$g d sful$ L$pd L$fu füp lsp. dpó Ap S> Ap^pf f V$p rk¾$v$ L$pC u kp if L$fhp dpv$ hx$pâ^p f L$k hp ÅCA. sd S>g Z d p L $ g h p Å C A. A p v $ i Ö p l p L$k (2.23) yšãkík Ãku umk{kt yksu ðnu e ÃkhkuZu ¼e»ký ykøk Vkxe rlkf e níke. sulkk fkhýu ykuak{kt ykuak 18 kufku çk elku ¼zÚkw ÚkR økþk nkuðklkk nuðk {éþk Au. yk ¼e»ký ykøk{kt ylkuf kufku ËkS økþk níkk. su Ãkife fux kflke nk ík økt¼eh sýkððk{kt ykðe Au. ykøk nkuxu Lkk WÃkhLkk Ãkkt[ xfk ylkk{íklke {ktøklke MkkÚku økwsoh LkuíkkykuLkwt yktëku Lk yksu Ãkkt[{k rëðmku Ãký òhe hìkwt níkwt. ylkuf søþkykuyu MkeykhÃkeMkeLke f { 144 køkq fhðk{kt ykðe Au. Äki Ãkwh{kt MkeykhÃkeMkeLke f { nux «ríkçktäkí{f ykëuþ òhe fhkþk Au. fhku e rsõ k{kt Ãký ykðe s nk ík çklku e Au. {kuxe MktÏÞk{kt xùulkku hë fhðk{kt ykðe [wfe Au suúke slksðlk WÃkh {kxe ymkh ÚkR Au. (8) kp fpô²$ ¾$prs kpýe v$ q L$ f u B- f PDF dmhhp dpv$ Ap p dpbpbg f u dp A hp sp f Ap y pd, sds> ilf y pd gmu hpv$¹ka L$fp. R> p L$V$gpL$ qv$hk u fpag X $ u g d p d g f p S > - b f p S > h p Mygpkp kpd Aphu füp px$p qv$hk ANpD ^rlþv$y AMbpf p hqf $ ÓL$pf A.fpd fpag X$ug d Ø A l h p g d p S > Z p ì e y l s y L $, fpag X$ugdp uadap p ku^p k h p v $ ä p ¹ k p k f n Z d Ó u p Ly$V$ ursl$ kgpll$pf kp S>epf ApS> hp Mygpkp kpd Apìep R > A L $ A M b p f p A l h p g d y S > b f p a g X $ u g y h A r g A b p Z u A ( q f g p e ¹ k X $ u a Þ k ) sðl$prg aþq fnp dóu Æ -hu gu X²$pe kp fukdp dygpl$ps L$fu lsu. dygpl$ps bpv$ hx$pâ^p dpv$ua äp ¹k pk u 36 fpag ðnu e ÃkhkuZu ¼e»ký ykøk køþk çkkë yvzkíkvze {[e rnmmkk{kt køke økþk çkkë íku ÍzÃkÚke ylþºk Vu kr økr níke. nkuxu {kt hkufkþu k kufkuyu òlk çk[kððk {kxu ík{k{ «ÞkMkku fþko níkk. fux kf kufku íkku WÃkhÚke fwëe økþk níkk. çk[kð ylku hkník fk{økehe ykøklke ½xLkk ytøku {krníke {éþk çkkë íkhík s nkúk Ähðk{kt ykðe níke. (8) A f ¾ $ p ã V $ r h d p M f u v $ h p u Å l f p s L $ f u l s u. A r g A b p Z u A d u V $ ] N d p f n p d Ó u p õ i u e g k g p l L $ p f Æ ¼ g p X $ dp gv$, sd p Ap ÛprNL$ kgpll$pf q¾$õv$pau kpgpd A BÞX$õV²$uep Aak p Äepau byl$v$ Z kpdg lsp. dmsu dprlsu dys>b Ar g AbpZuA Afbk lrgl$pàv$f u kp L$pd L$fhp u CÃR>p ìe¼s L$fu l s u. S > e p f A r g A b p Z u A ql$gp v$uw$ Nk rkrgþx$f cfpi Vy$L$ kdedp eps> p Aphhp u s epfu (AS>Þku kdpqpf) gm p,sp. 12 â ^ p d Ó u D Ä S > h g p e p S > p p A h p g p c p } A p Þ p S > gpcp }ApA L$Þp¼i gu^p bp qfqatgn L$fphu u ÐpdÞp dpv$u fpls Ap hp dpv$ u Ðp epfu L$fu ghpdp Aphu aþq fnp â^p u dygpl$ps gu^u Ðepf S>Zpìey lsy L$, hx$pâ^p dpv$u 9 Arâg u 15 Arâg hãq äp ¹k p âhpk L$fi. hx$pâ^p dpv$u p ârsr r^ d X $ m d p A r g A b p Z u Z lps>f lsp. Ar g AbpZu A aþq Apqakfp u dygpl$ps C s S> Afkpdp qfgpeþk qx$aþk u iêaps C s Z rhqpfhp S>hu bpbs (5.10) Vy$L$ kdedp S> N pll$p láp f u A hp sp ârs ql$gp p f Ag uæ rkrgþx$f cfphu il$i. sdpd gpl$pþp h^pf fpls Ap hp dpv$ u eps> p Ðp epf L$fu ghpdp Aphu px$pl$ kde lgp S> r ëludp àpv²$prged â^p ^d ÞÖ â^pþp Ap AN hps L$fu lsu. B [ Þ X $ e A p B g p A L $ A r ^ L $ p f u A p A L $ ù p y l s y L $ b u Å r k g Þ X $ f g h p d p V $ L $ V $ g p L $ g p L $ p A k d R >. N p l L $ p Þ p A g u Æ r k r g Þ X $ f Þ p g B Þ p f p l s A p h p dpv$ u rlgqpg Qpgu flu (8) Adpfp ÓL$pf bpbsdp L$pC aqfepv$ lpe sp Ad Ap bf f S>Zphp dp saurashtrakranti@gmail.com Apd pgu AÞX$frb S> b phhp dpn dpl$mp d pa 22 L$fpX$ cfu v$u^p: Vy$L$ kdedp V$ÞX$f blpf X$pi (kp fpô²$ ¾$pqs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) kpdhpf d p u õv$[þx$n L$rdV$uA h^pfp p bps> rh p ê$ L$fpX$ y bs>v$ ds >f L$ey. ilfdp V²$pqaL$ kdõep lmhu L $ f h p i l f d p L y $ g 7 h p Aphfrb S> / AÞX$frb S> b phhp dpv$ h^pfp p ê$ gpm u bs>v$dp ÅNhpB L$fhpdp Aphu ApS> d p u õv$[þx$n L$rdV$udp yghpdp ApsL$uAp kpd k p y Ap fi Mkk{ Mkk{u økku eçkkhlke h{íx : ºkkMkðkËeLke nkshe ytøku çkkík{e {éþk çkkëúke fkþoðkne þy : ºkkMkðkËeyku {kuxk nw{ klku ytò{ ykãkðk RåAwf (AS>Þku kdpqpf) Ãkw ðk{k,íkk. 12 Ërûký fk~{ehlkk fw økk{{kt MkuLkkLku nk {kt {kuxe MkV íkk nkúk køke níke. MkuLkkyu {kuxw ykuãkhuþlk Ãkkh ÃkkzeLku Ãkkt[ ykíktfðkëeyku u {kuíklku ½kx WíkkÞko níkk. yk fkþoðkne{kt yuf yräfkhe Ãký þneë ÚkÞk níkk. ykx f kfúke Ãký ðäw Mk{Þ MkwÄe yk ykuãkhuþlk [kõþwt níkwt. {kþko økþu k ykíktfðkëeykulke ÃkkMkuÚke {kuxe {kºkk{kt rðmvkuxfku ylku nrúkþkhkulkku støke súúkku só fhðk{kt ykôþku níkku. þrlkðkhu {kuze hkºku MkuLkkLku fu { rðmíkkh{kt Ar g AbpZu fpag X$ug lgp äpþk p kfnz Ar^L$pfu dþep bpv$ qfgpeþk X$uaÞk u iê$aps B dy edóu p Of L$kfuep ÝhS> glfphu "dfp qfhpf cps> qfhpf' u DS>hZu ºkkMkðkËeykuLke WÃkÂMÚkrík ytøku {krník { e níke. yk {krníke {éþk çkkë MkuLkkLke Lkð hk»xùeþ hkþv, sb{w-fk~{eh Ãkku emklkk yumkykuslke xwfze ylku furlÿþ rhíðo Ãkku emk VkuMkoLke xe{lkk sðklkkuyu ykuãkhuþlk nkúk ÄÞwO níkwt ylku fu { økk{{kt òuhëkh ½uhkçktÄe fhe níke. íþkhçkkë sðklkkuyu Mk[o ykuãkhuþlk nkúk ÄÞwO níkwt. Mk[o ykuãkhuþlk çkkë çku ½h{kt AwÃkkÞu k ykíktfðkëeykuyu økku eçkkh fþkuo níkku. yk økku eçkkh çkkë sðkçke fkþoðkne fhðk{kt ykðíkk ºkkMkðkËeykuLkku ¾kí{ku ÚkÞku níkku. (8) v$fmpõs. 82 dp f ep fpx$ fgh ¾$pk]N f s epf pf fgh AÞX$f rb S> dpv$ d p Üpfp fgh rhcpn ê$. 22 L$fpX$ cfu qv$^p Apd pgu apv$l$ u ql$ip fp QpL$ ky^u 43.9 gbpb s p 6.6 du.du. fpx$ b i. (kp fpô²$ ¾$pqs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) f p S > L $ p V $ : A p N p d u g p L $ k c p u Q V$Zu lh NZsfu p drl pap bpl$u R >. Ð e p f g p L $ k c p Q V $ Z u A Þ h e L $ Þ Ö u e n s f a u S > k L $ d l p A r c e p d f p q f h p f c p S > p qfhpf L$pe ¾$d r ròs L$fpeg R> S> A Þ h e c p S > Ü p f p f p S > L $ p V $ M p s d y e d Ó u r h S > e c p C ê $ p Z u p r h p k õ p p V $ } p L $ k f u e p Ý h S > glfphu "dfp qfhpf cps> p qfhpf' L $ p e ¾ $ d D S > h h p d p A p ì e p l s p. S > skhufdp S>f X$ (3.21) L$pB Mp Nu rdgl$s L$ ps l] fps>l$pv$ L$pB Mp Nu rdgl$sp u L$ ps i l ]. A p d p g u A X $ f r b S > b php u V²$pqaL$dp OZu fpls i. v$ffps> 20 u h^y fgh apv$l$ b^ hp u V²$pqaL$ kå e V² $ kpf pe Ðep ky^u Dcy flhy X$ d pa fghdp 22 L$fpX$ cfu v$sp V $L$ kdedp V$ÞX$f âq¾$ep l p ^ f p i. A p d p g u p k V ² $ p q a L $ u k d õ e p u g p L $ p d p V $ u fpls dmi. (1.5) ilfdp afu dpl $V$]N L$fu il$ shp këkd ÅBA R> dg / audg kgfu + BÞkV$uh L$pÞV$¼V$ :

2 Page: 2 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs kkpf S> My Q A ked êq A S> âcy p Mfp hpfkv$pf :. d dyr k L$X$p cprhl$pa ked hi ^pfz L$fu fpô²ks Äeîu p Aârsd ksðh Archv$ p A Z L$fu ( k p f p ô ² ² ² ¾ $ p r s L $ p e p g e f p S > L $ p V $ ) Óuk Óuk ApÐdpAp p v$unp v$psp v$unp v$p íhfu fpô²ks Äe îu d dyr dlpfps> kplb u 28du v$unp S>ers r rds fps>l$pv$ u ^fp f ked p qv$ìe sfnp kp ked Archv$ p Ahkf DS>hpep lsp. f p S > L $ p V $ [ õ s r k Æ lp[õ V$g pk p dpêsu V$pNZdp f Q p A g p X y $ N f v $ f b p f p r h i p m i p r d e p Z p d p f p ô ² k s Ä e î u k e d S > e r s u i y c à R > p A p h p NyS>fps fð_ Äe îu kyipsdyr dlpfps> kplb, ipk Np fh Äe î u r e y j d y r d l p f p S > k p l b, AMX$ khpcphu Äe îu cöpbpc d l p k s u Æ A p q v $ W $ p Z p, A p v $ u u ^ f p d Z u k p d y b C, N y S > f p s, õ pv¹ $k rðïf 2019: hnkýu-rðsþ þtfh y u tœ u { e þfu Au Œf yr¾ ¼khŒeÞ tëe r{r[ k [uh{u yu{yu fu «kë wt fnuðwt Au fu rh»k¼ tœ, rðsþ þtfh y u ytâßfþ hnkýu rðïf {kxu të Úk khe ¼khŒeÞ xe{{kt nkue þfu Au. yke e e r fux rðïf yk ð»kuo #ø ulz y u ðuõ {kt h{kþu y u ¼khŒ u xkrx wt ËkðuËkh {k ðk{kt ykðe hìšt Au. «këu MðefkÞwO fu tœu þk Ëkh «Ëþo fhe u tëefkhku e {w~fu e ðäkhe ËeÄe Au y u rðsþ e ƒu xu rðïf {kxu të Úk khe xe{ u yuf ðku rðfõ ykãþku Au. yuf LÞqÍ ðuƒ krxu «kë k nðk kúke sýkôþwt, [ku ýu tœ hu {kt Au. Œuýu tëefkhku e {w~fu e ðäkhe ËeÄe Au su yuf khe ðkœ Au. AuÕ k yuf ð»ko{kt h{œ k Œ{k{ Vku{uox{kt tœ wt «Ëþo Ë{Ëkh hìšt Au. y{ u ÚkÞwt fu, Œu u rh õð Úkðk e syh Au ŒuÚke y{u Œu u EÂLzÞk-yu e Ëhuf t¼rðœ r heí{kt k{u fþkuo. tœu 2018{kt ðumx EÂLzÍ rðáø {kºk ºký ð zu h{e htœw xumx r fux y u EÂLzÞk-yu ŒhVÚke fhkþu k þk Ëkh «Ëþo e «këu «þt k fhe nœe. rðïf {kxu tœ u ¼khŒeÞ xe{{kt ƒuxt {u Œhefu k{u fhe þfkþ Au, fkhý fu {nulÿ n Äku e y u rë uþ fkšœf k Y {kt tëefkhku k u rðfuxfe h ku rðfõ nu kúke s Au. ƒesœhv yku hkwlzh rðsþ þtfhu LÞqÍe ulz rðáø xe20 r heí{kt rðhkx fkun e e uhnkshe{kt tƒh ºký h þk Ëkh «Ëþo fhœk xe{{kt kuœk e W ÞkurŒk krƒœ fhe Au. «këu fìšt, sux e ý Œf { e Œu{kt rðsþ þtfhu Ëu¾kzâwt fu, Œu e k u yk MŒh h h{ðk e ûkýœk Au. y{u AuÕ k ƒu ð»koúke EÂLzÞk-yu k Ëhuf «ðk k {kæþ{úke khku ¾u kze ƒ kððk ku «Þk fhe hìkkt Aeyu htœw y{khu Œu òuðk wt Au fu, Œu xe{{kt fe heœu rvx Úkþu. hnkýu h «këu fìšt, zku{uâmxf r fux{kt Œuýu þk Ëkh «Ëþo fþwo Au. Œu rðïf {kxu të fhkþu e xe{{kt k{u ÚkE þfu Au. ðku oh-âm{úk nkuþ Œku y{khe xe{ ðõzo f {kxu «ƒ ËkðuËkh : kuâlxt ykumxùur Þk k qðo fuãx rhfe kuâlxtu sýkôþwt Au fu nk e rhâmúkrœ òuœk ¼khŒ y u $ø Uz ð zu rðï f SŒðk k «ƒ ËkðuËkh hnuþu. htœw Œu{ e xe{ k u ý rðï f SŒðk e t qýo Œf Au. ykumxùur Þk xe{ k ðœo{k nkþf fku[ kuâlxtu sýkôþwt nœwt fu M ulz ƒuxt {u Mxeð ÂM{Úk y u zurðz ðku oh k hœ VÞko ƒkë 30 {uúke $ø ulz{kt h{k kh xw ko{ulx{kt ykumxùur Þk xe{ Œu wt xkrx ò ðe hk¾e þfu Au.ßÞkhu kuâlxtúke qaðk{kt ykôþwt fu ykumxùur Þk rðï f SŒe þfu fu nª, íþkhu Œu{ýu fìšt fu, t qýo ýu SŒe þfu Au. ðœo{k swm ku swyku, Œku Ae ¼khŒ y u $ø Uz nsw ý {sƒqœ xe{ku Au, kp fpô², dlpfpô², h cpfs, v$rnz c p f s A p q v $ A L $ A L $ n Ó p u c p r h L $ p u r h i p m k e p d p D [ õ r s h à Q k L $ X $ p c p r h L $ p A k e d p h i ^ p f Z L $ f u f p ô ² k s Ä e î u p A Ð e s A l p c p h h L $ h ^ p d Z p L $ e p l s p. p r c p p v $ A b û O p j k p d l p â c p h L $ î u D h k Á N l f õ s p Ó u S > k p ^ p u q v $ ì e s p f p h s p A p A h k f A Ð e s âcphl$ i gudp fpô²ks ÄeîuA k e d ^ d u ^ d u â f Z p L $ f s p k d Å ì e y l s y L $, k e d S > e r s p DÐkh s dpó DÐkh u lpsp fsy A L $ p p ú v $ e d p k e d p b u S > hphhp p âfzps¹dl$ Ahkf lpe L$pL$fp lpe Adp u L$v$u am kå sp u fsy bus> lpe sp Adp u am ykumxùur Þk ku ðõzo f þuzâq sq 1: yv½kr MŒk k{u ykumxùur Þk, rƒúmxku {kt 6 sq : ykumxùur Þk rðáø ðumxeâlzí, xùulx rƒús sq 9: ¼khŒ rð. ykumxùur Þk, Ä ykuð sq 12: ykumxùur Þk rð. krfmœk, xkuxk nk{ 15 sq : e tfk rð. ykumxùur Þk, ykìð 20 sq : ykumxùur Þk rðáø ƒktø këuþ, xùulx rƒús 25 sq : $ø ulz rð. ykumxùur Þk, kuzt o sq 29: LÞqÍe ulz rðáø ykumxùur Þk, kuzt o sw kr 6: ykìmxùur Þk rð. Ërûký ykr fk, ykuõz xùuvkuzo sw ke 9: ur{-vkr 1, ykuõz xùuvkuzo sw kr 11: ur{-vkr 2, yuzƒumx sw kr 14: VkR, kuzt o htœw òu Œ{u y{khe xe{{kt ðku oh y u ÂM{Úk u W{uhku, Œku y{khe k Å e p r h p f l s p u. k e d Archv$ p p Ahkf Å cprhl$p p úv$edp ked cph ÅN s C Åe Ahy Adp{ ked Æh bus> õhê kp L$ pe shu âcy pk Asf u âp p dpl, dpep A cpnr h g p k p A p S > p k d e d p S > ked {Q R> A kkpf S> MyQ R> shp L$pCL$ S> rhfgp dmu Aphsp l p e R > A s h p r h f g p A p S > hp[õshl$spdp husfpn p hpfkv$pf b sp lpe S> AL$hpf ÐepNu, h fpnu, kedu Ahp Nyê Ndu Åe A S>Nsdp L$v$u busy> L$pC Ndsy u. ApS> p qv$hk âcy âp p L$fuA L$, tdqpsu ApM Ap v$l f dëv$u-x$v$} L$gf p h lpe fsy âcy p X²$k lpe A âcy p AX²$k pdhp u spgphgu lpe. xe{ ylþ xe{ e su{ {sƒqœ Ëu¾kþu. kdn kp fpô² p k^p sfa u f p ô ² k s Ä e î u A Ð e s A l p c p h h L $ f p d c p C d p L $ f u e p sds> ÆsycpC b pzu p lõs ipg A Z L$fhpdp Aphsp klº AÐes Alpcprhs ep lsp. fpô²ks Äe N y ê v $ h î u u 2 8 d u v $ u n p S > e r s Ahkf 28 cprhl$pa ked ghp p c p h â N V $ L $ e p. A l d e y h p k h p N y p cpcap A bl pa âcy p hi l f u, A L $ q v $ h k d p V $ k p ^ y Ð h p A l k p k L $ e p A A p Ð d ^ f p f ked p bus> y hphsf L$ey. Np X$g k â v $ p e p â h u Z c p C L $ p W $ p f u A f p ô ² k s Ä e î u A p e y N p d l p y ê j s f u L $ A p m M p h u k e d i y c à R > p A Z L $ f u l s u. f p S > L $ p V $ f p e g p L $ k ^ p Q Ö L $ p s c p C i W $ if båf p fpl$pzl$pfp b pl$k pv$ buguv$u p gpc dmhp ÅCA : fi hpopzu fps>l$pv$ 12 l p g d p S > d d p b p B g pv$ buguv$u p gpc dpbpbg ^pfl$p dmu füp R>, sd if båf p p p- p p f p L $ p Z L $ p f p Z b p L $ k pv$ buguv$u p gpc dmhp ÅCA AÐepf u ìehõ p âdpz L$pC Z fpl$pzl$pf Å psp p b p¾$ u kspk lpe sp buå L$pC Z b pl$k Ðep riãv$ hp dpv$ afu u hu S> âq¾$ep L$fhu X$ R> A Ap^pf L$pX $, p L$pX $, b L $ õ V $ V $ d V $ r h N f v$õsphå Ap hp X$ hp L$-hpeku L$fhp X$ R> AdyL$ b pl$fp S> C- L$hpeku u L$fsp s p AN udþv$ rhnf L$fhpdp kde u bfbpv$u pe A L$V$pmu fpl$pzl$pf Sy> p b pl$f k p Å X $ p e g f l R >. A h p f p L $ p Z L $ f h p u rhdym B Åe Å b pl$k pv$ buguv$u i{ L$fhpdp Aph A r edp Å kfm lpe sp gpl$p k p f u k r h k A p s p b pl$fp pk S>hp dpv$ Apsyf i, klgpb u psp p hp kv$nu p b pl$f kp b pl$k pv$ buguv$u i{ L$fpC sp fpl$pzl$pfp kpfu krh k Ap sp b pl$k pk S>hp Apsyf b i L$pL$fu kl$i D fps if båf Z hy byõv$ dmi sd if b pl$k fi h p O p Z u u A M b p f u e p v $ u d p S>Zphpey R> (3.11) ² ¹ y y y y ¹ y y y ² ¹ y ² A p A h k f f p ô k s Ä e î u â s e N p f h u A c r s u A r c ì e r ¼ s L $ f u i c à R > p h v $ p A Z L $ f u l s u. g L $ A g f p S > L $ p V $ u b p r g L $ p A p Ü p f p A p A h k f k v $ f Ð e N u s u â k s r s L $ f s p k h Ó l j p v $ R > h p e p l s p. Ä e î u D r d g p b p C d l p k s u Æ A A p A h k f k e d i c à R > p A Z L $ f u i p k p D Ù p f A â N r s L $ f p f p s d S > e h p Y $ u ^ d s f a h p m p f p f p ô k s Ä e î u u â i r k s L $ f u l s u. r h i j d p, v $ i - r h v $ i p l Å f p b p m L $ p d p ^ d p k õ L $ p f p tkq L$fsp gyl$ A g p 100 L$fsp Z h^pf Qpgu flgp kþv$k u i Mgpdp dpbpcg gyl$ A g h y Ap Ahkf DØOpV$ L$fhpdp Aphsp S>e pv$ NyÆ DW$ép lsp. A u kp k p b d r l p A N p D f p ô k s Äeîu p îu dym u v$unp ANuL$pf L$f pfp b ApÐdpAp p ApÐdp epóp v $ u n p d l p Ð k h u X $ u h u X $ u î u k S > e c p C i W $ A d p S > c p C X $ g u h p m p p l õ s g p Þ Q L $ f h p d p Aphsp klº AÐes Alpcprhs ep lsp. L$pe ¾$d y kqpg ldgcpc dlspa L$ey lsy.(2.12) þkny¾ e yr{œk¼ u ¾wÕ e Ä{fe, ÂxTðx fhe fìšt: ŒiÞkh hnuòu þkny¾ ¾k e rvõ{ 'Íehku' ƒkuõ ykurv h fkur ¾k f{k ƒœkðe þfe nkuœe. su «{kýu rvõ{ kúku Ëþofku e ykþk òuzkþu e nœe, Œuðwt kufku u òuðk {éþwt. òufu, yk rvõ{ ƒkë [[ko [k e hne Au fu þkny¾ ¾k 'zku ' k ºkeò ¼k{kt òuðk { e þfu Au. nðu þkny¾u yuðwt ftrf fìšt Au fu yr{œk¼ ƒå[ khks ÚkR þfu Au.þknY¾ ¾k ku {Þ ¾hkƒ [k e hìkku Au. nk {kt s ykðu e Œu e fkur ý rvõ{ [k e Úke. òufu, Œu ŒŒ «Þk fhe hìkku Au. Œu e rvõ{ 'Íehku' ý r xkr R Au. yk Ae ŒŒ yuðe ðkœku t¼ kr hne Au fu þkny¾ 'zku 3'{kt òuðk { e þfu Au. htœw yk Ëhr{Þk þkny¾u yuðwt ÂxTðx fþwo Au fu, yr{œk¼ ƒå[ khks ÚkR þfu Au. þkny¾u ÂxTðx fhœkt ÏÞwt, {I yk u ƒë k u u yk hnk knƒ! ŒiÞkh hrnyuk.þkny¾ ¾k u yk Ae ðäw yuf ÂxTðx fþwo. su{kt Œuýu yr{œk¼ ƒå[ y u Œk e Òš e ykk{e rvõ{ 'ƒë k' ku VMxo wf þuh fþkuo Au. yk rvõ{ þkny¾ wt «kuzõþ nkw 'huz r[õ e' ý «kuzâw fhe hìšt Au.þknY¾u ƒeswt ÂxTðx fhœkt ÏÞwt, yƒ {knku ƒë k-ƒë k k hnk ni. ƒk..hu...fux ðel uxu Ÿzk kýe{kt kœ r{r x ïk hkufe hkïþku..!! ykumfkh rðsuœk yr¼ uºke fux ðel uxu ykk{e rvõ{ k yuf þkux {kxu Ÿz kýe{kt kœ r{r x kuœk ku ïk hkufe hkïþku nœku yuðk ynuðk «x ÚkÞk nœk.sub fu{uhku e w hrnx rvõ{ yðœkh e r õð {kt fux u uðk{kt ykðe nœe y u yuf ylzh ðkìxh e e xùu Ëhr{Þk yuýyu kœ r{r x ïk hkufe hkïþku nœku yu{ ¾wË sub u fìšt nkuðk tw ðuhkþxe zkìx fku{ k yuf ynuðk {kt sýkðkþwt nœwt.sub u fìšt fu ylzh ðkìxh e fhðk e ðkœ {kºkúke fux yufë{ W kursœ nœe y u yuýu yk þkux fhðk{kt sƒ e Qòo krƒœ fhen Œe. yu r Þr{Œ Þku kt yk ku y u ðfo ykwx fhu Au yux u yu ykx k ktƒk {Þ wäe ïk hkufe þfe nœe yu{ yuýu ka Úke fìšt nœwt. Œg{kt ykr Þk hýðeh e nehkur Úke.?!! ¾{ŒeÄh rvõ{ sof fhý òunh e ykk{e rv { Œg{kt hýðeh ½ y u ykr Þk ¼è [{fe hìkkt Au yu ðkœ k[e htœw ykr Þk hýðeh e nehkur Úke yuðe {krnœe { e nœe.¾wë hýðehu yuf r{rzþk {ex{kt yk ðkœ ku ¾w k ku fþku o nœku. yk ƒt uyu òu fu ÍkuÞk ygh e e ƒkìþ{kt {wïþ ¼qr{fk fhe nœe. Œg{kt hýðeh ½ {w½ ƒkëþkn Ëkhk rþfkun ku hku fhe hìkku Au ßÞkhu ðefe fkiþ ykihtíuƒ ku hku fhðk ku Au. fhý e yk rvõ{ {ukƒsux y u {ÂÕxMxkh rvõ{ Au. yu{kt hýðeh ½ y u ðefe fkiþ W hktœ fhe k f qh, ykr Þk ¼è, ¼qr{ uzýufh, òlnðe f qh y u r r Þh yr¼ uœk yr f qh ý [{fe hìkkt Au.hýðehu fìšt fu xq tf {Þ{kt yu rðœku ònuh Úkþu fu fþku f kfkh fþw t kºk ¼sðe hìkku Au. nk yu rðþu qhœe {krnœe {khe k u ý Úke.yuf qºku fìkt w fu ykw k {Þ{kt ßÞkhu «{kuþ ykx e nëu yk {f nkuœw t íþkhu f kfkhku rvõ{ rðþu ƒnw ƒku Œkt nkuœkt. nðu yk {f «{kuþ k yks k {Þ{kt f kfkhku AqxÚke rvõ{ku rðþu ƒku u Au y u r{rzþk u fux ef {krnœe yk e Ëu Au. Adv$phpv$ Nyê$Ly$m Mps AßLy$V$pÐkh, ipl$pðkh, pv$pðkh DS>hpep rinp Óu S> A W$pL$pfÆ y S> L$fpey y y y Adv$phpv$, b k p h j h c N h p î u õ h p r d p f p e Z A k s p Ä e p f A d v $ p h p v $ ^ p f s p Ð e p f f õ s p d p A p h s u A X $ p g S > h p h d p p Q k p f d l k p A c N h p î u õ h p r d p f p e Z O Z u h p f õ p L$fsp.s A rslprkl$ AX$pgS> hph p rhó S>m fpd, íepd A O íepd d l p f p S > p h p r j L $ p V $ p Ð k h âkn,v$i d¹ kõl $s dlprhûpge p FrjLy$dpfp, AkÆhu u p rhûp }Ap A ksp N pmp L$phX$ dpfas g p h u N f L $ g d p c ì e i p c p e p Ó p L$pY$hpdp Aphu lsu. Ð e p f b p v $ b u S > q v $ h k hks Qdu rinp Óu p r s h k p d r l L $ r i n p Ó u S > L $ f h p d p A p ì e p b p v $ c N h p h q v $ L $ d Ó p kp NNpS>m, sdpd Ap jr^ap p fk, amp p fk, ká v$uap p S>m, QNìe hnf u O íepd dlpfps> ArcjL$ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. s d S > q L $ g p Nygpb pazgp u pmx$uap u yfpzu b p g L $ ó Z v $ p k Æ õ h p d u, y f p Z u cql$sâl$piv$pkæ õhpdu A yfpzu l q f k f y v $ p k Æ õ h p d u p l õ s d r s Y $ N W $ p L $ p f Æ y S > L $ f h p d p A p ì e y l s y Ð e p f b p v $ h p N u A p p A ß L $ V $ W $ p L $ p f Æ ^ f p h u, A ¹ ß L $ V $ p â k p v $ N f u b p hl Qhpdp Apìep lsp. Ap âkn rhv$i epópa Negp. d p ^ h r â e v $ p k Æ õ h p d u A V$rgap u S>Zpìey lsy L$ ApS> sp hks Qdu. ApS> p qv$hk Ars dlðh p ApS> p qv$hk cnhp îu õhprd pfpez kh Æhrlsphl rinp Óu y gm L$fg Ap Z rinp Óu âdpz hs}a sp ApgpL$ A fgpl$dp kymu BA. Ap Zp Æh dp p Mf bv$g hks Mug, Ap Ï Æh lqfepmy b, âd u ^pfp ânv$ A cql$s p yó p Mug AS> âp p A p â k N y f p Z u bpgl $ózv$pkæ õhpdu, ipdæcns A cpnhs L$ pl$pf Æoiv$pv$pA âpkrnl$ âhq L$ey lsy.(2.13) L$p N k r óamsp Ry> phhp MX $sp NfdpN v$pf R>: hpopzu cps> p âv$i AÝen ÆsycpC hpopzu ÓL$pfp kp hpsqus L$fsp S>Zpìey lsy L$, eiõhu â^p dóu îu fþöcpc dpv$ua v$i p MX $sp dpv$ S> qfzpdgnu L$pe L$ep R> Ðepf L$p N k psp u r óamsp Ry> phhp dpv$ v$i p MX $sp NfdpN v$pfu flu R> kfl$pf bs>v$dp Ålfps L$fu R> L$ b l¼v$f L$ s u ApR>u S>du ^fphsp MX $sp R> låf êr ep â^p dóu L $rj kþdp r r^ sful$ Ap hp u ÅNhpC L$fu s âdpz MX $sp Y$u-v$f- Y$u gpc dmsp fli. L$p N k pv$} Ahy L$lu flu R> L$ fps> p 17 êr ep Ap hp AL$ M X $ s p y A d p R > s h p s s Ø peprhlpzu Ðepf L$p N k Ap kl L $ f u i L $ s u u. v $ i p N f u b v $ r g s u q X $ s - i p r j s A d Ý e d h N d p V $ â^p dóua S> âl$pf klpe Ålf L$fu R> s A rslprkl$ fpäe p MX $s gph pfp â^p dóu ql$kp eps> p rhi k Z ÅZL$pfu dmu fl s dpv$ L $rj rhcpn dlkyg rhcpn Üpfp Ap eps> p p apd cfhp u iêaps B Q L$u fpäe p dy edóu îu rhs>ecpc ê pzu A peb dy edóu urs cpb V$g Z f p Ä e p M X $ s k Z A k Q p V $ Å Z L $ p f u d m u f l s k y r [ í Q s L$fi.â^p dóu fþö cpb dpv$u p Ap r Z e MX $sp dpv$ kd rù u iêaps bpguhyx$ Æ s y c p C h p O p Z u A s d p S>Zpìey lsy L$, 12 ab yapfu p fps> f p ô ² u e A Ý e n A r d s c p B i p l Adv$phpv$ u dfp fuhpf - cps> p fuhpf Arcep p âpfc L$fphi. S> AsN s kpkv$p, ^pfpkæep s p Æ p p âdymap psp p Of cps> p p ÝhS> afl$phi s p AÞe L$pe L$fp S> sp u hãq 25 gpm S>V$gp OfpA S>B õv$ul$f s p ÝhS> afl$phi.(2.6) ðkýe fãkwh ÃkkMku nk {kt çku rvõ{ku: ½ýe Lkðe ykuvhku yr¼lkuºke ðkýe fãkwhlku Mkkhe rvõ{kulke ykuvh fhðk{kt ykðe hne nkuðk Aíkkt íku rvõ{ku MkkRLk fhe hne LkÚke. òu fu íku rhríkf hkuþlk ylku xkrøkh kuvlke MkkÚku yuf rvõ{{kt Lkshu ÃkzLkkh Au. sulkw Lkk{ nsw ònuh fhðk{kt ykôþw LkÚke. nðu íku ylþ yuf rvõ{ Ãký Mðefkhe [wfe Au. su hýçkeh fãkwh MkkÚku Au. þ{þuhk Lkk{Lke rvõ{{kt hýçkeh MkkÚku íku Ëu¾kþu. yk rvõ{lkw þw xøk nkúk Ähðk{kt ykôþw Au. yk rvõ{lku 31{e sw kr 2020Lkk rëðmku hsq fhðk{kt ykðlkkh Au.ðkýe fãkwhlke ÃkkMku nk {kt fux ef rvõ{kulke ykuvh Mkíkík ykðe hne Au. òu fu íku MkkðÄkLke Ãkqðof ykøk ðäe hne Au. íku ÃkkuíkkLke AkÃk yuf «fkhlke rvõ{{kt hk¾ðk {kxu íkiþkh LkÚke. ðkýe fãkwh xkrøkh MkkÚkuLke rvõ{lku RLku ykþkðkëe Au. ðkýe {kºk fkur yuf ¼k»kk MkwÄe {ÞkorËík hnuðk {ktøkíke LkÚke. íku íkr{ ylku íku wøk rvõ{ku Ãký ðäkhu «{ký{kt fhðk {kxu RåAwf Au. íku [[ko{kt hnuðk {kxu ík{k{ «ÞkMkku fhe hne Au. rlk{koíkk rlkëuoþfkulkw æþklk ËkuhðkLkk íkulkk «ÞkMkku MkV ÚkR þfu Au. íku ðäkhu çkkuõz ylku MkuõMke Vkuxku Ãký hsq fhe hne Au. íku {kuxk Mxkh MkkÚku fk{ fhðklkw MkÃkLkw Ähkðu Au. çkkur ðwzlke rvõ{ku{kt xfe hnuðk {kxu íku ðäkhu M e{ Ëu¾kððk {kxu «ÞkMk fhe hne Au. ykøkk{e rëðmkku{kt {kuxk yr¼lkuíkkyku MkkÚku fk{ fhðklke íkf { e sþu íkuðku ykþkðkë íku Ähkðu Au. ÃkxfÚkk{kt nk íku yçþkmk fhe hne Au. íkulke ÃkkMku fux ef rvõ{kulke ykuvh ykðe Au. ðkýe fãkwh yuõþlk rvõ{ {kxu ðäkhu rvx yr¼lkuºke nkuðklkku Ëkðku rlk{koíkk fhu Au. þš Lk [kuãkzk çkkuõz R{usLkk eäu òýeíke hne Au : rhãkkuxo LÞwz Vkuxkyku ylku çkkuõz rlkðuëlklkk fkhýu Mkíkík [knfku{kt ylku MkkurþÞ r{rzþk{kt [[ko{kt hnu e þš Lk [kuãkzklkk sl{rëðmku [knfkuyu íkulku yksu þw¼uåak ÃkkXðe níke. þš Lk [kuãkzk çkkuõz ÃkMkoLkkr xe {kxu òýeíke hne Au. ÃkiMkk {kxu íku rðïlkk òýeíkk ÃkwgðÞLkk {uøkurílk à uçkkuþ{kt LÞwz Vkuxku ykãke [wfe Au. ykðe s heíku ÃkuRz MkuõMk {kýe [wfe nkuðklk ðkík fhelku þš Lk [kuãkzk rðíku k ð»kkuo{kt ¼khu [[ko [knfku{kt søkkðe [wfe Au. òu fu {kuzuúke þš Lk [kuãkzkyu fìkw níkw fu nðu íku ÃkuRz MkuõMk {kxu WÃk çä LkÚke. ¼khíkLkk kufr«þ þku rçkøk çkkumk{kt Ãký íku ¼køk R [wfe Au. 11{e VuçkúwykheLkk rëðmku íkulkk sl{rëðmku [knfkuyu þw¼uåak ykãke níke. þš Lk [kuãkzk fux ef çkkur ðwz rvõ{ku fhe [wfe Au. òu fu íku rvõ{{kt ðäkhu kufr«þíkk {u ðe þfe LkÚke. íku MkkurþÞ r{rzþk{kt ÃkkuíkkLkk çkkuõz VkuxkykuLkk fkhýu n{uþk [[ko{kt hne Au. yuf rlk{koºke, yuf {kuz ylku yr¼lkuºke íkhefu íku hne Au. ð»ko 2012{kt à uçkkuþ {uøkurslk{kt íku LÞwz VkuxkykuLkk fkhýu [[ko{kt ykðe níke. yu ð¾íku íku à uçkkuþ {uøkurílk{kt LÞwz Vkuxkyku ykãklkkh «Úk{ ¼khíkeÞ {rn k çklke níke. yu ð¾íku íkulke [[ko çkkur ðwzlke MkkÚku MkkÚku Ëuþ¼h{kt hne níke. à u çkkuþ ÃkwÏÞðÞLkk kufku {kxulkk kufr«þ {uøkurílk íkhefu Au. su ËwrLkÞk{kt MkkiÚke ðäkhu kufr«þ {uøkuslk íkhefu Au. þš Lk [kuãkzklkk sl{rëðmku íkulkk k¾ku [knfkuyu íkulku þw¼uåak ÃkkXðe níke. íku swëk swëk «kusuõxkulku RLku nsw ÔÞMík çklku e Au. nk Lkk ð»kkuo{kt þš Lk [kuãkzk ykuae [[ko{kt hne Au. Mk½{-3 ylku økku {k -5 rvõ{kulku RLku ½ýe ËwrðÄk yr¼lkuíkk ysþ ËuðøkLk ylku hkurník þuèeyu MkkÚku { elku ylkuf rnx rvõ{ku ykãke Au. íku{lke MkkÚku { elku fkur rvõ{lku RLku n{uþk [knfkulku WíMkwfíkk hnu Au. fkhý fu [knfku Mkkhe heíku òýu Au fu yk çktlkulke òuze hku{kt[f ylku {LkkuhtsLk rvõ{ ykãke þfþu. òu fu nðu òýðk {éþw Au fu hkurník þuèe ylku ysþ ËuðøkLk yuf MkkÚku çku rvõ{ Ãkh MkkÚku fk{ fhðk sr hìkk Au. hkurník þuèe ylku ysþ ËðøkLk nðu Mk½{-3 ylku økku {k -5 rvõ{ fhðk sr hìkk Au. òu fu çktlku rvõ{ku Ãkife «Úk{ fr rvõ{ çklkkððk{kt ykðlkkh Au íkulku RLku ËwrðÄk Au. nk {kt r{rzþk RLxhÔÞw{kt ysþ ËuðøkLku fìkwníkw fu hkurník þuèe Mk½{-3 íku{s økku {k -5 rvõ{ çklkkððk sr hìkk Au. çktlku rvõ{{kt ysþ ËuðøkLk Ãký rnmmkku íkhefu hnulkkh Au. òu fu ysþ ËuðøkLkLkk fnuðk {wsçk nk {kt fux ef ËwrðÄk Au. Ãknu k Mk½{-3 çklkkððk{kt ykðlkkh Au fu ÃkAe økku {k -5 rvõ{ çklkþu íkulku RLku ¼khu ËwrðÄk Au. hkurník þuèe nk {kt fkur íkkhý Ãkh ÃknkU[e þõþk LkÚke. fk{lkk {kuh[klke ðkík fhðk{kt ykðu íkku nk {kt ysþ ËuðøkLk xkux Ä{k Lkk{Lke rvõ{{kt Lkshu ÃkzLkkh Au. su rvõ{ RLÿ fw{khu çklkkðe Au. yklke MkkÚku MkkÚku íku ÃkkuíkkLk rvõ{ íklkks Ä økúux ðkurhþh Lkk{Lke rvõ{lkk þw xøk{kt Ãký ÔÞMík Au. íku hkurník þuèelke s rvõ{ MkwÞoðtþeLkk þw xøk{kt Ãký ÔÞMík Au. yk rvõ{{kt yûkþ fw{kh ezh hku {kt Lkshu ÃkzLkkh Au. ysþ ËuðøkLkLku yuf yuõþlk Mxkh íkhefu òuðk{kt ykðu Au. íkulke yuõþlk rvõ{ku n{uþk [knfkulku ÃkMktË Ãkzu Au. ysþ ËuðøkLkLke xkux Ä{k Lkk{Lke rvõ{lku RLku ík{k{ ykþkðkëe Au. yk rvõ{ çkkuõmk ykurvmk Ãkh [ku MkÃkýu MkwÃkhrnx ÚkLkkh Au. fkhý fu yk ¼hÃkwh fku{uze rvõ{ Au. su{kt yrlk fãkwh ylku {käwhe rërûkík Ãký fk{ fhe hne Au.

3 Page: 3 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs sóu õ p u... hulÿ {kuëe kk h ykôþk íþkhúke s ¼ks u yuf qºke yuslzk ƒ kôþku nœku y u yu nœku fkìtúu -{wõœ ¼khŒ...yu e þyykœ Rþk kt hkßþkuúke. Rþk kt hkßþku fkìtúu k Z ýkœk. fkìtúu {kt hknw ktäeúke khks nu{tœ rƒ Tð þ{ko k{ ku [kýõâ yr{œ þkn u ¼xfkÞku. Äehu-Äehu ¼ks u Rþk {ktúke fkìtúu k yufkräfkh ku ytœ kððk {ktzâku. 2018{kt wäe{kt yu ku yk¾h ykðe ý Þku. òufu Auf kuf ¼k e [qtxýe ykðe íþkhu krhfíð ¾hzk e ƒƒk ÚkR. {kuëe fkur ý rn kƒu yk ¾hzk ku y{ fhkððk { { Au ßÞkhu k{u Rþk kt hkßþku{kt yk e k{u sƒhe ƒƒk Q¼e ÚkR R. yk k{{kt ¼ks k kúke yk k{ ý rh»këu Œu ku kúk Akuzâku. {u½k Þ{kt zu{ku urxf yu kþl, kk ìlz{kt ý þk f zu{ku urxf yu kþl y u r{íkuh{{kt r{íku uþ Lx ¼ks kúku ku Auzku Vkzðk ŒiÞkh Au. òu ykðwt ÚkÞwt Œku ¼ks wt ðnký ¾hkƒu [ze òþ yu{ Au. yk{ AŒkt ŒksuŒh{kt rz ubƒh{kt yk k{{kt t[kþœ e [qtxýe ÞkuòR nœe y u yu Ëhr{Þk krhfíð ¾hzk e ƒƒk [k e s hne nœe y u yu 𾜠kt rhýk{ku{kt ¼ks h shefu y h nkuœe Ëu¾kR. fëk[ yk u fkhýu s ¼ks fkur ý rn kƒu yk ¾hzku kh fhðk ku r Äkoh fhe ƒuxku Au. kuf ¼k{kt {tsqh fhkþu k krhfíð ¾hzk ku rðhkuä rþð u k ý fhe hne Au ý ¼ks fkur wtþ kt¼ ðk ŒiÞkh Úke. krhfíð ¾hzk {wsƒ zkuþe Ëuþku ƒt këuþ, krfmœk y u yv½kr MŒk {kt yíþk[kh ku k{ ku fhe u ¼khŒ ykðu k A Ä{o - nëw, kh e, ƒkiø, r¾úmœe, si y u þe¾- k MÚk ktœheyku k u ÞkuøÞ ËMŒkðuòu nkuþ ŒkuÞ krhfíð yk ðk e ðkœ ÚkR Au. yk k {kxu 31 rz ubƒh, 2014 e Œkhe¾ e ÚkR nœe. yk ku kiúke ðäw VkÞËku ƒt këuþúke ynª ykðu k nëwyku u Úkþu. òufu yk ƒkƒœ ku yk k{ r ðkþ k hkßþku{kt fkur u ¾k ðktäku Úke. su ðktäku Au yu Au yk{ktúke {wâm {ku e ƒkfkœe. {wâm {ku u krhfíð Äkhk{ktÚke ƒnkh hk¾ðk{kt ykôþk Au. R Vuõx krfmœk {kt ez ku k{ ku fh kh rþþk fu yn{rëþk {wâm {ku u ý {kðe uðk{kt Úke ykôþk. rhýk{u yuðk ykûku ku ÚkR hìkk Au fu erzœ MÚk ktœheyku u krhfíð yk ðk k ¾hzk k {q nuœw ku ƒh Úke ykðe hìkku. krhfíð ¾hzk ku y{ fhkððk e SË ¼ks fhþu Œku wf k ÚkðkLke þõþíkk ÃkqhuÃkqhe..!!? rkv$u bkdp L$V$L$ubpS> L$X$¼V$f X²$pBhf OfcNp L$fsp p u BRTS p 5 L$X$¼V$f L$pedu kõ ÞX$, 15 V$ç ffu sds> 1 X²$pBhf L$pedu kõ ÞX$ L$fpep f p S > L $ p V $ f p S > r g. A d p Üpfp ilfdp Qpgsu rkv$u bk A bu.apf.v$u.ak. bk êv$ f Ns sp. 22 u Ns sp. 5-2 p f p S > f p S > L $ p V $ d p u V $ u d Ü p f p ilf p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p dy e dpnp f kfâpct QqL»$N L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. QqL»$N v$fçep Ly$g 22 bkpdp s p kþs>fp V$uL$uV$ dpx$u Ap hu L$ V$uL$uV$ Ap sp L$ÞX$¼V$f A X²$pChf kõ ÞX$ L$fhp D fps AS>Þku kpd v$x$pðdl$ L$pe hplu Z çeyr. L$rdi f br>pr r^ p ua Apv$i L$ep lsp. kfâpct QqL»$N v$fçep rkv$u bkdp dykpaf L$fsp kþs>f dpx$u V$uL$uV$ Ap hpdp Aphsu lsu sds> AdyL$ kþs>f V$uL$uV$ Ap hpdp Aphsu lphp y ÅZhp dþey lsy. QqL»$N v$fçep rkv$u bk p Ly$g 5 L$X$L$V$f kþs>f V$uL$uV$ Bõey L$fhp bpbs L$pedu kõ ÞX$ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. L$X$L$V$f u X$u.Æ.A. AS>Þku p k u b å b l Å f p v $ X $ h k y g L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. sds> V$uL$uV$ dpx$u Bõey L$fhp AL$ L$X$L$V$f 05 qv$hk dpv$ kõ ÞX$ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. ÓZ L$X$L$V$f 07 qv$hk dpv$ kõ ÞX$ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp, A 11 L$X$L$V$f 10 qv$hk dpv$ kõ ÞX$ L $ f h p d p A p ì e p l s p. s d S > X$u.Æ.A. AS>Þku pk u pqkp êr ep p v$x$ hkyg L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. Ap D fps dpêrs AS>Þku p AL$ X²$pChf Np sd gpþnqfep fa X ² $ p C t h N b p b s 1 5 q v $ h k d p V $ kõ ÞX$ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. Ä e p f b u. A p f. V $ u. A k. b k d p Q q L» $ N v $ f ç e p X ² $ p C h f d kymcpc bpfuqp Nfhs A fa X²$pCthN bpbs L$pedu kõ ÞX$ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. rkv$u bkdp u L y $ g 0 5 L $ X $ L $ V $ f L $ p e d u k õ Þ X $ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp, Ly$g 15 L$X$L$V$f V$ç ffu kõ ÞX$ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp s d S > b u. A p f. V $ u. A k. b k krh kdp u Ly$g 01 X²$pChf Nfhs bpbs L$pedu kõ ÞX$ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. (3.21) dlpfpå L $ózly$dpftklæ cph Nf eyr hrk V$u kqprgs ipdmv$pk ApV$ k L$pgS> Üpfp aºx$ aõv$uhg epåep cph Nf, d l p f p Å L $ ó Z L y $ d p f t k l Æ c p h N f e y r h r k V $ u k Q p r g s i p d m v $ p k A p V $ k L $ p g S > p l p d k p e Þ k q X $ p V $ d Þ V $ A h y d Þ k X $ h g d Þ V $ k g Ü p f p A p â L $ p f y ApepS> L$fpey s epf L$fhpdp Aphgp 4 õv$pg drlgp kqprgs S>dp cph Nf y Qfg azx$ sds> ApN ul$ âpx$l$v$ y hqpz L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. cph Nf eyr hrk V$u p Brslpkdp Ap lgu OV$ p R> L$ S>dp eyr hrk V$u p hydþk X$hg dþv$ kg Üpfp azx$ a[õv$hg y ApepS> L$fpey pw$l$ rhûpdv$uf Üpfp hprj L$ fdspðkh u DS>hZu L$fpB A k. L $. p W $ L $ r h Û p d v $ u f d p hprj L$ fdspðkh DS>hhpdp Apìep. S>dp Æ p rinzp^ul$pfu D pýepe azánpap ApL$pidp R>pX$u L$pe ¾$d p iycpfc L$ep lsp. v$fl$ fdsdp sdz lgp Mgv$ugu u cpn ghp S>Zpìey l s y. i p m p d p r h Û p } A p v $ p X $, g]byqdqu, rhâ v$px$, pv$v$p fk, L$p mp v$px$ S>hu AgN AgN fdspdp cpn gb rhs>sp ep lsp. Adfgu rs> p cps> u bw$l$ epåb S> k L $ dlp Arcep, "dfp qfhpf, cps> p qfhpf' k r l s p A L $ L $ p e ¾ $ d u Q Q p r h Q p f Z p L $ f p B Adfgu, N B L $ p g k p d h p f p 2 p S > k p h 2 9 : 3 0 L $ g p L $ A d 2 g u rs>ëgp cps> u bw$l$ y ApepS> L$2hpdp Apìey lsy. Ap bw$l$dp rs>ëgp cps> p lpv$v$p2p, dx$g p d y M, d l p d Ó u A p, r S > ë g p d p 2 Q p p d y M, d l p d Ó u A p, rs>ëgp cps> p h dymîuap u l p S > 2 u d p A p N p d u L $ p e L $ d p y ApepS> L$2hpdp Apìey. S>dp qx$s qv$ v$epgæ p r hp Zqv$ r rds yó ps>gu p L$pe L $d kp rs>ëgpdp kd Z r ^u AL$rÓs L$2hp u iêaps L$2hpdp Aphu. ApS> cph N2 Mps eps>p p2 byý^ pnr2l$ kdg dp Ad2gu rs>ëgpdp u 100 u h^p2 gpl$p S>pX$pe shu ìehõ p L$fpB ApS> d2p 2uhp2-cpS> p 2uhp2 kp u dpv$p S> k L $ dlp Arcep AsN s Ad2gu rs>ëgp p sdpd l p v $ v $ p 2 p r h p k õ p D 2 pv$} p ÝhS> a2l$phhpdp Aphi. L $ p g A d 2 g u c p h N 2 g p ¼ k c p k u V $ p k e y ¼ s L $ g õ V $ 2 k d g k a m b p h h p d p V $ l p v $ v $ p 2 p / L $ p e ¼ s p A p A g N - A g N S > h p b v $ p 2 u k p h p d p A p h u R >. ( ) s p. 1 9 p 2 p S > i r ¼ s L $ Þ Ö r h õ s p 2 L $ A æ e p k h N p L $ p e L $ d y A p e p S > L $ 2 h p d p A p ì e y R >. ( 3. 2 ) Ð u lphp R>sp Z D Ð u hpfkv$pf sful$ ÅX$hp p lºl$d L$fsu L$pV $ hl$ug cyfp dyå ÅX$Å p D Ð u lufgbp p 70 S>V$gp X$p¼eydÞV$ fs > L$ep pfbv$f rs> p p Ly$rsepZp p h ^ p f p k æ e c y f p c p B Å X $ Å c Ó u Å A c p c p B A f Å Z c p B Å X $ Å A q X $ õ V ² $ u ¼ V $ L $ p V $ d p h L $ u g f S > A p s L $ f u l s u L $, c y f p c p B p L $ p e v $ k f p Ð u l u f g b p u. sd p Ð u Qhgpv$hu R> S> ey.l$.dp fl Äepf D Ð u lufgbp p hl$ug 70 S>V$gp X$p¼eydÞV$ fs > L$fsp kiþk L$pV $ D Ð u Z hpfkv$pf sful$ ÅX$hp p lºl$d L$ep A p l º L $ d u k p d c Ó u Å A c p c p B A f S > Z c p B Å X $ Å A fps>l$pv$ u X$uõV²$u¼V$ L$pV $dp A ug v$pmg k 2012 dp L$fg. Qpgy A ug v$fçep sp p fps> cyfpcpb dyåcpb y Ahkp sp, hpfkv$pf v$fˆ>/ [Ð v$fˆ> S>ê$fu nl$pf lphp u, nl$pf sful$ Å X $ h p u A f Æ p k s h p ^ p A p AcpcpB ÅX$ÅA hql$g Üpfp fs > L$fg L$, NyS>f pf cyfpcpb dyåcpb Å X $ Å p L $ p e v $ k f p [ Ð - lufgbpb cyfpcpb ÅX$Å u, c y f p c p B p L $ p e v $ k f p [ Ð Qhgpv$hu Ærhs R> A ey.l$.dp fl Nf L$pev$kf Ð u hpf v$fˆ>/ Ð u sful$ BÞX$ue kl$ik A¼V$ A Þ h e Å X $ u i L $ p e l u, Ä e p f D [ Ð l u f g b p b c y f p c p B ÅX$Å p AX$hpL$V$ lj v$ly$dpf Ak. dpzl$ Üpfp gp pbþv$ D f v$gugp L$fg A Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Apif 70 S>V$gp X$p¼eydÞV²$u yfphpap fs > L$fu kprbs L$fg L$, NyS>f pf cyfpcpb dyåcpb Å X $ Å u k p S > [ Ð v $ f ˆ > lufgbpb cyfpcpb ÅX$Å fl S>NÅlf r s [ Ð s f u L $ k b ^ p, kdps>dp s AN u S>NÅlf R>p R>, Ap^pf L$pX $, p L$pX $, QyV$Zu L$pX $, bpf L$pDÞkug Apa NyS>fps u k v$, b L$ pk byl$, pguk fl$x $, pdv$pf L$pV $ y fl$x $ S>hp A L$ yfphpap Ð u sful$ v$fˆ>p Ap sp lpe shp fs > L $ f g p. S > s d p d r f u n Z L $ f u, yfphp y A OV$ L$fu, D Ð u lufgbpb NyS>f pf cyfpcpb p Ð u v$fˆ> / hpfkv$pf v$fˆ> ÅX$hp AN p lºl$d X$uõV²$u¼V$ S>S> AfÆ d S y > f L $ f u W $ f p h g R > L $ l p g p ql$õkpdp L$pev$kf p Ð u R> L$ lu s âñ D [õ s sp u. A s AN X$ukuT Ap hp y Ap L$pV $ f l s y u. S > ê $ f u A d l Ð h p nl$pf A AkfL$sp pe S> u r l f g b p b S > ê $ f u n L $ p f / f u õ p Þ X $ Þ V $ s f u L $ Å X $ h p p l º L $ d afdphg A p L $ p d d p l u f g b p b c y f p c p B Å X $ Å h s u ^ p f p i p u lj v$ly$dpf Ak. dpzl$, kp gb Np X$guep s p lg X$u. róhv$u fpl$peg (5.15) d p p bpbyap pzu p hx$apv$ ¼epf AV$L$phi? hpx $. 14 dp pzu u syv$gu gpb u dfpds L$fhpdp só u Opf bv$fl$pfu: NSy>cp f p S > L $ p V $, s p. 1 2 f p S > L $ p V $ d l p N f p r g L $ p p s N X $ p N p f g p f p b p b y A p p Z u p h X $ a p V $ u N c u f s p ¼ e p f k d Æ i L $ i? h p X $ d p d p s Ð L $ p g u d e f X $ p. S > d c p B p L $ p e L $ p m d p A p h p X $ d p g ÿ d u h p X $ u, y Å f p à g p V $ k r l s p r h õ s p f p d p 2 0 d u u V $ b v $ g b u Ó Z L $ g p L $ h ^ y p Z u A p h p y L $ p f õ s p Q p g s y l s y S > N S y > c p A Å N s â l f u u c y r d L $ p c S > h u b h M s A L $ A L $ g p M v $ X $ A A L $ h M s u v $ X $ L $ r d i f f S > A p s u Q p f h M s L $ p Þ V ² $ p ¼ V $ f ë V $ u B l s u. l h p Z u u s y V $ g u g p B u d f p d s L $ f h p d p O p f b v $ f L $ p f u v $ p M h h p d p A p h R >. í e p d h p X $ u p k p X $ p k d e l g p g p B f u f ] N s p r e r d s p Z u h p Z u e p h p X $ u u i f u d p M p b p Q u e p c f p s p l s p. l h d p õ s f k p k p e V $ u p h p X $ d p g p B u d f p d s L $ f h p d p Q g L $ - Q g p Ï L $ f p s y l p h p N g i f u A p v $ u b R > s d N S y > c p T p g p A S > Z p ì e y R >. ( ) rhfpzu lpbõl $gdp cprh dsv$pf ÅN rs krd pf epåep peb dpdgsv$pf, õl $g p V²$õV$u krls rhûp }Ap D [õ s füp fps>l$pv$ ròd rh^p kcp dsv$pf rhcpn (69) Üpfp rhfpzu lpbõl $g Mps eyhp dsv$pf ÅN rs L$pe ¾$d eps>hpdp Apìep lsp. S>dp r h f p Z u l p B õ L $ g p D à Q s f r h c p N p, k p e Þ k, L $ p d k p rhûp }Ap ÅX$pB ÅN s dsv$pf b u v$i u gpl$iplu ds>b s b phhp kl$ë gu^p lsp s p k Z d s v $ p A p Ï h f v $ p p pfp gnpìep lsp. r h Û p } A p Q V $ Z u âq¾$ep p apd bf 6, 7, 8 s p 89 u dprlsu dmhu gpl$iplu só ds>b s b phhp Öíe îpìe r v $ i Ü p f p d p N v $ i A p h p d p Apìey lsy. Ap L$pe ¾$ddp rhfpzu l p B õ L $ g V ² $ õ V $ p â d y M S > e s c p B v $ i p B, f p S > L $ p V $ r ò d p p e b d p d g s v $ p f D p Ý e p e, L $ d g i c p B X $ é p, d p õ V $ f V ² $ f r e y j c p B tlx$pqp, Aê$ZcpB v$h, ky fhpbtf A. bu. qx$s s p rinl$p lps>f f ü p l s p. s d S > r h f p Z u lpbõl $gdp dsv$pf kpnfsp ¼gb ( B A g k u ) u õ p p y h Q Apàey lsy. sd ipmp p ApQpe l f Þ Ö t k l X $ p X $ u e p u e p v $ u d p S > Z p h p e y R >. ( 2. 3 ) rnf pf rihfpóu Ly$cdmp u bw$l$ epåb] S > pny$dp â d hms X$dfy epóp r L$mi dóu NZ s hkphp, ksp-dlsp, Ar^L$pfuAp u lps>fudp rihfpóu dmp p ApepS> u ê$ fmp ½$u L$fpB dóu NZ s hkphp, ksp-dlsp, Ar^L$pfuAp u lps>fudp rihfpóu dmp p ApepS> u ê$ fmp ½$u L$fpB dóu NZ s hkphp, ksp-dlsp, Ar^L$pfuAp u lps>fudp rihfpóu dmp p ApepS> u ê$ fmp ½$u L$fpB dóu NZ s hkphp, ksp-dlsp, Ar^L$pfuAp u lps>fudp rihfpóu dmp p ApepS> u ê$ fmp ½$u L$fpB dóu NZ s hkphp, ksp-dlsp, Ar^L$pfuAp u lps>fudp rihfpóu dmp p ApepS> u ê$ fmp ½$u L$fpB 27 du A ÝhÅfplZ bpv$ cpfsu Apîd Mps 51 gpm ê$öpn p rihg]n v$i p âpfc i Sy> pny$ S > p N Y $ c h p s m V $ u p dlprihfpró p dmp Ap hj fpäe kfl$pf Üpfp rnf pf rihfpóu Ly $cdmp s f u L $ D S > h h p d p A p h i. S > p N Y $ p r i h f p Ó u p d m p d p ch p dp Aphsp gpmp epról$p dpv$ rhij kyrh^p A ksp p ApNd kp Nqfdp Z fus dmp y ApepS> L$fhp dpv$ A egu s epfuap A r s d q v $ i p r v $ i d p V $ N B L $ p g kpdhpf âhpk A h rhcpn p dóu NZ stkl hkphp, epóp^pd r h c p N p f p Ä e d Ó u î u d s u rhcphfub v$h A S > pny$ L$g¼V$f L $ Q f u M p s k s p - d l s p õ p r L $ v $ p r ^ L $ p f u A p A r S > p p Ar^L$pfuAp kp bw$l$ epæ lsu. Ap bw$l$dp dlprihfpóu p d m p d p s p f u M 2 6 a b y A p f u u spfum 4 dpq ky^u epå pfp rhriô A Nqfdp Z sds> cìe A qv$ìe L $ p e ¾ $ d p u ê f M p O X $ h p d p A p h u lsu.dlprihfpóu p dmp spfum 27 dpq khpf 9 L$gpL$ ÝhÅfplZ kp iê i fsy A h spfum 26 ab yapfu p fps> 3 L$gpL$ u Sy> pny$ p fps>dpnp f ks Nf epóp iê i. c s p u ch p ky^u u Ap epópdp ksp dlsp sds> AN ZuAp Ap D fps FrjLy$dpfp A khpcphu pnqfl$p A epópmyap ÅX$pi. s p f u M 2 7 a b y A p f u p f p S > Ý h Å f p l Z b p v $ c p f s u A p î d M p s 5 1 g p M ê Ö p n p r i h t g N p v $ i p â p f c i A p D f p s c h p d p A p h g p c h p s f u L $ p d L $ f Z L $ f p i. d m p v $ f r d e p f p S > k p S > r N f p f A r i h f p r Ó p d m p p d l Ð h f S > L $ f s p A p L $ j L $ g k f i p â v $ r i s L $ f p i. s p f u M d p Q p f p S > b p f 3 u 7 ^ d k c p s d S > f p Ó k p õ L $ r s L $ L $ p e ¾ $ d p y A p e p S > L $ f h p d p A p ì e y R >. kp â d õ pr L$ L$gpL$pfp Üpfp A buå qv$hk fpäel$np p L$gpL$pfp s d S > Ó u Å q v $ h k f p ô ² u e L $ n p p L$gpL$pfp Üpfp rhrh^ L $rsap fsy> L$fhpdp Aphi NpeL$ L$gpL$pf L $gpi M f p L $ p e ¾ $ d y Z A p e p S > L $ f h p d p A p ì e y R >. â d h M s ch p dp A S > pny$ p dpnp f X$dfy epóp y ApepS> Z L$fhpdp Apìey sp.4 dpq p fps> cìe fus fhx$u ul$mi S>dp lp u, OpX$p sds> ^d ÝhÅAp, yó hjp, bþx$hpå, AMpX$p p ksp kp iplu õ p p L$pe ¾$d i A Ap kdn L$pe ¾$depÓp gpmp epról$p iprs Z fus ÅC il$ A s p v$i L$fu il$ s dpv$ dlp Nf prgl$p, rs> p hluhv$u só, r S > p p g u k s Ó A õ p r L $ k õ p A p p k l e p N u A p e p S > L$fpi. âl $rs ^pd Mps dy e L$pe ¾$dp eps>hpdp Aphi. NZ stkl hkphpa S>Zpìey lsy L$ dy edóu rhs>ecpc ê pzu p dpn v$i lw$m Sy> pny$ p dmp p rhriô ApepS> dpv$ u AL$ bw$l$ Z eps>hpdp Aphu lsu Ðepfbpv$ õ pr L$ L$np p Ar^L$pfuAp A dóu rhcphfub v$h p AÝen õ p Z r d q V» $ N L $ f u k d N d m p v $ f r d e p rhrh^ L$pe ¾$dp eps>hpdp Apìep A dmpdp kyrh^pap h^pfhpdp Aph s dpv$ s epfuap Z C NC ApS> spfum 27 ab yapfu u 4 dpq k y ^ u p r h r h ^ L $ p e ¾ $ d p A N u s epfuap Z L$fhpdp Aphu d m p d p õ h à R > s p M p k A N s p Ap hpdp Aphi. ch p Tp dp hl Qu s p f L$d QpfuAp A Ar^L$pfuAp Üpfp ky frht L$fhpdp Aphi. c h p d p V $ Þ V $ r k V $ u Z b phhpdp Aphi A v$icf p ksp dlsp y õhpns L$fhpdp Aphi. d u V $ ] N y h e p Ó ^ p d f p Ä e d Ó u rhcphfub v$ha ch p rihfpóu dmp rhõspf u dygpl$ps gu^u lsu. Ap rdqv»$ndp cpfsubp y, Np khp A p e p N p D p Ý e n Q s Þ e i c y dlpfps>, if p bp y, lqflfp v$ b p y, k v $ p v $ Æ d l p f p S >, r h d g D pýepe, AN Zu i gjcpc v$h, âqv$ cpb MudpZu, dlþöcpc diê L $ g ¼ V $ f k p f c p f ^ u k r l s p A r ^ L $ p f u A p D [ õ s f ü p lsp. (2.5) Mcprmepdp dsv$pf ÅN rs f âõ p L$fphsp L$g¼V$f du p f Mcprmep A cpzhx$ spgyl$pap p Npd-Npd afu dsv$p AN ÅN rs agphi Mcpmuep, ApNpdu gpl$kcp u Q V$Zu Ýep dp fpmu v$hc rd ÜpfL$p Æ p hrlhv$u só Üpfp spx$pdpf s epfuap iê L$fu v$hpdp Aphu S>dp BhuAd A Bhu V$ p L$hu fus D epn L$fhp A dsv$pfpa L$B fus ds Ap hp s AN u kds>z Ap hp dpv$ Mcpmuep âps L $ Q f u u v $ h c r d Ü p f L $ p p L $ g L $ f V $ X$p. fþöly$dpf du pa dsv$pf ÅN rs f âõ p L$fpìep lsp. Ap f v$hc rd ÜpfL$p p Mcpmuep A cpzhx$ spgyl$p p r h r h ^ i l f p A N p d p d p a f i. Ar^L$pfuAp Üpfp BhuAd A huhu V$ p D epn AN u r v$i Üpfp gpl$p kds> Ap hpdp Aphi. dsv$pf L$ÞÖp, Ålf õ mp A AÞe õ mpa huhu V$ A BhudA diu y r v$i L$fhpdp Aphi. Ap L$pe ¾$ddp Mcpmuep âps Ar^L$pfu Åiu, Mcpmuep dpdgsv$pf L$ ufuep, Qy V$Zu ipmp p Ar^L$pfuAp sds> Mcpmuep dpdgsv$pf Apauk p L $ d Q p f u A p D [ õ s f l e p l s p. (3.10)

4 Page: 4 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$fdyL$s ApfpÁegnu bs>v$ bv$g L$p NX$ Arc v$ pw$hsp S>edu W$pL$f y y y d p u õv$þx$]n L$duV$u Üpfp p bs>v$dp AL$ Z ê r e p p L $ f b p S > h N f ê L $ f p X $ L $ v $ ^ f p h s â Å g n u A A p f p Á e g n u s d S > h p õ s r h L $ b S > V $ A p h p b v $ g õ V $ [ Þ X $ N L $ d u V $ u Q f d D v $ e c p C ilfus> p dpv$ âp rdl$ A ApsfdpmL$ue kyrh^pap AN bs>v$dp ÅNhpCAp ds >f L$fpC L $ p N X $ A p f p Á e k r d r s Q f d S>edu W$pL$f Arc v$ pw$hg A p A N r h i j d p r l s u A p s p d p p A p f p Á e k r d r s Qfd S>edu W$pL$f S>Zphg lsy L$ õv$[þx$n L$duV$u Üpfp hj b S > V $ d p f p S > L $ p V $ i l f p p N q f L $ p h ^ y k p f u s p k y Ö Y $ A p f p Á e k h p d m u f l s d p V $ y A p f p Á e g N s A p s f d p m M p L $ u e L$pdp dpv$ 268 gpm u ÅNhpC sds> ÓZ ApfpÁe L$ÞÖ p A N X$i dpv$ Z ê. 110 gpm u ÅNhpC, lp[õ V$gp Apr L$ klpe dpv$ Z g p M u, õ d i p p A p r L $ k l p e d p V $ Z g p M u Å N h p C A p d S > f L $ f h p d p A p h g (3.1) duw$p yf p fpmub prkl$ Mps b pþt dx$g dmìep fpmub v$asfua 80 duv$f lëx $k õ ^p dp ÓuÅ ¾$d bpþt dx$g dmhu duw$p yf y Np fh h^pìey duw$p yf, s p S > s f d p p r k L $ M p s d u p s p C W $ p L $ f õ V $ X $ u e d d p 3 9 d u i g d p õ V $ k A Õ g V $ u L $ k Q ç à e i u e p Å C l s u. S > d p v $ f h j u S > d A L $ M g e p A p A DÐL $ô$ v$mph L$ep lsp. sdp duw$p yf p fpmub v$asfua 80 duv$f lëx $k õ ^p dp ÓuÅ ¾$d Aphu b pþt dx$g d m h u d u W $ p y f y N p f h h ^ p e y (3.5) l f u a p C p e y N d p V $ L $ h p A p h X $ s A ll$pfpðdl$ DÅ S>ê$fu R>: Ly$g rs pzu Å d N f p X $ p Z p d p u Q p f g p bpcl$ p Apfp u fps>l$pv$ u TX$ pep ilf ¾$pCd b pq bpsdu Ap^pf v$fpx$p px$u bpcl$ kp v$bpqu gu^p y Å d N f r S > p p X $ p Z p Npd p pv$uep ÆL$ u v$py$l$ hj ANpD bpcl$ Qpfg Apfp u d ps> Qp lpz fps>l$pv$ Mps p Åd Nf fpx$ hpfp kpkpev$u Mps u QpfpD bpcl$ kp ilf ¾$pCd b pþq v$bpqu gu^p p.cþk. AQ.Ad.NY$hu p ku^p dpn v$i lw$m ApS> X$u.ku.bu. p. õ V $. p p. k. C. d l p h u f t k l b u. Å X $ Å s p p. l X $. L $ p Þ k. l f v $ h t k l f d c p, a u f p S > c p C C L $ b p g c p C, â s p t k l T p g p, epnþötkl v$iftkl s p p.l$pþk. kpl$scpc Mpfd, AduscpC Vy $X$uep, epnufps>tkl ÅX$Å V²$pg]Ndp lsp S > v $ f ¹ e p e p N u f p S > t k l Å X $ Å, k p L $ s M p M p f d, A d u s c p C Vy$X$uep pap u keyl$s lql$l$s Ap^pf f p S > L $ p V $ p Å d N f f p X $ h p f p kpkpev$u pk u Apfp u d ps>cpc Qy ucpc Qp lpz (D.h.51) fl. L $óz Nf ifu.6 hpfp kpkpev$u pr>m, Åd Nf fpx$ fps>l$pv$ hpmp p k u A L $ k b p C L $ q L $. ê$.20,000 NZu ku.apf. u.ku. L$gd 102 dys>b L$bS> L$fhpdp Aphg sds> Apfp u u AV$L$ L$fhpdp Aphg A p f p u y R > f R > v $ f ç e p dp.kp.s> ps dpv$umphx$u Npd Mps ApV$p Ágpk u L$bu fpmu ìehkpe L$fsp lpe S> v$py$l$ hj ANpD X$pZp N p d p p V $ u e p p k u Q p f u L $ f u dmhg lphp u L$bygps Ap g R> S > l p g h ^ y y R > f R > X $ u. k u. b u. p.õv$. p p.kb CÞk. dlphuftkl bu.åx$å Üpfp Qpgydp (3.19) S > pny$dp cl$s L$rh ftkl dlsp eyr hrk V$u Üpfp bplpdøu L$pgS> Mps dnp àgkdþv$ L$ç k ß y ² y y y y ² y y z NyS>fps kfl$pf rinz rhcpn L$.ku.Æ. s p kp fpô² eyr hrk V$u p k e ¼ s D ¾ $ d k p f p ô e r h r k V $ u L $ ç k M p s N S > f p s p e h p bfps>npf fl A eyhp pa pl$fu dpv$ cv$l$hy X$ A AL$S> àgv$apd f sap pl$fu u sl$p âpá b s dpv$ fps>l$pv$ Tp s p dpfbu Tp p dnp Åbaf y róqv$hkue ApepS> L $ f h p d p A p h g R >. S > p c p N ê kp fpô² eyr hrk V$u L$ç k Mps k V$ lpgdp khpf L$gpL$ NyS>fps çeyr rk g apb pþk bpx $ p Qfd X $ p. ^ k M c p C c X $ f u, k p f p ô e r h r k V $ u L $ g r s X $ p. u r s c p C pzu, D Ly$g rs X$p.rhS>ecpC v $ i p Z u, X $ p. â a p b f p h g u D [õ rsdp Dv$OpV$ L$fhpdp Aphg dpzphv$f u S>.Ad. p fp õl $g Mps kþdp -rhv$pe kdpfpl k ß dpzphv$f prgl$p p hr eyl$s âdym S>Ndpg lºbg y kþdp s p uakapc lfcp p rhv$pe kdpfpl epåep dpzphv$f, dpzphv$f Mps L$mhZuL$pf S>W$pcpC p fp p dpn v$i lw$m Qpgsu S>.Ad. p fp i nzul$ kly$g Üpfp dpzphv$f L$mhZu dx$m p âdym S > W $ p c p C p f p p A Ý e n õ p dpzphv$f Nf prgl$p p hr eyl$s kp fpô²$ eyr hrk V$u Mps Åbaf y róqv$hkue ApepS> : 5 låf u h^y Ddv$hpfp s p 183 S>V$gu L$ uapa gu^p cpn lsy.ap dnp Åbafdp â d qv$hk Apif 5000 u h^y Ddv$hpfp, 183 S>V$gu ârsr $s L$ uapa A p Å b a f d p c p N g u ^ g R >. NyS>fpscfdp u Apif u h^y Ddv$hpfpA psp p fæõv²$i L $ f p h g R >. k p f p ô ² e y r h r k V $ u p Ly$g rs X$p. urs cpc pzua Ap Åbaf u dprlsu Ap sp S>Zpìey l s y L $ A p S > p e y h p p A p s p p Aæepkdp dpó pl$fu Ýep fpmu Aæepk u kp kp eyhp pdp Åi, o p, s f h f p V $ s p l L $ p f p Ð d L $ A r c N d u Z A V $ g u S > A p h í e L $ s p R >. A p S > p e y N A lqfapb p eyn R> A Aphp lqfapb p eyndp v$fl$ nó V$L$u flhp dpv$ õl$ug âdym S>NdpgcpC lºbg p kðl$pf kdpfpl sds> dpzphvf uakapc l f c p p r h v $ p e k d p f c y c ì e ApepS> L$fhpdp Aphg lsy. bß AN Zu lpf dpdþv$ A ipg ApY$pX$u kþdp us L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. Ap kdn L$pe ¾$d y kqpg ârhzcpc kpgl$ua L$e y lsy.(3.6) A ll$pfpðdl$ DÅ u AphíeL$sp flgu õhpdu rhhl$p v$ eyhp pa psp p Æh dp fpgdpx$g b phhp ÅCA A Å ApS> p eyhp p õhpdu pv$pf S>çbp L$uX$T s p Å lpbu kþv$f Üpfp gÿdu Nf Ty X$ Ë$u p bpml$p L$ X$p rhsfz L$fpey pv$pf S>çbp L$uX$T Anf dpn s p Å lpbu kþv$fa bpml$p p khp Nu rhl$pk dpv$ ldip sð f S>dp bpml$p Nfub A Ty X$ Ë$u p bpml$p âðe klp ycyrs A kll$pf u cph p L$mhhpdp Aph L$CL$ Aphp S> Apie u v$fl$ bpml$p psp p Of u L$ X$p gc Apìep lsp A Ap L$ X$p y g ÿ d u N f r h õ s p f d p A p h g Ty X$ Ë$u p bpml$p rhszz L$fhpdp bpml$pa ps- psp p Of u L$ X$p gphu Ty X$ Ë$udp rhsfz L$e y A p ì e y l s y. A p s L $ T y X $ Ë $ u p bpml$pdp dpy$p f lmhy [õds glfpey lsy. kdps>dp ìep L$ âdpzdp âhs su Akdp sp v $f L$fhp kõ p Üpfp bpml$p yê$ dpn v$i Ap hpdp Aph A hj dp 24 hms bpml$p A g N A g N õ m â h p k L $ f p h u Akdp sp TX$d X$ u DMX$u AL$b u Å d v $ v $ ê $ h p u c p h p iumhhpdp Aph (3.6) S > pny$, f p Ä e k f L $ p f p r i n Z rhcpn Üpfp â d hms L$pgS>dp Aæepk L$fsp rhûp }Ap dpv$ dnp àgkdþv$ Åbaf y ApepS> L$fhpdp Apìey S> p cpnê S > pny$dp c¼s L$rh ftkl dlsp eyr hrk V$u Sy> pny$ Üpfp blpdøu L$pgS> Mps dnp àgkdþv$ L$ç fpmhpdp Apìep lsp.s> y Dv$OpV$ rinz rhcpn p fpäel$np p dóu rhcphfub v$h A L $ e y l s y. b l p D Ø u L $ p g S > M p s c¼sl$rh ftkl dlsp eyr hrk V$u Ö p f p A p e p Æ s à g k d Þ V $ L $ ç d p k f L $ p f u A N p ¹ V $ B L $ p g S > p L$X$p Mps rih qfhpf âpz ârs $p dlpðkh epåep dpx$pkp, d l k p Z p r S > p p r h Å y f spgyl$p p dpzl$ yfp X$pcgp QpL$X$u D f Aphg îu bphuk Npd s p^ b p û Z k d p S > k L y $ g M p s r i h d p Üpfp Åb af epåep d l p N f p r g L $ p Ü p f p v$u v$epm AÐepv$e eps> p-fpô²ue i l f u A p Æ r h L $ p r d i DAY- NULM e p S > p A s N s L $ p i ë e spgud A õ m r ^p fz ESTP OV$L$ lw$m ilfu kd [Ý^ DÐkh p cpn õhê sps>sfdp gpl$ rhop rkv$u bk.26 s p 34 p ê$v$ gbphpep : fps>l$pv$ is>e guduv$x$ kqpgus rkv$u bk p ê$v$.26 A ê$v$.34 p ê$v$ AphsuL$pg u gbphhpdp Aphi. AphsuL$pg p fps> êv$ 26 L$ S> hphx$u Npd u 53 ¼hpV$ f p êv$ u bk kspju Nf/fg Nf rhõspfdp Aphgu X$p. lx$nhpf V$pD iu A íepdæ¾y$óz hdp V$pD iu ky^u gbphhpdp Aphi. S> p gpc ghp rhõspf p gpl$p A ug L$fhpdp Aph R> sds> êv$ 34 L$ S> dys>l$p Npd u dpl $V$]N epx $ p êv$ u bk âûyd pl $ ky^u gbphhpdp Aphi. S> bpbs p ^ ghp A yfp^ L$fpep (3.17) rhhl$p v$æ p Æh p kv$ipap psp p Æh dp Dspfi sp lº Qp½$k L$lui L$ L$pB Z eyhp lspip p cpn L$epfe lu b. ê$ pb iugy A v$i}spb ipl D [õ s füp L $ Þ Ö, f k L $ p j, A p V $ N g f u k p d, f p S > L $ p V $ M p s f p S > N p f B Ã R y > L $ fps>l$pv$ p sdpd eyhl$/eyhsuap Sy>v$u-Sy>v$u L$ uapdp Mpgu X$g S>Áep dpv$ L$ u p ârsr r^ap Üpfp dpn v$i s p cfsu âq¾$ep A Å b d m p y A p e p S > L $ f h p d p Aphg kv$f Åb dmpdp fps>l$pv$ dlp Nf prgl$p p riiyl$ëepz A Mpk N pþv$ krdrs p Qfd ê pb iugy s p hpx $.2 p L$p p fv$f X$p. Ap Dv$OpV$ kdpfpldp kp fpô² e y r h r k V $ u p r k [ Þ X $ L $ V $ k æ e A p, k V$ kæepap, X$u Ap, ch p p A Ý e n A p, L $ p g Å p A p Q p e A p, i n r Z L $ L $ d Q p f u A p s p r h i p m k epdp Ddv$hpfp D [õ s flg lsp.(3.29) S>kv$Zdp spgyl$p L$p N k u bw$l$ epåc S>kv$Z S>kv$Z L$p N k p dýeõ L$pep ge ApV$L$pV$ fpx$ Mps S>kv$Z rh^p kcp p CÞQpS> fps>qv$ tkl Å X $ Å, â v $ i L $ p N k p D â d y M NS>ÞÖcpC fpdpzu, h ^pfpkc¹e c p m p c p C N p r l g u D [ õ r s d p S > k v $ Z s p g y L $ p L $ p N k â d y M qv$gu cpc fpdpzua S>kv$Z spgyl$p L $ p N k k N W $ p A p N h p p - L$pe L$fp u rdv$]n bpgphu lsu. S>dp A p N h p p - L $ p e L $ f p D Ð k p l c f lps>fu Ap sp S>kv$Z L$p N kdp hp Åd A Sy>õkp p kqpf Åhp dþep lsp. S > k v $ Z s p g y L $ p Q p e s p kv$õe fzæscpc dzuep S>kv$Z spgyl$p L$p N k D âdym S>eycpC hpmp Æ p L$p N k dpg^pfu kg p AN Zu NpfpcpC dy^hp spgyl$p Qpes p k v $ õ e A d f i u c p C k p d p Z u S>kv$Z Nf prgl$p p rhfp^ n p s p l f i c p C ^ p ^ g, k v $ õ e â r h Z c p C f d p f, S > e i c p C depóp, biufcpc fdpf, S>kv$Z rh^p kcp L$p N k rdx$uep kprieg r d X $ u e p q X $ p V $ d Þ V $ p L $ p q X $ V $ f dlºgcpc kohu krls p ApNhp p D [õ s füp lsp.(6.8) v$i}spb ipl Åb dgp v$fçep lps>fu p ^phu L$fphg. riiy L$ëepZ A Mpk N pþv$ krdrs p Qfd ê pb iugy Üpfp Åb dgp v$fçep fps>npf BÃRy>L$ eyhl$/eyhsuap dpn v$i fy X$g lsy. s p Ap dgp v$fçep 16 S>V$gu Sy>v$u-Sy>v$u L$ uap klcpnp eg A 236 S>V$gp eyhl$/eyhsuap Å b d g p v $ f ç e p c p N g u ^ g lsp.(2.23) fphg qfhpf p cpcap bl p blpmu k epdp D [õ s füp y ² ² q f h p f r Ó q v $ h k u e â p Z â r s $ p d l p Ð k h e p Å e p S > d p f p h g kdps> p cpb-bl p dpv$u k epdp D [ õ s f ü p. â d q v $ h k v $ l iyý^u, Q L$d, S>gepÓp, Apfsu buå qv$hk âps- S>, rih qfhpf ipcpepóp, Apfsu s p ÓuÅ qv$hk âpz ârs $p Apfsu krls p L$pe ¾$dp epåep lsp. Ap âkn kdps> p âdym fsuicpb R>N gpg fphg, r i h i r ¼ s p Q f d k f i c p B g ÿ d Z v $ p k f p h g, h p B k Q f d cpõl$fcpb hpkyv$h fphg, hpbk Qfd NyZhscpB fphg, kdps> p dóu i gjcpb gÿdzv$pk fphg s p k d p S > p v $ p A r ^ L $ p f u A p k, r i h i r ¼ s p V $ õ V $ u A p L $ p. V $ õ V $ u A p krls kdps> p ApNhp p kdps> p c p B b l p ^ d â d u g p L $ p d p V $ u k epdp D [õ s füp lsp.(2.2) 1956 S>V$gp rhûp }ApA cpn gu^p: 143 rhûp }Ap õ m f S> pl$fu dpv$ kv$ L$fpep 1956 S>V$gp rh^p }Ap lps>f füp S>dp u 1213 rh^p }ApA Sy>v$u Sy>v$u pl$fu v$psp L$ uap AS>ÞkuAp AX$hpL$V$ ad krls u Ly$g 42 S>V$gu L$ uap p ârs u^uap Öpfp 175 r h ^ p } A p i p V $ g u õ V $ X $ L $ f h p d p Apìep A 143 rh^p }Ap õ m D f S> pl$fu dpv$ kv$ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. Ap âkn dóu rhcphfub v $ h A S > Z p ì e y l s y L $ N y S > f p s d p eyhp p pl$fu dm A A hp sp DÛpN L$ ^^p L$fu ApNm h^sp eyhp p epáe hpsphfz dm s dpv$ fpäe kfl$pf Ùrskf y ApepS> L$ey h^ydp S>Zpìey lsy L$, eyhp p L$p iëedp r yz b u kms dl s L $ f u A p N m h ^ h p A f p Ä e kfl$pf u rhrh^ eps> pap p gpc ghp A yfp^ L$ep lsp. A p â k N S > p N Y $ p d e f ApÛir¼s b ds>dyv$pf, L$g¼V$f kp fc pf^u, AN Zu QÖi lfdp, â q v $ c p B M u d p Z u, Ä e p r s b h p R > p Z u, X $ p g u b A S > d f p ÆhpcpB âp. fpn v$hpzu krls p A N Z u A p D [ õ s f ü p lsp.(6.1) lpcõly$g p rbëx$]n dpv$ ê. 322 gpm dsy>f L$fphsp gpmpcpc fps>l$pv$ sp 12 gpr^l$p spgyl$p p dpv$phx$p Npd lpbõly$gdp ^pfz 9 u 10 p hnp gp^ul$p p dpv$phx$p Npd lpbõly$g y hr rd s rbëx$]n b i. dsy>f B Nep R> Ðep hy lpbõly$g y rbëx$]n b phhp u dpnzu lsu S> ANpD 160 gpm dsy>f eg fsy S> kyrh^p kp rbëx$]n b phhp y lsy s p dpv$ fl$d OV$sp kfl$pf pk dpnzu L$fsp kfl$pf Üpfp 322 gpm dsy>f ep R> S> u dpv$phx$p Npd p rhûp }Ap kpfp hpsphfz kp hy kyrh^p hpmy rbëx$]n dmi S> u N pds> p spgyl$p p ApNhp p hgycp Å X $ Å D d i c p C p ç c c u d t k l ÅX$Å hnf Üpfp AphL$pfu Arc v$ p W $ h R >. ^ p f p k c ¹ e g p M p c p C kpnw$uepa kfl$pf p Apcpf dpþep R> (2.17) L $ p N k u f S > A p s p k a m X$Op : def p Apcpf dpþep hfpbps> AN L$p N k rhfp^ p ^pìep bpv$ hfpbps> fv$ L$fpep lsp (kp fpô² ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) d l p N f p r g L $ p p r h f p ^ n p s p h i f p d c p C kpnw$uep v$x$l$ Asyg fpåzu u key¼s e p v $ u d y S > b d p p b S > V $ h j dp ilf u S> sp f ç e y. L $ r d i f A i p k L $ p u dugucns u X²$ S> QpS>, L$ÞThk} QpS>, hpl hfp A dy e fpx$ f pql $N QpS> u v$fmpõsp L$fu lsu A 41 L$fpX$ p hfpbps> T]L$u v$sp s S> kps> L$p N k p sdpd L$p p fv$fp A ApNhp pa L$rdi f Ofph L$fu dp ^hpfu p L$ fp L$pmdp Å 41 L$fpX$ p L$fbpS> T]L$pi sp Åep S>hu i A ilf u S> sp kp fpmu DN Apv$pg u QudL$u DÃQpfu lsu A def kdn Z DN fs >Aps L $ f u l s u. h ^ y d p f p S > L $ p V $ p /- rdël$s^pfl$p f Z 20 L$fpX$ p sps]n lpdk V$n h^pfp T]L$u v$hp u rlgqpg kpd Z rhfp^ L$fu DN ApgpQ p L$fg lsu. õ peu k r d r s, d e f L $ r d i f g p L $ f p j pfmu A L$p N k u DN fsy>apsp S>f kdn fpmu sdpd L$fhfp anphu v$u^p S> kv$sf MpV$p A lmplm L$fhfp lsp s p R>v$ DX$pX$u v$sp L$p N k L$rdi f def p Apcpf ìe¼s L$fg R> A L$p N k u kam fs >Aps p kam X$Op X$ép (2.14)

5 Page: 5 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs (A y.r> p p p y Qpgy) L$ÃR> NY$hu kdps> (Np^u^pd) Üpfp Apqv$ yf Mps 31dp kd l g pðkh y cìe ApepS> ApNpdu sp.26du p fps> 26 hv$ rsap âcyspdp Ngp dpx$i: kps> ss>õhu spfgpap p kðl$pf kdpfpl (kp fpô² ¾$prs ârsr r^ fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs ârsr r^ fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs ârsr r^ fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs ârsr r^ fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs ârsr r^ fps>l$pv$) Np^u^pd, kdps>dp âhs sp Ly$qfhpÅ A MpV$p MQp Ap u Nfub qfhpf g L$fhp s MybS> L$ fu qfrk¹ rs b u R >. Ð e p f L $ Ã R > N Y $ h u kdps>(np^u^pd)üpfp 30dp kd l g pðkh y ip v$pf ApepS> L$fpey ApNpdu sp.26 p ph qv$hk õhpdu gugpipl Apîd(Ly$qV$ep)Apqv$ yf- L$ÃR> Mps kd lg r ^p fg S>dp 26 hv$ rsap âcyspdp Ngp dpx$i, Óukdp kd l g p k Z MQ p v$psp õh.îu p pcp cgpcp cpqmuep q f h p f R >. S > N v $ b p. A p C î u kp gdp u Akud L $ p u L$ÃR> NY$hu k d p S > k d l g krdrs(np^u^pd)üpfp 30 dp kd l g p Ð k h y Å S > f d p A p e p S > sp.26 dnmhpf p iyc qv$ L$fhpdp A p ì e y R >. õ h p d u g u g p i p l Apîd(Ly$qV$ep) L$pgS> fpx$, Apqv$ yf- L$ÃR> Mps ApepÆs kd l g pðkhdp 2 6 h v $ r s A p â c y s p d p N g p dpx$i. S>dp sp.26 dnmhpf khpf 7.20 L$gpL$ NZi õ p p L $ g p L $ N l i p r s ( k p s L $ ) k h p f u 1 0 h p Á e p k y ^ u Q y v $ X $ u A p Y $ p X $ h u, L $ g p L $ l õ s d m p, 1 2 u 2 h p Á e p k y ^ u c p S > k d p f p l s d S > k p S > 4 u 6 L $ g p L $ k Ð L $ p f k d p f p l e p Å i. k d y l g p Ð k h d p f p d c p p p c p c p Q m u e p s f a u L $ Þ e p A p k V $ u, L $ b p V $, p s f, M y f i u, k r l s u hõsy y v$p A pi, sds> v$f hj u d p a L $ A p h j Z k p S > 4 u 6 L $ g p L $ k Ð L $ p f k d p f p l e p Å i. S > d p A k. A k. k u., A Q. A k. k u. N S ¹ > e y A V $ s p p õ V $ N S ¹ > e y A V $ A æ e p k d p â d A p h p f p r h Û p } A p r k ë X $ A p u k Þ d p r s L $ f h p d p A p h i. L $ Ã R > N Y $ h u k d p S > ( N p ^ u ^ p d ) Ü p f p k d y l g d p 2 6 h v $ r s A p k y M u g Æ h p A p r i h p v $ A p h p d p V $ v $ f L $ A p d Ó Z A p e y R >. k d y l g A N h ^ y Å Z L $ p f u d p V $ â d y M l q f c p v$hkyf dp , dóu â r h Z c p b u S > g d p , s p M Å Q u c N h p Æ c p A p g N p d p f k L $ k p ^ h p A y f p ^ L $ f p e p R >. ( ) v$hc rd ÜpfL$pdp dl$p cpx$ Ap hp u ÅZ pguk õv$i L$fhp Ålf pdy v$hc rd ÜpfL$p p kdpqpf v$hc rd ÜpfL$p, A r ^ L $ r S > p d Æ õ V ² $ V $ î u v$hc rd ÜpfL$pA v$hc rd ÜpfL$p rs> pdp L$pB dl$p dprgl$ ANf sp Ap dpv$ Aphp dl$p dprgl$ Mpk ksp Ap g ìer¼s Äepf dl$p c p X $ A p Ð e p f d L $ p c p X $ A p à e p u s p f u M u q v $ h k - 8 d p r es dy p p ÓL$dp S>êfu rhnsp c f u S > - s r h õ s p f p p g u k õv$i cpxy$aps p ApmML$pX $ u L$g kp êbêdp ANf sp V$ pg u d p L $ g u A p h p Å l f p d p Ü p f p S>Zphpey ANpD S> dl$p p cpx$ A p e g p l p e s q L $ õ k p d p Z Aphu dprlsu qv$hk-8dp kbr^s pguk õv$i dpl$gu Ap hp u f l i. Å l f p d y s p. 1 0 / 0 4 / k y ^ u A d g d p f l i Ålf pdp p cn L$ D O bv$g rinp i. (6.5) v$hc qd ÜpfL$pdp Msu p L$pd dpv$ fmpsp fâprsep u dprlsu pguk dpl$ghp k Q p v$hc rd ÜpfL$p, A r ^ L $ r S > p d Æ õ V ² $ V $ v$hcyrd ÜpfL$pA Ålf pdp Üpfp rs> pdp L$pB Z MsuhpX$u p dprgl$ psp p Msfdp fâps p lpe shp gpl$p L$pd dpv$ fpm Ðepf r es dy pdp apd dp S>êfu rhnsp A Ap^pfp kbr^s pguk õv$i êbêdp ANfsp V$ pg u qv$hk- 8 d p k b r ^ s p g u k õ V $ i d p L $ g u A p h p S > Z p ì e y R >. f â p s u e ì e r ¼ s u r h N s d p ìer¼s y pd, kf pdy, apv$pn pak S>hu rhnsp p kdphi pe Ap Ålf pdy sp ky^u Adgdp fli. Ålf pdp p cn bv$g rinp i. (6.6) cpv$uep kfõhsu knus V²$õV$ Üpfp b ûkdps> kdyl g DÐkhdp L$ÞepAp îudv¹$ cpnhsnusp yõsl$ u cv$ v$hc rd ÜpfL$p, k p f k s A Ä e y L $ i A Þ X $ QfuV$bg V²$k¹V$ AÞX$ kdõs b û k ^ j k r d r s, N y S > f p s Ü p f p A p e p Æ s c p V $ u e p s p. 1 0 f r h h p f p b û k d p S > k d y l g pðõh cpv$uep epåeg Ap âkn kfõhsu knus V²$õV$ - cpv$uep v $ h c r d Ü p f L $ p Ü p f p v $ f L $ p Q b ûl$þepap îudv$¹ cnhv¹ Nusp y õ s L $ c V $ A p h p d p A p ì e y k f õ h s u k N u s V ² $ õ V $ p â d y M L$dgicpC br ep Üpfp kpfk s AÄeyL$i AÞX$ QfuV$bg V²$õV$$ p âdym ss>kcpc fþöcpc kpsp kpv$f k f hv$ kl iycãr>p pw$hu lsu. (6.7) eyhp Ap fps>npfu dpv$ kfl$pf Üpfp A L $ N g p g h p e p R > : r d f p Z u def bngp Mps ilf eyhp cps> Üpfp " i rh dp hpgþv$uef' L$pe ¾$d epåep N y S > 2 p s v $ i c p S > u eps> p A ykp2 il2 cps> dym L$dgi rd2pzu p dpn v$i lw$m A eyhp cps> dym qv$ X$h, dlpdóu Õhurkl hpmp, 2i u muep u A p N h p u l W $ m s d S > v $ i e y h p cps> dlpdóu lg iyl$g, 2pS>L$pV$ eyhp cps> p cp2u apëny cpc D p Ý e p e u D [ õ r s d p i l 2 p de2 bngp Mps i rh dp hpgþv$ue2 L$pe L $d eps>pep lsp. Ap L$pe L $ddp il2 cps> d y M L $ d g i r d 2 p Z u A c p S > k 2 L $ p 2 Ý h p 2 p e y h p p 2 p S > N p 2 u pàs L$2 s qv$ipdp A L$ Ngp ghpdp Apìep S>dp kh Zp 10 V$L$p Apr L$ A pds Ap u eyhphn riÿpz A 2pS>Np2 ÿpó rh yg sl$p pàs pe,eyhpap õh2ps>np2 dmu 2l s dpv$ dyv$ p eps> p L$ S>dp blpmu k epdp eyhp p 2pS>Np2u pàs C il$, dy edóu A ÞV$uk eps> p Ýhp2p 3. 0 gpm eyhp p 2pS>Np2u u sl$p y2u px$hp gÿepl$ 2Mpey R>, Ap sl$ v$i eyhp cps> dlpdóu lg iyl$g, qv$ X$h Ýhp2p L $ Þ v $ k 2 L $ p 2 u r i ÿ p Z A 2 p S > N p 2 u, k h Z A p d s, S > h u e p S > p A p u d p r l s u A p u l s u sds> eyhp p d hms dsv$p L$2sp eyhp dsv$p2p cp2sue S> sp pv$} u 2póV²$hpv$ u rhqp2^p2p kp S>pX$pe shp lsy u lgp hpv$ dpv$u L$p rhi sds> L$pgS>dp Aæepk L$2sp eyhp p cp2sue S> sp pv$}dp S>pX$pe s dpv$ L$ç k AçbkX$2 V $ h L $ A u g p ¼ k c p Q V$Zudp hx$p ^p 2Þv$ cpc dpv$u a2u u ksp p rim2 bu2ps> A v$i p eyhphn kp p kp, kp p rhl$pk dp klcpnu b s dpv$ ey eyhp ApCL$p V$hL $ lw$m eyhp p kl$ë ghx$phhp dpv$ rhópv$ dpn v$i Ap hpdp Apìey lsy. Ap i rh dp hpgþv$ue2 L$pe L $d y kqpg eyhp cps> dlpdóu Õhurkl hpmp s d S > A s d p A p c p 2 r h r ^ 2 i u muepa L$2u lsu.(3.15) L$p Nu õv$. kæe O íepdtkl bs>v$ AN Ap u ârsq¾$ep fps>l$pv$hpkuap 24 L$gpL$ pzu Ap hp u hps L$pNm f! ilfdp ârsbr^s àgpõv$ul$ y My Apd hqpz: fps>l$pv$ d p Y$pf u fmuepdï b sy Åe R>: O íepdtkl (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) kpdhpf fps>l$pv$ dlp Nf prgl$p y õv$[þx$n L$rdV$uA 41 L$fpX$ p bps> pds >f L$fu hu eps> pap kp ê$ L$fpX$ y bs>v$ ds >f L$ey. hpx $. 11 L$p Nu L$p p fv$f O íepdtkl ÅX$ÅA AL$ epv$udp S>Zpìey R> L$, rhrh^ L$pe ¾$dp pr>m M p V $ p M Q p A p L $ f u f p S > L $ p V $ dlp Nf prgl$p y v$hy ê$ gpm hp S>B füy ipkl$pa kfl$pf pk gpm AR>s gp dpa L$fphhu ÅBA. h^ydp S>Zpìey R> L$, S> gpl$p pzu Bg¼V²$uL$ dpv$f u M Q R > S > p f M f M f L $ V ² $ p g g p h h p u S > ê $ f R >. p - a p L $ u p à g p õ V $ u L $ A à g p õ V $ u L $ p T b g p s d p d i f u A p d p Å h p d m R >. ilfus> p Qphuk L$gpL$ pzu dmi s L$pNm D f lpg yfsy 20 r d u V $ p Z u d m s y u. i l f d p k u k u V $ u h u L $ d f p g N p X $ é p y v$ip hpey s L$u A L$ L$dfp b^ R >. p p d p h p M p s L $ V ² $ p g ê $ d d p ApV$pdV$uL$ S> fv$ pe R> sd R>sp ip dpv$ iê$ L$fpsp u. ilf p dy e 4 8 d p N p f p - p L $ N, T u b p ¾$pk]N, õ ux$ b L$f hnf dpv$ MQ L$fg R>sp dy edpnp f L$pedu ^ p f Z v $ b p Z p Å h p d m R >. O í e p d t k l h ^ y d p S > Z p ì e y L $, f m u e p d Ï f p S > L $ p V $ d p Y $ p f u f m u e p d Ï s y Å e R >. i l f u AL$ Z kpkpev$u L$ fpx$ Y$pf dy¼s u. õdpv $ kuv$u p L$dfpdp b^y Åhp dm R> R>sp d p aºv$s> v$mpsp u. v $ p r ^ L $ p f u A p A L $ q v $ h k L$V²$pgê$ddp bkhp u S>ê$f d p Üpfp fp hpdp Aphg h np u lpgs Åsp lpgdp L$pBL$ S >v$u S> ãgphf ip dpv$ Mfuv$hpdp Aphg aºgr>px$ p fp p ¼ep N L$fu Nep s Ålf L$fhpdp Aph sp NpX $ ipmp p c ô$pqpf blpf Aphi. (1.1) kdn cfhpx$ kdps>dp lfm u lgu âepnfps> Ly $cdmpdp ^d Nyê.O íepd fubp y dlp dx$gíhf 1008 v$ dþey fps>l$pv$ Mps.bp y p iplu kþdp u sx$pdpf s epfuap hpx $. 14 dp rs> p NpX $ Mps Nyê$hpf X$p. bpbpkplb õdpfl$ch s p gpeb fu y gpl$p Z (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) il2 cps> A ykyrqs S>prs d p 2 Q p p c p 2 u d l i 2 p W $ p X $, A y.s>prs dp2qp p dym X$u.bu. M u d k y 2 u e p, d l p d Ó u p S > u c p C p2ou, rhz Qp lpz u AL$ key¼s AMbp2u epv$udp S>Zphpey R> L$ L$ÞÖ k2l$p2 s p fpäe k2l$p2 Ýhp2p v$rgsp dpv$ A L$ gpl$l$ëepzl$p2u A gpl$lusl$p2u eps> pap Adgdp dy¼hpdp Aphu R> Ðep2 sp.14 p Nyêhp2 khp2 9 L$gpL$ il2 p hpx $.14dp rs>ëgp NpX $, bp y N2 dc 2pX$ Mps d p Ýhp2p X$p. bpbpkplb ApbX$L$2 õdp2l$ch A gpeb 2u p gpl$p Z p cìe L$pe L $d 2pS>e p kpdprs>l$ Þepe A Ar^L$p2usp A ykyrqs S>prsAp y L$ëepZ, kpdps>ul$ A i ÿprzl$ 2us R>ps hnp p L$ëepZ rhcpn p dóu Cïh2cpC 2dp2 p h2v$ lõs s p il2 p de2 bu pb ApQpe p AÝeÿpõ p eps>hpdp Aphg Ap L$pe L $ddp il2 cps> dym L$dgi r d 2 p Z u, N y S > 2 p s ç e y r r k g a p C p Þ k b p X $ p Q 2 d ^ k y M cx$2u, v$i cps> AN Zu r su c p 2 Ý h p S >, k p k v $ d p l c p C L y $ X $ p 2 u e p, ^ p 2 p k æ e N p r h v $ c p C V$g, A2h]v$ 2 epzu, gpmpcpc k p N W $ u e p, d l u g p c p S > A N Z u A S > g u b ê p Z u, v $ i c p S > A y. S > p r s d p 2 Q p p A Ý e ÿ p icy p S>u Vy$X$uep klus p D [õ s 2li. Ap L$pe L $d kam b phhp õ V $ Þ X $ u N Q 2 d D v $ e L $ p N X $, b p ^ L $ p d L $ r d q V $ p Q 2 d d u ó p 2 p X $ u e p, k d p S > L $ ë e p Z L $ r d q V $ p Q2d Aprióp hpnx$uep klus p A N Z u A p A p M 2 u A p A p u 2lep (3.21) L$gL$V$f, pguk, kfl$pfu, A^ kfl$pfu só Üpfp S>du L$p cpx$ NyX$pNufu lh dx $f Z kpdpþe NZpe Ðep ky^u c ô$pqpf cps> Üpfp kdps> ìehõ pdp OykpX$hpdp Apìep lpc Ðepf gpl$ån rs u AphíeL$sp cps> p A Apf.Ak. Ak. p L$pe L$sp Ap bpv$ L$fsp sdp flg dyì$ucf ìeql$sap ApS> b^pfz f Msfpkdp b u Nep R> Ðepf gpl$ånfz S>ê$fu b u Ney Aphp kdedp cps> kfl$pf p b^p v$bpzp hi ep hnf ux$fsp h L$ S> eyhp p ApS> v$i u hpõsrhl$sp dpv$ gx$u füp R> s V$L$p Ap hp A Ap Zp kp u afs> Åsu, oprs, V$p oprs p cpngp fps>l$pfzuapa X$phu A ApS> L$pC AL$ cpfsue sful$ rhqpf L$fsp u flhp v$u^p. v$i p Crslpk R> L$ gpl$p p cpngp px$u fps> L$fhy s Z d aph Ahy lº dp y Ry> L$ gpl$iplu f Myb ÅMd R> dpv$ v$idp ds>b spc u bpgu il$ A ux$f R> shp Ap b^p eyhp p A rhqpfl$u ApS> Alu fps>l$pv$ u ^fsu f kp fpô²$dp gpl$ipludp gpl$ ÅNfZ pe shu A np fpmy Ry>.Æh u Aplºrs Ap u, S>gdp Sy>hp u rhsphu iluv$uap Ap u Ap Zp v$i ApTpv$ L$fhp p lsy S> b^pfz A[õsÐhdp gphhp dpv$ p lsp. dpv$ Ap Zp v$i u v$ip A qv$ip bv$gpc Åe s dpv$ ÅN s b ua A krh^p bqphhp u Qmhmdp ÅX$pC S>CA. shu CÞÖ ug A ug L$fu lsu.(2.9) L$pg "krh^p bqphp, v$i bqphp' fgu epåi sd u V$ud p Apcpf ìel$s L$ep A v$rgs kdps> u 22 kõ papa AL$ S> kyf S>Zpìey L$ fgu kd Ap ua R>uA A AphsuL$pg v$rgs kdps> p låfp gpl$p Ap fgudp ÅX$pi A Ap fgu kam b phi shu Ålfps L$fu lsu. fps>l$pv$ rs> p kpdprs>l$ Þepe krdrs p Qfd bpgycpc thtyx$p, îu Agdu AS>eyL$i AÞX$ QfuV$bg V²$õV$- blºs> kpdprs>l$ knw$ - S> rls V²$õV$- Þepfp v$l$p byùpe AS>eyL$i AÞX$ QfuV$bg V²$õV$, NyS>fps Nyê$b pûz kdps> fps>l$pv$ Æ p OV$L$, dp h khp ko AS>eyL$i AÞX$ QfuV$bg V²$õV$, îu h v$ph V²$õV$, A dpg L$p-Ap fv$uh lpdk]n kpkpev$u, ArMg cpfsue v$u b^y L$p N k, ArMg cpfsue byù ^Ýd ko AS>eyL$i AÞX$ QfuV$bg V²$õV$, NÆhpX$p dp hkhp AS>ey¼i AÞX$ QfuV$bg V²$õV$, kh dp h khp ko S>du Ar^L$pf Arcep, kdsp k r L$ v$g, kpc kd apdþx$i, X$p.bpbp kplb ApbX$L$f dp h khp L$ëepZ dx$m, gpl$rls V²$õV$, ^fd Nf eyhp Ny, rhl$gpn îhz AS>eyL$i AÞX$ QfuV$bg V²$õV$, bpbp Ny, X$p.bpbp kplb ApbX$L$f AS>eyL$i AÞX$ QfuV$bg V²$õV$ A fps>v$u QfuV$bg V²$õV$ Üpfp fgu V$L$p Ålf L$fpep (2.12) fgu v$rgs kdps> u 22 kõ pap p V$L$p (kp fpô² ¾$prs ârsr r^ fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs ârsr r^ fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs ârsr r^ fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs ârsr r^ fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô² ¾$prs ârsr r^ fps>l$pv$) k d õ s c f h p X $ k d p S > u N y ê N p v $ u f p M p s T p T p h X $ p u S>Áep p dls fd Äe ^d ^yf^fîu O íepd fu bp y Nyê rih fu bp y A ë l p b p v $ â e p N f p S > M p s Q p g u f l g p L y $ c d m p d p d l p d X $ g í h f y v $ â p á s p k d N k d p S > d p l f M u l g u Q X $ u R >. A p N p d u q v $ h k p d p f p S > L $ p V $ M p s f d Ä e O í e p d f u bp y y TpTfdp kþdp L$fhp u s X $ p d p f s e p f u A p Q p g u f l u R >. kp fpô²cfdp u kdps> p cpc-bl p Ap kþdp kdpfpldp DdV$u X$i. NyS>fpsdp u AL$dpÓ rhfg ì e r ¼ s Ð h ^ f p h s p k s c f h p X $ kdps> p ^d Nyê O íepd fubp y dlpdx$gíhf y v$ âpá eg R> S> c f h p X $ k d p S > d p V $ A r s l p r k L $ A Np fhê OV$ p Sy> p AMpX$p p kspa Ns sp.5 dnmhpf p fps> ipluw$pw$ u h qv$l$ dópãqpf kp Ap v$hu A pes L$fu lsu. Ðepfbpv$ âepnfps> Mps Äe O íepd fu bp y u iplu khpfu ul$mu lsu. A bp y u r îpdp sdpd ksp-dlsp c f h p X $ k d p S > p î $ u A p A blpmu k epdp A yepeuap iplu õ p L$fu ph ep lsp. ApNpdu q v $ h k p d p f p S > L $ p V $ M p s O í e p d f u b p y y c ì e õ h p N s L$fhp dpv$ u sx$pdpf s epfuap Qpgy Ap iplu kþdp dpv$ AL$ ks A r c h p v $ k r d r s b p h h p d p Aphi f d Ä e î u O íepd fu bp ya ldip cfhpx$ kdps> dpv$ AL$ kpqp ks sful$ u a f S > r c p h u R >. b h j l g p Adfgu Æ pdp Ly$v$fsu Apas hms b O f b g p d p g ^ p f u k d p S > p 800 u h^y qfhpfp Ncf hp dpv$ kdps>dp V$lg pmu 80 gpm u h^y fl$d y rhsfz L$fu kscph p ânv$ L$fu lsu. AS> fus Nep hj b pkl$pw$p A kpbfl$pw$p Æ pdp f lp pfs u [õ rsdp blpg egp A L$ qfhpfp L$pB Z ps-ås p cv$cph hnf AL$ drl p ky^u fp Mps TpTphX$p v$h u S>Áepdp Apîe A flhp-s>dhp u knhx$p Dcu L$fu dp hsp y AL$ Ddv$p Dv$plfZ y ê p X $ é y l s y. A p k s S > e p f dlpdx$gíhf y v$ âpá ey Ðepf cfhpx$ kdps> p v$fl$ cpc-bl p Dfdp Ap v$ kdpsp u. Mpk L$fu eyhp hn dp Äe bp y awgx$ h^phhp N pv$ Åhp dmu füp O íepd fu bp y ldip rinz A ìek dyr¼s p rldpesu füp iplu kþdp dpv$ fpsy>cpc S y > Å, c u M p c p C X $ k p f u e p, c f s c p C d L $ h p Z p, f Z Æ s c p C dy^hp, L$fZcpC Ndpfp, Np pgcpc N p g s f, N g p c p C k c p X $, N p p g c p C k f k u e p, ^ u f S > c p C dy^hp, fdicpc Sy>Å, rhfg X$pcu, fpsy>cpc Tp X$p, fpsy>cpc V$peV$p, dlºgcpc Tp X$p, dyl$icpc dy^hp, S > N v $ u i c p C t k ^ h, l d s c p C d y ^ h p, r g i k p f u e p, ^ u ê c p C X $ k p f u e p k r l s p A N Z u A p s epfuap p ^d^dpv$ Apv$fu v$u^p R >. ( ) fpäe p dóu Bðf fdpf p lõs gpl$p Z L$fpi fps>l$pv$ d p p bs>v$ y AphL$pfsp kr V$i L$rdqV$ Qfd cpfzuep õhõr>sp p hp âps>¼v$ AN kp^ -kpdn u u ÅNhpB bv$g Arð cpfzuepa õv$þx$]n Qfd Dv$e L$p NX$ Atc v$ pw$ìep (kp fpô²$¾$prs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) fps>l$pv$.sp:12 k r V $ i L $ d u V $ u p Q f d A[íh cpc cpfzuep AL$ epv$udp S>Zph R> L$, fps>l$pv$ d p y k y fuhpcèx$ s p k h j y ê L$fpX$ y L$fbpS> hnf y Av$pS> Ó dsy>f L$fhpdp Aphg s AphL$pê Ry> A sdp ilf õhãr> b frmepdï b s dpv$ õ peu krdrs Üpfp kpgux$ hõv$ d S>dÞV$ rhcpn u L$pdNufu dpv$ yfsu bs>v$ L$fu ilf õdpv$ kuv$u õhãr> ilf b shp âepk L$fg s bv$g õv$þx$]n L$rdV$u p Qfd Dv$ecpC L$p NX$ s p sdpd kæep Arc v$ pw$hy Ry>.(3.15) L$fpX$p p L$pdp õv$[þx$n bw$l$dp L$fpX$p p L$pdp dsy>f L$fphsp ÄepÐk pb X$ S> krdrs p Qfd Öpfp $X$ S> afuepv$ r L$pg, X²$ S> dy e gpb, lpdk L$ L$í Qçbf b phhp p L$pdp dsy>f L$fpìep (kp fpô²$¾$prs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$¾$prs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$¾$prs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$¾$prs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) (kp fpô²$¾$prs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) fps>l$pv: d l p N f p r g L $ p p X ² $ S > k r d r s p Q f d Ä e p Ð k p b V$ugpmp S>Zph R> L$, õv$[þx$n L$rdV$u Qfd Dv$ecpC L$p NX$ p AÝen õ p f p S > L $ p V $ d l p N f p r g L $ p u õv$[þx$n L$rdV$u u duqv»$ndp hpx $.2 s p 3 dp âpchv$pcti u c Nc NV$f aqfepv$p p r L$pg L$fhp y L$pd s p hpx $. 4 A 5 ( X$L$ aqfepv$ L $ Þ Ö ) d p â p C h V $ p C T i u c N c NV$f u aqfepv$ r L$pg L$fhp y L$pd sds> fps>l$pv$ dlp Nf prgl$pdp hp cmg hpx $.12 dp Aphg hphx$u r h õ s p f d p A p i f f ]N duv$f X²$ S> u dy e gpc s p l p D k L $ ¼ i Q ç b f b phhp u L$pdNufu L$fhp y dsy>f L$fhpdp Aphg Å N s L $ p p f V $ f î u A p Ü p f p gpl$p u kyrh^p gndp gb Sy>v$p Sy>v$p gpl$d epnu L$pdp L$fphhpdp Aph shp S> L$pd p AL$ cpn ê Ashp ll$ kyas> gpc i g lpc-h-8- bu p yg u p V$ fp ky^u ApÆ v$u p [íqd ql$ pf y :rhl$pk p L$pd gpc pmhp p L $ p d A p i f d u. d u. X $ p e p. p , d u. d u. X $ p e p. p , d u. d u. X $ p e p. p , d u. d u. X $ p e p. p , d u. d u. X $ p e p. p 9 5 0, d u. d u. X$pep. p 300 f ]N duv$fdp sds> A L $ X $ u k Þ V ² $ g p C T h õ V $ r k õ V $ d u L$pdNufu L$fhpdp Aphi. D fp¼s Qpfe L$pd dpv$ Apif ê.30,34,91,823/- y L$pd dsy>f L$fhpdp Aphg s p u fps>l$pv$ ilf p NfS> p h^y kpfu X²$ S> u kyrh^p dmu fli sd h^ydp X²$ S> k r d r s p Q f d S > e p Ð k p b V$ugpmpA S>Zphg (2.14) Adfgudp 13 L$fpX$ p L$p cpx$ u s pk hp p A ^pz Adfgu, Adfgu u fds-nds L$Qfu Ö p f p ê r e p 1 3 L $ f p X $ u N f f u r s A p N Z h p X $ u p b p m L $ p d p V $ e g fdl$x$p u Mfuv$udp C lphp u aqfepv$ A p f V $ u A p C A L $ V $ u h u õ V $ p p g p g kymx$uepa L$fsp ApNpduqv$hkpdp L $ r s c ô p Q p f u s p k h N h s u b hp p A^pZ Åhp dmu füp Adfgu p blºdpmu ch dp Aphg fds-nds L$Qfu Âhpfp px$p d r l p A p l g p k p k v $ u A AÞe u N p ¹V$dp u L$fpX$p êr ep p fdl$x$p Mfuv$ L$fhpdp Apìep lsp. S>dp sdpd urs-r edp hdyl$u v$c kfl$pfu pzp p v$yê epn ep lphp u aqfepv$ Akubudp ep bpv$ fds-nds rhcpn u hx$u L$QfuA A d f g u p h s d p f d s - N d s Ar^L$pfu fdl$x$p u Mfuv$u AN p s d p d v $ õ s p h Å k y q f n s L $ f h p u kyq p Ap u lphp y ÅZhp dmg fds-nds rhcpn y L$r s L$fpX$p êr ep y L$p cpx$ ApNpdu Q V$Zudp QQp õ v$ b sp hpc pdhp S>hy lu fl.

6 Page: 6 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs "ApÐdd ' âv$i drlgp L$p N k p dlpdóu v$ r ey[¼s A^pfp p Apmp Dsfhp u s epfudp kyfs> vy$f rnrss> f AX$^p Xy$bu QyL$ep L$pmp qx$bpn hpv$mp OfpC QyL$ep fpgf L$põV$f f bw$gp lº D f u uq Dsfu füp Ry>. Off...f...f...OX$pd... ldzp lº uq srme A R>u L$epfe D f l]. kyfs> kph Xy$bu S>i A flu S>i al$s A^pfp. Atl al$s fps R> âcps u. kye y ql$fz L$epfe âkfu il$ Ahu fps... kydkpd A c L$pf d X$f gpn lº Myb AL$gsp A chy Ry>, OfpC füp Ry>. ^uf ^uf "fpn' pd p cel$f X$pLy$Ap u gyv$pc flu R> dpfu dpgdsp S> d ^uf ^uf cnu L$fu lsu, hjp hj S>dp L$fu lsu. lº rnz C füp Ry>. dpfp ApL$j L$ hpm lh cymfp, dpfu ApMp... lh Qídp pr>m ^L$gpC QyL$u dpfu v$ug X$pgphsu Qpg lh ^udu X$u NC dpfp W$õkp lh X$u cpáep dpfp ê$aph d "Aghuv$p' L$lu füp lº A hu hy Ry>. Å, d R>pX$u Å' Z A S>i, d Mbf R>, lº gpl$p u S>fdp al$s "rbqpfp' b u flui, NCL$pg ky^u lº MgpX$u lsp ApS> dyl$ ânl$ fapd f lsp lh ApqX$eÞk...ApqX$eÞk lphp R>sp dpfu L$dÞV$ u L$pC hëey u dpfp NS>hp Mpgu, dpfy b L$ bgþk ^uf ^uf ApRy> kss ApRy> sy Åe R> ifbåf p N pa u S>d kss uq S>sy Åe L$pg ky^u lº S> v$bx$phsp, s ApS> d ApM bsphu il$i. L$p kcmpe ApRy> AV$g JQu AhpS> hps L$fu il$i. lº kgpl v$hp bv$g al$s kgpl ghp gpel$...gpqpf...l$pg ky^u dpfp Ngp u AplV$ u fu S> pfp ApS> dpfp gx$bx$sp N ÅC L$v$pQ lp gbphi V$L$p Ap hp... L$ R>u lku S>i dpfu gpqpfu f? l âcy!! Apd L$d? (ddsp V$g-dybC) kdu kps> y A^pfy lº ågx$ p kç g Ap u dpfu Av$f iy Qpgu füy R> A ÅZhp u L$prji L$fui. dpfp L$fdZuhpmp Qlfp p l], Av$f ghpc Ry> pc bw$gp Ahehp p apv$pa Z AgN AgN A Ng u X$phu lº A ÅZhp u L$prji L$fui L$ L$pZ L$pd L$f R> A L$V$gy? lº lpgsp Qpgsp dpzkdp u L$v$pQ AL$ apcg A ApMf qv$hpg f gv$l$sp apv$p b u S>Ci Z Ap ApMu âq¾$ep Myb gpbu R>, cep L$ "d b^y AphX$ R>' A hv$ dpfp X$u S>i, kph uq lº A ip^ui Z d A dmi l] A dpfp S> V$pbfuep d L$lu S>i flhp v$p, sd l] aph. lfhy-afhy Mphy uhy lfhy ApY$hy, qaëdp Åhu, L$gbdp S>hy rdóp kp dlaugp dpzhu pv$}ap L$fhu Nphy pqhy dõsu då lh NCL$pg b u S>i, dqv$f S>hy, Qpghp p ålp bnuqpdp Apd sd gv$pfp dpfhu A hp b Q f bku gpl$p Æh dpzsp dlpgsp Åhp A S> dpfu âh rs A Ofdp? L$epfL$ L$pC lpdhl $dp dv$v$ L$fhu, ku^pk pv$ Qlfphpmp ÞeyT fux$fp Åhp, kdpqpfpdp TmL$su OV$ pap y rhïgjz L$fhy A b^p X$hy??? p, p dpfp u Apd l] pe... sp iy i? f hqpi? AMbpf u p p D g- p g L$fu il$pi? kp Æh p Z...L$epfL$ epv$pdp kfu S>hpi A A epv$pdp L$pCL$ Ahp Qlfp Z X$pL$pfp S> cygpc QyL$ep li A hp cyghp dõep lpci/ d sp lpci R>u? R>u ApMp cfpc Aphi, Apky kfu X$i. il$e R> S> p dpv$ lº ApMy Æh dõep lpci, Ad S> lh lº Ndy, dpfu kamsp p d cfu D epn L$fu g pfp il$e R> dpfu bmpc u afs L$f. il$e R>, kdu kps> lº d sp lpd gpnzu pd y dpsu Æh pd p kpnfdp u ip^hp dpv$ A A AQp L$ dpfp lp pzu uq flgp Ð fp kp V$L$fpC Åe sp? il$e R> L$ kdu kps> lº CÃR>sp lpd A p u L$iyL$ rh fus... p, p d blº X$f gpn lº dpfp ifuf, dpfp psp p A dpfu Akspjpegu CÃR>pAp kp kss koj L$fsp lpci L$v$pQ...vy$L$pmdp S>du f X$su sfpx$p S>hu kyl$u cì$ dpfu QpdX$u u fmpapdp cs> cfsp lpci L$v$pQ...kph AL$gp AVy$gp.iy sd Ap Æh R>p? iy sdpfu Apk pk Aphp L$pC Æh v$? sp kde A kpf u ëlpzu L$fÅ. Arsd ðpk ky^ua AL$gp AVy$gp Æh p lp L$X$u fpmå lp, sp A sp S> A Æh ilu il$i kdu kps> y A^pfy. ApÐdd L$fÅ. Æhv$ep N y Üpfp dlps> u ps>fp pmdp Np dpsp gpx$hp MhX$phpep v$ul$fp y Of h ^pîd s p õhpdu rhhl$p v$ ey L$gb p A y d v$piu, yfkpñd u fuep krls p füp D [õ s y fps>l$pv$ sp. 12 Æ h v $ e p N f p S > L $ p V $ Ü p f p 350 ql$gp OD p gpv$ p gpx$hp f p S > L $ p V $ d l p S > u p S > f p p m d p Np dpspap MhX$phhpdp Apìep lsp S>dp v$psp rldpiycpc rq pe ql$s}cpc p f M k d u f c p C L $ p d v $ p f - b p p kuspfpd Np khp dx$m õh. ê gb lficpc rhr>u Bgpb Sy>W$pZu s p âl$picpc dpv$u hnf p kll$pf dþep lsp Ap âkn fps>l$pv$ L$pdk}eg L$p- A p f V $ u h b L $ p k u. C. A p. yfyjpsdcpc u fuep s p v$ul$fp y Of h ^pîd A õhpdu rhhl$p v$ ey ¼ g b p A y d c p C v $ p i u A lkycpc fpãr> Mpk D [õ s füp lsp sapa Apiuh Q Ap u khpl$ue âh rñap rbfv$phu lsu Ap såbl$ A y dcpc v$piu Üpfp 350 ql$gp gpx$hp u Ålfps L$fhpdp Aphgu lsu k d N L $ p e ¾ $ d y k a m k Q p g y y epnicpc ipl W$p A{ZcpC v$piu Ü p f p L $ f h p d p A p h g l s k d N L $ p e ¾ $ d k a m b p h h p d p V $ kyd cpc L$pdv$pf epnicpc ipl dyl$icpc bp[ðhep D cpc dpv$u L $ f Z c p C i p l k S > e c p C d l s p qv$gu cpc hkp bly$gcpc ê pzu A { Z c p C v $ p i u A q v $ i c p C h p f p p L $ i m d p N v $ i l W $ m Æhv$epN y p kh L$pe L$sp ApA cpf S>lds DW$phg lsu (3.12) dlpdóu v$ qv$áub kpgl$u A ârsdpb ìepk u r dz L$ L$fpB (sõhuf:- c stkl fpw$px$ drlgp L$p N k p dlpdóu v$ hr ey[¼s sp ilf L$p N k drlgp krdrs p bl p kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge u dygpl$ps ^pep lsp. ilf cps> AN ZuApA pv$} p ÝhS> glfphu "dfp qfhpf-cps> qfhpf' L$pe ¾$d DS>ìep ilf cps> âdym L$dgi rdfpzu p dpn v$i lw$m L$fpey lsy ApepS> g p ¼ k c p Q V $ Z u AÞhe L$Þv$ ue ÿp s2a u kp u dpv$p S> k L $ dlparcep d2p r2hp2 - cps> p r2hp2 L$pe L $d r [ïqs eg R>, S>dp v$2l$ by dp cps> AN ZuAp s p L$pe ¼sp Ap Ýhp2p psp p r hpkõ p pv$} p ÝhS> a2l$phu d2p r2hp2- cps> p r2hp2 L$pe L $d eps>hpdp Aphi. s AsN s il2 cps> Ýhp2p il2 c p S > d y M L $ d g i r d 2 p Z u p dpn v$i lw$m cps> AN ZuAp s p L $ p e ¼ s p A p p r h p k õ p c p 2 s u e S > s p p V $ } p Ý h S > g l 2 p h h p d p A p ì e p l s p. Ð e p 2 il2 p hpx $.8 dp v$i cps> y A N Z u r s u c p 2 Ý h p S > p r hpkõ p cp2sue S> sp pv$} p Ý h S > g l 2 p h u d 2 p r 2 h p 2 - cps> p r2hp2 L$pe L $d eps>hpdp Apìep lsp. Ap sl$ il2 cps> dym L $ d g i r d 2 p Z u, v $ i c p S > AN Zu r su cp2ýhps>, yól$2 V$g, r su cys, dli 2pW$pX$, 2OycpC ^pml$uep, hu.aœd V$g, L $ p X $ c p C X $ p N 2, h v $ p b c p 2 Ý h p S >, h u S > e p b h p R > p Z u, L $ u 2 Z b d p L $ X $ u e p, A ë L $ p b L $ p d v $ p 2, 2 u V $ p b k M u e p, h i cv $, iycþv$y NY$hu, S>õdu d¼hpzp, lóp}spb L$pkyÞv$ p, huzpb v$p Np klus p blpmu k epdp D [õ s 2lep lsp. (3.21) prgl$p p âd M v$ cps> p fkugpb p f u hfzu Adfgu, A d f g u Æ p p b N k f p Nf prgl$p p âdym y Ahkp sp afu âdym u hfzu âps Ar^L$pfu u AÝen õ p bw$l$ epåeg S>dp cps> L$p N k p krls gpl$p blpmu k epdp D [õ s flg A p s L $ u. A k. A p B. X $ u. L $. k f h e p Ü p f p y f s p b v $ p b õ s N p W $ h p e g R > Ð e p f l p g p X $ p q v $ h k l g p b N k f p N f p r g L $ p p â d y M Q p b b Y $ u e p y h Ý ^ p Ahõ pdp Ahkp eg lpe S> u a f u u â d y M u h f Z u L $ f h p d p A p h s p â d y M v $ p h v $ p f k r l s f p S > L $ u e A p N h l p S > f f l g R > s p (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) â v $ i d r l g p L $ p N k p dlpdóu sful$ qv$áub AQ. kpgl$u A â r s d p b ì e p k u r d Z L $ L $ f p B R >. A M u g c p f s u e d r l g p L$p N k p AÝen ky[õdsp v$h Æ u k Q p A ykpf NyS>fps âv$i drlgp L$p N k âydm NpeÓubp hpogp Üpfp A r M g c p f s u e L $ p m u k d p S > fps>l$pv$ rs> p drlgp âdym A fps>l$pv$ ilf L$p N k p h dlpdóu qv$áub kpgl$u sds> fps>l$pv$ ilf L$p N k p âdym ârsdpb ìepk u N y S > f p s â v $ i d r l g p L $ p N k p dlpdóu sful$ r dz L$ sp âv$i D âdym X$p. ldpncpb hkphx$p, âv$i dlpdóu qv$ icpb dl$hpzp, S>ihstkl cë$u, v$hþöcpb ^pdu, f p S > L $ p V $ i l f â d y M A i p L $ c p B X$pNf, AipL$tkl hpogp, dlicpb fps> s, âqv$ cpb róhv$u, fpsy>cpb A p d f Z u e p, c p N h c p B Y $ u e p f, dlugp L$p N k ilf âdym d ujpbp h p m p, l u f g b p f p W $ p X $, â a º p b Q p l p Z, d k y M c p B L $ p g f u e p, ÆoicpB hpnx$uep, fps>qv$ tkl Å X $ Å, d y L $ i c p B Q p h X $ p k l u s p ApNhp pa AphL$pfg Ap sl$ qv$áub kpgl$u, ârsdpb ìepk, fuv$pb hx$qp, L$Q b hpmp, AëL$pbp Tpgp, r l p b h p X $ p v $ f u e p, k f g b pv$x$uep, fs> b pfm, gspb fpz qfep, S>epb Qp lpz rhnf L$p N k qfhpf p bl pa kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge u iycãr>p dygpl$ps gu^u lsu. (2.8) Nf âp. rinz krdrs u ipmp u dygpl$ps L$fsp AdfuL$ B[ÞX$ep apd. p dy e v$psp 30 ipmp p rinl$p s p hpguap kp qx$æv$g B¼hugpBTf âpn pd u sp apev$pap u ÅZL$pfu A pb (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) N f â p r d L $ r i n Z krdrsdp AdfuL$ BÞX$uep apdþx$i Üpfp qx$æv$g B¼hugpBTf âpn pd 4 hj u Qgphhpdp Aph S> AsN s AÐep^yr L$ V$L$ pgpæ s p kpãv$hf p D epn sds> AX$hpÞk d X$pgpÆ Üpfp bpml$p A rinl$p s p g u d A p h p d p A p h u R >. S > AsN s A. ApB. Aa. p dy e v$psp cfs v$kpb Nf âp rdl$ rinz krdrs u âpz p âp. ipmp. 85 A dlpv$h âp. ipmp. 44 u dygpl$ps gu^gu lsu. sds> 30 ipmp p rinl$p s p hpguap kp qx$æv$g B¼hugpBTf âpn pd b S > f N h p X $ u d p t h N å g p L $ y Mpsdyl s L$fsp cx$fu-rdfpzu h p X $. 2 p b S > f N h p X $ u i f u. 1 1 u 1 5 p f p X $ t h N å g p L $ u d Y $ p i y h p X $. 2 b S > f N h p X $ u rhõspfdp bs>fnhpx$u ifu.11 u 15dp thn ågpl$ y Mpsdlºs NyS>fps çeyr rk g apc p k bpx $ p Qfd ^ kymcpc cx$fu s p ilf cps> âdym L$dgicpC rdfpzu p hfv¹ lõs L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. A p â k N h p X $. 0 2 p L$p p fv$f s p bp^l$pd krdrs Qfd d ujcpc fpx$uep, ApfpÁe krdrs Qfd S>edu cpb W$pL$f, h X$.def X $ p. v $ r i s p b i p l, L $ p p f V $ f kpqaepb v$g, hpx $.2 p âcpfu fþötkl W$pLy$f, âdym fps>þötkl N p r l g, d l p d Ó u S > e k M c p C fdpf, ^e cpc pfm, dpl cpc rhi khpv$ kp^hpdp Apìep lsp. b p m L $ p s p r i n L $ p q X $ Æ V $ g B¼hugpBTf âpn pdnu sp apev$pap sds> NyZpÐdL$ afapfp u ÅZL$pfu v$pspap Ap hpdp Aphu lsu. Ap AN h^y S>Zpìey lsy L$, qx$æv$g B¼hugpBTf Üpfp crhóedp h ^ p f i p m p s p b p m L $ p a p e v $ p l p Q p X $ h p h p g u s p r i n L $ p A v$pspap fs >Aps L$fu S> Ýep dp f p M u v $ p s p A p A c r h ó e d p Z h p X $ p g u e p, f p S > c p C t k ^ h, c f s c p C h u f X $ p, v $ h i u c p C k v $ p l u d p, a p ê L $ c p C L $ V $ p V $ u e p, A r { Ù t k l Å X $ Å, c f s c p C QphX$p, Nygpbtkl ÅX$Å, rhw$gcpc kll$pf Ap hp u s epfu bsphu lsu. Ap âkn Nf âp rdl$ rinz krlrs p Qfd fþö W$pLy$f kplb Üpfp cfs v$kpb riëx$ Ap u kþdp L$fu Ad p klepn rbfv$pìey s p AApBAa p õv$pa rdóp il$f idp, lpqv$ L$ kp R>pÓp, Qvy fpw$px$, qv$ pgub W$pL$f, Npfg d L $ p X $ u s p B r i s p c e p Z u Arc v$ pw$ìep lsp. (6.2) S > pny$dp kñp^pf p dls ipdæbp y u 36 du Îersr DS>hpi ipcpepóp, ^d kcp, gpl$x$pefp A dlpâkpv$ S>hp L$pe ¾$dp epåi S > pny$, S > pny$dp ApNpdu sp. 14 ab yapfu p fps> kñp^pf p dls i p d Æ b p y u 3 6 d u y Î e s u u r r d Ñ i p c p e p Ó p, ^ d k c p, gpl$x$pefp sds> dlpâkpv$ S>hp A L$ L$pe ¾$dp y ApepS> L$fhpdp Aphi. S > p N Y $ p V $ ] b p h X $ u [ õ s íepd^pd Mps Nyê$hpf epå pf Ap L $ p e ¾ $ d p d p k h p f L $ g p L $ S> rh^u, b pf 2 L$gpL$ íepdhpx$u bnkfp prgl$pdp afu cps> p cnhp glfpep Nf prgl$p âdym y Ahkp sp hp âdym u hfzu AN âps Ar^L$pfu p AÝen õ p bw$l$ epåb y y y y y y b u Æ b p S > Å Z h p d þ e p d S > b c p S > L $ p N k p â b m v $ p h p A p h à Q n p s f ^ p f p A p Q k æ e p k õ Þ X $ L $ f s p f p S > L $ p f Z N f d p e l s. b N k f p N f p r g L $ p a f u h M s â d M v $ u Q V $ Z u e p Å e g S>dp cps> p cnhp glfpep A c p S > a f u h M s f k u g p b d L $ i c p C p f b N k f p Nf prgl$p âdym u ksp kp hpdp A p h g R >. A p s L $ ^ p f u â p s A r ^ L $ p f u u A p f. L $. A p T p d p d g s v $ p f A p B. A k. s g p V $ Q u a Apqakf cph pb Np õhpdu krls A r ^ L $ p f u A p A v $ p A r ^ L $ p f u lps>f füp lsp. (3.11) NyS> f Apv$pg Ng 3 V²$ fv$, 2 V²$ p ê$v$ X$pBhV $ L$fpep ApMp-S>e yf s p lp p-l$v$fp A¼kâk fv$ (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) r ò d d Ý e f g h p L $ p V $ p qx$rht lw$m p udpx$p õv$i p f g h ¾ $ p t k N f N y S > f Apv$pg L$pfZ Ap dpn f Qpgsu L$V$guL$ V²$ p fv$ L$fhpdp Aphu R> s p L $ V $ g u L $ p ê $ V $ X $ p B h V $ L $ f h p d p A p ì e p R >. 1 1 a b y A p f u u V ² $ ApMp-S>e yf A¼kâk fv$ L$fhpdp A p h u R > A 1 2 a b y A p f u u v$pspffpx$ u ipcpepóp epåi S> 4 L$gpL$ íepd^pdv$]bphpx$u lp Qi. Ä e p d l p A p f s u b p v $ ^ d k c p epåi. kps> kdylâkpv$ bpv$ 8.30 L$gpL$ gpl$x$pefp epåi. S>dp fzæs h p L $, c N h s u b N p õ h p d u A L y $ g q v $ N Y $ h u k r l s p L $ g p L $ p f p k p r l Ð e f k s d S > k s h p Z u f S > S>e yf u D X$su V²$ S>e yf-apmp A ¼ k â k s p 1 3 a b y A p f u A l p p u D X $ s u V ² $ l p p - d p s p h ózpv$hu L$V$fp A¼kâk Z fv$ L $ f h p d p A p h u R >. s d S > 1 2 ab yapfua Åd Nf u D X$su V²$ Åd Nf-h ózpv$hu L$V$fp A¼kâk Z fv$ L$fu v$hpb q f h r s s d p N u Q p g p f u V² $ pdp 10 dua L$V$pf u ul$mgu V² $ d p s p h ó Z p v $ h u L $ V $ p f p - Å d N f L $ f i. A p L $ p e ¾ $ d A s N s p f u i [ ¼ s A p y k Þ d p A u ki[¼sl$fz AN L$pe ¾$dp Z fs > L$fpi. Ap dlpðkh p dyme es>dp íepd drlgp dx$m Üpfp cs>, c[¼s A cps> p róhzu kndê$ Ap L$pe ¾$d p v$fl$ ^d âduapa gpc ghp A yfp^ L$fhpdp Apìep (2.6) A¼kâk hpep ApN p, Tpku, bu p rlv$p Nf B Qpgi. Äepf 11 dua L$V$pfp u D X$su V² $ dpsp h ózpv$hu L$V$pfp-lp p AL$kâk hpep fhpx$u, AS>df, pg yf, Adv$phpv$ B Qpgi. ròd fghdp NyS> f Apv$pg L$pfZ A L$ V² $ Akf B S>dp fps>l$pv$ Aphsu S>su 3 V² $ fv$ A 2 V² $ p ê$v$ fv$ L$fhpdp Apìep bpl$u u V² $ p psp p r ^p qfs kde S> Qpgi shy fgh sóa S>Zpìey lsy. (6.3) f Ä h p q X $ e p, f r k L $ c p C, Æ i c p C A d p f O X $ p, d k y M c p C f S > h p X $ u, dfycp Tpgp, S>ÞsucpC hpx$pguep b l p m u k e p d p g Ñ p h p k u A p D [õ s füp lsp.(3.18)

7 Page: 7 kp fpô²$ ¾$prs g âkn-fpô²$ h S>hp dplpg A pmu lg: g rhr^ L$pgfuep qfhpf psp u yóu p g âkn epv$npf b pìep: g rhr^ gpáep fpô²$cql$s p fn Ahkp s p S > s f d p f p S > L $ p V $ A b X$hg dþv$ Ap pfuv$u (ê$x$p) L$Qfu p X$pefL$V$f (âps>l$v$k) îu ^ufþöcpc Npf^ cpc L$pgfuep s p kfps>b L $ p g f u e p u k y y Ó u r Q. X $ p. L $ p (Ad.X$u.) p iycg lkpb s p ^ufs>gpg cpx$å p ky yó L$ S>Ap dlpfpô²$ fps>e p pn yf Mps X$àeyV$u AL$pDV$ÞV$ S> fg sful$ L$ÞÖ kfl$pfdp a f S > b Å h s p r Q. X $ p. q f ^ d L y $ d p f (MBBS) kp õ ux$hg pv$} àgpv$ fps>l$pv$ Mps fnqn sds> L$CL$ p ^ y y y fps>l$pv$: ql$i cpc il$fcpc fpw$px$ (D.h.51 bu.ak.a.ag fps>l$pv$ p L$d Qpfu) s Djpb p rs kpr L$pb ( u.æ.hu.ku.ag fps>l$pv$) ks>gb, rkdf b, rldpg p r sp A l u p p p y sp.5 p Ahkp ey bkï fps>l$pv$dp sp.14 p kps> 4 u 6 L$ë ðf dlpv$h dqv$f, iw$ Nf kpkpev$u, Åd NffpX$, dp^p f Mps fpmg fps>l$pv$: ky^ufcpc v$ipzu (D.h.22) s v$hþöcpc L$fi v$pkæ v$ipzu p yó deyfcpc, bu pb, rb u cpc, vy$^frs>ep, lsgb, Aë icpc Np X$rgep p p pcpc y sp.11 p Ahkp ey bkï sp.14 p kps> 4 u 6, frh pl $-1, âddqv$f u pk, L$pgphX$ fpx$ Mps fpmg f p S > L $ p V $ : f p d Æ c p C S > f p d c p C N p f h p q X $ e p p Ð u d S > g p b NpfhpqX$ep (D.h.84) s õh.ql$fuv$cpc v$u L$cpC NpfhpqX$ep p dpsp y sp.11 p Ahkp ey bkï dnmhpf p fps> kps> 4 u 6 L$gpL$, r hpkõ p v$ep v$ A pv$ dþv$, 2- hp Ly$cpfhpX$p, fps>l$pv$ Mps fpmg f p S > L $ p V $ : dpl cpc AN hpg (D.h.79) s lqfil$f AN hpg p p pcpc s p v$u L$cpC AN hpg p r sp y sp.11 p Ahkp ey kv¹$ns y bkï sp.13 by^hpf p kps> 5 u 6, epnu Ad s A pv $dþv$, gubyx$u hpx$u, kprs>ep Nf, pzu p V$pL$p pk, fps>l$pv$dp fpmg fps>l$pv$: iprsgpg cnhp ÆcpC dlsp s õh.bly$cpc, ÆsÞÖcpC ers cpc, S>. u.nyê$æ, qv$ gb dpv$u p r sp y sp.10 p Ahkp ey kv¹$ns y DW$dÏ sp.14 Nyê$hpf p fps> khpf 9-30 u L$gpL$, âlgpv$ àgpv$, v$fpkf Mps s p âp pkcp khpf 11 L$gpL$, rhkpîudpmu hpx$u (S > u) dp fps>l$pv$ Mps fpmg fps>l$pv$: dp^ycpc âdæcpc dpmhu p Ð u lkpb (D.h.85) s q v $ i c p C ( r h s f g h N p X $ ) l f i c p C, c f s c p C, b u u c p C s p AipL$cpC (r h s L$d. d p Sy> pny$) p dpsp y sp.11 p Ahkp ey bkï sp.15 p kps> 4 u 6, L$qX$ep Nf kpkpev$u, d v$ðf dlpv$h dqv$f, fps>l$pv$ Mps fpmg fps>¼pv$: fmpbl âl$picpc fum (D.h.72) s âl$picpc Ð u, X$p.kQu cpc, AprijcpC (AdfuL$p) p dpsp sds> lufgbl, ulpful$p bl p kpky y sp.11 p Ahkp eg bkï sp.14 Nyê$hpf p fps> b pf 4 u 5 sd p r hpkõ p NgL$ku A pv $dþv$, NgL$ku V$pqL$T u bpsy>dp, fkl$pj fpx$, fps>l$pv$ Mps fpmg fps>l$pv$: yó pb p pgpg yåfp (D.h.84) s õh. p pgpg MsiucpC yåfp p [Ð, ÆsicpC (Nu ucpc), fpsy>cpc cmhpmp, lficpc (Å ucpc i]nhpmp) A fuv$pb p dpsyîu s õh.s>d pv$pk L $ f i v $ p k p V $ u Ó u, õ h. ^ u f c p C ( d b C ) h k s g p g S >. p V $ (S>eprsju), Arð S>. p V$ (AX$hpL$V$) p b sp.11-2 kpdhpf p fps> Ahkp pdg sd y DW$dÏ sp.14-2 Nyê$hpf p fps> kps> p 5-30 L$gpL$ ^pfðf dlpv$h dqv$f, cql$s Nf kl $g pk, fps>l$pv$ dyl$pd fpmhpdp Aphg r ef n u kpv$x$u kp fpmg lgp fpô²$ýhs> glfpìep rhriô$ fus ApepÆs ep lsp. p Z u S > õ h p d u rhhl$p v$ p rhqpfp A fpô²$hpv$ p fn fnpeg ^ufþöcpc s p L$p p fv$f d k y M c p, L $ p g f u e p A A p pfuhpful$ âkn fpô²$cql$s p fndp Tbpmu AL$ A pmu lg L$fu Å y k p d e y L $ e p b p v $ L $ Þ e p n hf n A sdpd ApdÓus psp p õ p f bku Nep lsp. çeytul$g A p f L $ õ V ² $ p A N u s - k N u s u k y f p h g u A p Q p g y L $ f u l s u. N p f d l p f p S > d Ó p Q p f Ü p f p hpsphfz rhó L$fu füp lsp. fps>l$pv$ d p p Qpsfa rhl$pkgnn bs>v$ AphL$pfsp bp^l$pd krdrs p Qfd fpx$uep bp^l$pd rhcpn p L$pdp dpv$ bs>v$dp fsu ÅNhpC L$fhp dpv$ d uj fpx$uepa õv$[þx$n L$rdqV$ p Qfd Dv$e L$p NX$ s p kæep p iycãr>p pw$hu y (kp fpô²$ ¾$pqs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) fps>l$pv$ dlp Nf prgl$p y k h j ê L$fpX$ y bs>v$ L$fbpS> hnf y A Qp sfa rhl$pkgnu bs>v$ õ peu k r d r s Ü p f p d S y > f L $ f g R > S > AhL$pfhpdp Aph r h i j i l f d p S y > v $ p S y > v $ p r h L $ p k p â p S > L ¹ $ V $ p D f p s A Þ e rhl$pk L$pdp dpv$ bp^l$pd rhcpn p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p bs>v$ lx$dp fsu bs>v$ ÅNhpC L$fu rhl$pk u Nrs ApNm ^ phhp S> âeð_ L$fhpdp Aphg R> s b v $ g õ p e u k r d r s p Q f d D v $ e c p C L $ p N X $ s p s d p d kæepap bp^l$pd krdrs p Qfd d ujcpc fpx$uepa iycãr>p pw$hu lsu. sap h^ydp S>Zpìey lsy L$, V²$pqaL$ kdõep lmhu b s dpv$ k p b S > V $ d p A p h f r b S > / A Þ X $ f r b S > S > h p L $, Apd pgu fëh ¾$ptkN, p p dp hp kl $g, kpfw$uephpx$u QpL$, gÿdu Nf, rkrhg lp[õ V$g QpL$, L$.L$.hu.QpL$, L$pW$pqfep kpghþv$ fëh ¾$ptkN sds> fõsp dpv$ ê gpm u bs>v$ ÅNhpC sds> L$pçeyr V$u lpg, ApX$uV$pfued, hpq pge, hpx $ Apqak dpv$ ê gpm, bkfp, dpg^pfu hkpls dpv$ ê gpm A hpl$k Tp, dpl $V$ dpv$ ê g p M, b p ^ L $ p d M Q gns AÞe L$pdp dpv$ ê.1183 gpm D fps hu lpbõl $g, Aphpk hnf d p V $ Z f s u Å N h p C L $ f h p d p A p h g R >. s d p d r h õ s p f p d p âp rdl$ kyrh^p fõsp, NV$f, pzu, gpcv$, hnf d mc s khpap dpv$ Z rhij ÅNhpC L$fu âp^p ¹e Ap u Äep dp hu Ðep kyrh^p p k Ó kp L$ L$fhp p d âepk L$fg S> bv$g Arc v$ pw$ìep lsp.(6.4) Sy> pny$, h j p S y > u r i n L $ p u X $ s f dpnzuap [õhl$pfsp rs> p rinl$ ko p Å lw$m ilf p kfv$pfbpn Mps AL$ qv$hk p ârsl$ D hpk OfZp y ApepS> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. r i n L $ p p h j p S y > p h j u A p S > q v $ k y ^ u c f s u eg rinl$p u kmn pl$fu NZphu DÃQ âp rdl$ rinl$p ê$p.4200 p N X $ A p h p k u k u k u p k L $ e d m h p p Ó s p f u M u D à Q N p f ^pfz Ap hp AQV$uAV$u rinl$p p ApfApf ql$l$ L$fhp Ap Sy> u Þi g âkn Qpd s L$pe ¾$d L$u kpdprs>l$ kv$ip A pep ÐepS> Dv$^pjL$ Üpfp D [õ s sdpd p s - p s p p õ p f D c p C kph^p u ptui ghp dpv$ rh su C. hffpå qf^dly$dpf ÝhS>hv$ L$fhp dpv$ ApdÓus L$fpep. sd p lp f p ô ² $ Ý h S > g l f p h h p d p A p ì e p. b^pa kgpdu Ap u A fpô²$ Nus S > - N Z d y N p L $ e y. c p f s dpspl$u S>e, hþv$ dpsfd S>e rlþv$ S>e cpfs p NN cv$u kyópqpf ep. ÝhS>hv$ L$fu hffpå dx$ dýe ^pep A g rh^u p âpfc L$fpep. fpô²$ýhs> ApL$pidp glfpsp ÅCA L$pC fpô²$ue slhpf S>hy hpsphfz Åhp dþey. S > pny$dp rinl$pa OfZp eps>ep X$sf âñp p DL$g gphhp dpn L$fpC eps> p gpny L$fhp rinz rkhpe u AÞe 60 âl$pf u L$pdNufu kp hp s d S > 7 d p N p f Q u y f y f u Adghpfu hnf âñp AN hpfhpf kfl$pfdp fs >Apsp L$fpeg lphp R>sp L$pC qfzpd Aphsp rs> p rinl$ k O p â d y M f p S y > c X $ p, d l p d Ó u qv$ i V$g A AÞe lpv¹$v$pfp u D [õ rs hãq Apif 300 rinl$p Üpfp ilf p kfv$pf bnp Mps AL$ q v $ h k D h p k O f Z p L $ e p lsp.(2.1) y A p S > p Q p d s L $ p e ¾ $ d p â d Q f Z d p v $ i â d u c p h p d p V $ Ý h S > h v $ L $ f h p d p A p ì e. b u Å Q f Z d p g r h r ^ u p â p f c e p. A p A p M u l g k p d l d p p A s p g u A p p l j p v $ u h ^ p h u l s u. q f h p f p d p N g u L $ â k N u k p v $ i c q L $ s Å X $ p h p p A p ¾ $ p s u L $ p f u r h Q p f u g p L $ p A M b S > â k i p L $ f u s d S > A p r h Q p f ì e p L $ Z A p h p â r s c p h A p à e p l s p. L $ p e ¾ $ d p Ó u Å Q f Z d p rq.x$p.l $ pa âp dul$ u gc DÃQ rinz ky^u y op S> u pk u gu^y L$p Nu L$p p fv$fp Üpfp õhpc ãgy DL$pmp L$ÞÖ iê L$fpey (kp fpô² ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) ApS>fpS> hpx $.12 A 13 p L$p p fv$f ÅN rsb X$pNf A r h S > e h p L $ Ü p f p õ h p C ã g y L $ Þ Ö rhíhîf dlpv$h p dqv$f Qpgy L$fhpdp A p h g A L $ p p f i u A g N - AgN õl $gpdp p p bpml$p dpõl$ A õhpc ãgy p DL$pmp Ap hpdp Aphg Ap âkn gpl$pa blpmu k e p d p g p c g u ^ g. A L $ l Å f d p õ L $ y A D L $ p m p u h X $ p h h p d p Aphg. S> L$pd L$p p fi A ipkl$p Üpfp hy ÅCA A L$pd L$p p fv$fpa õhmq Qpgy L$fg A Aph pf qv$hkpdp khpfdp fkl$pj dv$p D f õhpc ãgy kpd fnz dm s dpv$ dpõl$ y rhsfz L$fpey Ap DL$pmp uhx$phhp y Z ApepS> L$fg Ap âkn ApNhp p ilf L $ p N k â d y M A i p L $ c p C X $ p N f, O í e p d t k l Å X $ Å h p X $. 1 7 L$p p fv$f, fhæcpb Mudkyfuep hpx $.13 L$p p fv$f, ks>e ASy>X$uep hpx $.12 L$p p fv$f, dlþöcpc lv$hpzu, ql$i p kyfuep, fþötkl ÅX$Å, gpw$u p INpfpmp Npd v$yl$p dp eg Qpfu p cv$ DL$gpep Adfgu, A L $ b f c p C A å v $ y g c p C Ly$fiu, D.h. f9, ^^p p dphp u v $ y L $ p, f l. I N p f p m p, s p. g p W $ u hpmp u v$yl$p dp NC sp.19-f0/9/ 18 u fpó L$pC Qpf Ckd qv$hpgdp bpl$pê px$u ÆAp L$ u p dpbpcg a p q L» $. ê p s p f p L $ X $ p y êp.1 00 u Qpfu L$fu gc Neg lpe. Ap AN gpw$u pguk d L$ N p p ^ p s p p g u k d Ý e â v $ i p kyr g gpgcpc bpdzuep TX$ u gc AL$ ÆAp L$ u p dpbpcg ap ql»$.êp.1 00 s p fpl$x$p êp.1100 dmu Ly$g êp.f,600 p dyøpdpg S>á L$ep lsp.(2.15) lsy. shp Nyê$N p (rinl$p) y ipg ApY$pX$u s p kþdp Ó A Z L$fu dlp ycphp p lõs Np fh h L$ kþdp L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. S>dp hpfuep v$ su ( f p T f u õ L y $ g ) q v $ g u c p C t k l p f v$ su (tklpf õly$g) s p cfscpc p guep A L$s cpc cpgpx$uep ( A k. A p. A k. õ L y $ g ) y k Þ d p L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. L$pe ¾$d p Qp p QfZdp ""bv$u Y$pAp v$ls> cnphp'' kyó kp L$ L$fhp dpv psp p v$ul$fp p g dp AL$ Z ê $ u e p p v $ l S > g p f ^ufþöcpc p b hhpcap dpv$u v$ul$fu X $ p. Å L $ u p k k p f p b p b y c p C l k f p S > c p C c y s s p k p k y d ujpb cys A S> p g C füp lsp s p u v$ul$fu X$p.L $ p p k k f p ^ u f S > g p g A f S > Z c p C cpx$å s p kpky lkpb cpx$å y ipg ApY$pX$u kþdp L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. v$ls> â p p dymdp u rdv$ph pf A p b ß h h p C A p y k Þ d p L $ f u k d p S > A L $ â f Z p v $ p e u k v $ i p Ap hpdp Apìep lsp. Ap Qpd s L$pe ¾$d p pqdp QfZdp cps> kdpfcdp Aß p C flgp ìep L$ bnpx$ AV$pL$hhp AßbQphp Tybi y Z ApepS> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. bpbfpdp S>gpfpd dqv$f Mps kpsdp kdyl g pðkh k ß Adfgu, A d f g u Æ p p b p b f p d p S>gpfpd bp p p dqv$f kh oprs k d l g L $ r d V $ u Ü p f p k p s d p kdlºg y cìe ApepS> L$fhpdp Apìey lsy Al] kd l g dp rlþv$ d y [ õ g d k r l s 1 4 S > V $ g p h v$ rsap A âcyspdp Ngp px$ép lsp. Ap sl$ Ðepf sp X$uep Apîd p d l s î u O í e p d v $ p k b p y s d S > kp fpô²$ byl$afdp ilbyv$u fpw$px$ îpspap V$ L$X$u lkpìep fps>l$pv$ p fkl$pj N pdþx$dp spfum 9 u 13 ab yapfu v$frdep e p Å C f l g k p f p ô ² b y L $ a f A Þ X $ r g V $ f Q f a [ õ V $ h g d p N s L $ p g sfhfpv$ kprlðe kýep L$pe ¾$d lw$m k p S > 7 u 9 v $ f r d e p l p õ e e y h f p S > t k l T p g p, q v $ g u c p C r d p h s, r h d g i u h p X $ u e p, d p c p C L $ Z k p N f p, R > N c p C QphX$p, lfi X$pX$uep, dlphuftkl Å X $ Å, q v $ i N p X $ g u e p, L $ d g i L $ p W $ u h p f h N f L $ p N k p A p N h p D [õ s füp lsp.(2.13) iplbyøu fpw$px$ s p Apf.S>. v$hl$u Üpfp kprlðe L$u L$gp p rhl$pk rhje f hl$sìe A pey L$gpL$pf iplbyøu cpc fpw$px$ A Apf.S>.v$hL$u y h¼sìe epåey lsy. h Qv$ p hfopx$p, lpõe p hfopx$p S > h p y ó L $ m L $ p e ¾ $ d p A p p f i p l b y Ø u c p C f p W $ p X $ p s p u r v$p jlpk¹ei gu dpv$ âm¹eps fps>l$pv$ sds> kp fpô² u kprlðe- L$gp âdu S> sp dpv$ iplbyøu cpc A A p f. S >. v $ h L $ u d p Z h p p A ych kyv$f füp. kdn L$pe ¾$d y kqpg ÄeprsfpÄeNyêA L$ey lsy. R> p 16 hj u fqx$ep f L$pd L$fu f l g A p s f f p r ô ² e â r s c p Apf.S>.v$hL$uA kprlðe L$u L$gp p rhl$pk L$hu fus C il$ A rhje f î p s p r d Ó p k p k h p v $ k p Ý e p lsp. L$pe ¾$d u iêapsdp ^ yh cë$ rgrms pv$l$ AL $ pf p Ai v $ i p h p e p l s p. Ð e p f i p l b y Ø u c p C A î p s p A p V $ L $ X $ u lkpìep lsp.(3.18) kh oprs kdylg L$rdV$u Üpf L$fpey lsy ApepS> : 14 hv$ rsapa âcyspdp Ngp dpx$ép dy[õgd kdps> p ksîu kpabbp y L$pv$fu D [õ s flu h v$ suap Aprihp v$ pw$hg kh oprs kdlºg L$rdV$u p dy e ApepS>L$ fdå cpc ÆhpZu p d p N v $ i A p e p r S > s A p kd lg dp dy e v$psp lk Agu y L$ pku,(õhux$ ) Nf prgl$p âdym h f p S > c p C h p m p, b f s L $ c p C N p N p Z u, q L $ f u V $ c p C B Þ Ö p q X $ e p, k a u k p b, c p N h c p C k p u, AL$bfcpC, Ar gcpc hzåfp, k r l s p õ p r L $ A N Z u A p A kd lg p v$pspap D [õ s füp l s p k d l g k r d s Ü p f p Ä e O íepdv$pkbp y,kpabbp y,sds> p r g L $ p â d M h f p S > c p C h p m p krls p dy e dldp p A v$pspap y kþdp L$fhpdp Apìey lsy. AÓ D M ue R> L$ bpbfp Mps kh oprs kd lg L$rdV$u Üpfp v $ f h j k h o p r s p k d l g y c ì e A p e p S > L $ f h p d p A p h R > y y ² ¹ y y S>dp rlþv$ A dy[õgd qfhpf p g p L $ p Å X $ p e R > R > p k p s h j u ApeprS>s Ap kd lg Ap hj Z Z cìe ApepS> L$fhpdp Apìey s k d l g d p d e v $ p s p L $ p k u a p D Þ X $ i, k s p L $ b g p M p Z u d d p q f e g V $ k V $, s d S > S>, u,æhpzu õdpfl$ V²$õV$$ krls r l Þ v $ A d [ õ g d k d p S > p ApNhp p Üpfp fsp Apr L$ kll$pf Ap hpdp Apìep Ap kd l g dp B [ Þ X $ e p h p r g e Þ V $ f, h g p f X $ u Npipmp, sds> L$r gp l ydp Æ u S > Á e p p õ h e k h L $ p f s u k h p L$fhpdp Aphu lsu. sds> cìe kd lg kam b p h h p d e A p e p S > L $ f d Å c p C Æ h p Z u p d p N v $ i lw$m, kynfpb L$ pku, v$gpgcpc L $ p V $ L $, S > e i c p B k v $ p Z u, AdfiucpC v$igpzuep, krls p k d l g L $ r d V $ u p k æ e p c p f S>lds DW$phu lsu.(3.13) ilfdp fmx$sp ðp p p dps u fpnqpmp u v$lis X$p. Aågyv$ bgud Üpfp ApfpÁe rhcpn d e krqh fs >Aps (kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge fps>l$pv$) ilfdp fmx$sp ðp pdp hpefk hp u ðp p p d Ðey pe S> u gpip L$V$gpe qv$hkp ky^u Ðep S> fs>x$ y y y y y y y L$p p fv$f s p kdps> AN Zu d k M c p C L $ p g f u e p A Q p d s L$pe ¾$d p lsy õ ô L$fu dldp p s p dlp ycphp y õhpns L$ey lsy s p Ap rhqpf Å L$pC Nçep lpe sp s p âqpf L$fhp rh su L$fu lsu. kdn L$pe ¾$d AL$ k Ódp bp^hp y L$pd ÅZusp h¼sp Drdep qfhpf p k pv$l$ âp.x$p.s>.ad. pfpa L$ey l s. L $ p p f V $ f d k M c p C L $ p g f u e p p k Ó X $ p. p r L $ l p g B[ÞX$e Apd}dp L$àV$ sful$ Dfu M p s a f S > b Å h R >. S > d k M c p C A L $ d p Ó k s p R >. ( 2. 7 ) bpgbpgp V²$õV$ Üpfp r :iyël$ qatuep fp u L$ç epåi ² ¹ fps>l$pv$ sp 12 b p g b p g p Q f u V $ b g V $ k V $ A l q f h v $ p L $ p g S > p f p S > L $ p V $ keyl$s D ¾$d khpl$ue gpl$p D epnu âhyrs p cpnê kh ksy r fpde A rhqpf Öôu kdnfpmu fps>l$pv$ k l f p d h X $ u r h õ s p f d p A p h g bpgbpgp khpîd Mps spfum 13 by^hpf khpf 9 u 1 v$fçep a u T u e p f p u L $ ç y A p e p S > L$fhpdp Aphg R> S>dp NpW$Z, L$df krls rhrh^ lpx$l$p p fpnp u kpfhpf rh pd ëe kpfhpf sds> dpn v$i l f u h v $ p L $ p g S > p r ó Z p s qatuep fp u u V$ud Üpfp L$fhpdp NpW$Z, L$df krls rhrh^ lpx$l$p p fpnp u r ózps X$p¼V$f sds> sd u V$ud Üpfp rh pd ëe kpfhpf A pi Aphi. Ap L$ç y h^ydp h^y gpl$p gpc ghp bpgbpgp V²$k¹V$ p V²$k¹V$u S>ei D pýepe Üpfp psp u epv$udp S>Zph (2.10) S> u fpn agphp u v$lis Dcu pe Ap AN epáe L$fhp X$p. Aåvy$g bgud Üpfp d e krqh ApfpÁe rhcpn Np^u Nf grms fs >Aps L$fu S>dp S>Zpìep ykpf fmx$sp ðp pdp hpefk âkfsp d Ðey pd R> s p d sv$l p epáe r L$pg L$fsp s d p d p M u - d à R > f h p u A p d S> spdp fpnqpmp u v$lis Dcu pe R> Ap u Ap bpbs Ncuf p ^ gb NyS>fpscf p L$p p fi p, prgl$pap A Qpesp k Q kp qf Ó L$fhp Adpfu dpn (3.11)

8 fps>l$pv$dp h^y 200 V²$pqaL$ rb NX$ u cfsu L$fpi fps>l$pv$ ilf u V²$pqaL$ kdõep qv$hk-qv$hk Ncuf b u flu sv¹$d fps A yfsp pguk õv$pa p L$pfZ V²$pqaL$ r ed L$fhy Arsie vy$íl$f b u füy sh kde fps>l$pv$ ilfdp âepnpðdl$ ^pfz V²$pqaL$ rb NX$ u õ p p L$fhpdp Aphg lsu S> u õv² $Þ h^pfhp V²$pqaL$ kdõep lmhu b phhpdp dlv$ai kam flu Ap V²$pqaL$ rb NX$ p ìep h^pfhp A kdõep dpv$ pguk õv$pa dv$v$ê$ b hp V²$pqaL$ rb NX$ Ars D uepnu rký^ eg fps>l$pv$ V²$pqaL$ AS>eyL$i V²$õV$ Üpfp ApNpdu sp.16 khpf 7 L $ g p L $ p g u k l X $ L $ h p V $ f M p s V ² $ p q a L $ r b N X $ T u kv$nu L$fhp p r Z e ghpdp Aphg Ap kv$nu dpv$ Ddv$hpf u he 18 u 35 hj 9 pk u- yê$j sds> JQpC 5 aºv$ L$ 6 IQ u h^y J Q p C p k â d p Z h S > ^ f p h s p ipfuful$ fus knd, fps>l$pv$ ilf p flui, sds> S>d p rhê$ý^ L$pC NyÞlp p ^peg lpe shp Ddv$hpf cfsu â q ¾ $ e p d p k p d g C i L $ i A kv$nu pó L$fpi. Ap AN p S>ê$fu apd sds> AÞe rhns dpv$ fps>l$pv$ ilf V²$pqaL$ ipmp ÅdV$phf Mps k L $ kp^hp sd AL$ AMbpfu epv$u V²$õV$ p D âdym S>ei D pýepe s p S>ku u rký^p MÓu s p Aku u Tpgp, X$u.Ad.hpOgp A r rs cpc cnv$h Üpfp S>Zphhpdp Aphg (2.11) 8 dnmhpf õv$.qfd L$p Nu kæe V$u fhp u ìep ep kp kfhpmp-bpv$bpl$u iumx$pìep! qv$ fhp dyø O íepdtkl cpw$p X$ep!! õv$.qfd L$üy-100 V$u fhp Mfuv$u u d p ê$p.1.30 L$fpX$ p apev$p i NyS>fps dpýerdl$ AL$ DÃQsf dpýerdl$ bpx $ u dmu bw$l$ lh u pd L$ AV$L$dp ky^pfp ^pfz-12 ky^u C il$i NCL$pg NyS>fps dpýerdl$ A D Ã Q s f d p Ý e r d L $ r i n Z b p X $ Np^u Nf u kpdpþe kcp dmu lsu. S>dp rinz bpx $ Üpfp L$V$gpL$ dlðh p r Z ep ghpdp Apìep lsp. dpq 2019 dp ghp pfu ^pfz-10 A ^pfz-12 kpdpþe âhpl s p rhop âhpl u funp gc NCL$pg bw$l$ dmu lsu. S>dp funp gnsp L$V$gpL$ r edpdp dpv$p afapf L$fhpdp Apìep Ap bw$l$dp Mp Nu rhûp } Ap u ApS> ky^u rs> p d L$ funp ghpsu lsu. fsy dpq 2020 u Mp Nu rhûp }Ap u funp spgyl$p ghg ghpi shp r Z e ghpep AÐepf ky^udp L$pC rhûp } pd p c g lpe sp ^pfz- 10 u funp lgp pd AV$L$ L$ S>Þd õv$.qfd Dv$e L$p NX$ spbx$spb O íepdtkl bpghu qv$ fhp dyø vy$^ y vy$^, pzu y pzu L$fu bspìey ^pfz-10dp dpq 2020 u NrZs rhje p b âñ fp ul$mi S>dp u AL$ r ç A busy> õv$pþx$x $ ghg y li spfumdp ky^pfp sp lsp. fsy lh Ap ky^pfp ^pfz-12 ky^u C il$i. dpq 2020 u NrZs rhje p b âñ fp L$pY$hpdp Aphi. S>dp u AL$ r ç ghg y li A AL$ S> ul$m R> sd õv$pþx$x $ ghg y li. rinz bpx $ u bw$l$dp D fpl$s r Z e ghpdp Apìep lsp. Ap rkhpe rinz bpx $dp lpg L$gpk h L$X$f p Ar^L$pfu u pq A L$gpk-Vy$ L$X$f p Ar^L$pfu u pq S>Áep Mpgu Apd Ly$g 10 Ar^L$pfuAp u S>Áep Mpgu Ap rkhpe rinz bpx $ y 142 L$fpX$ y ky^pfgy Av$pS> Ó ds >f L$fhpdp Apìey R >. r i n Z b p X $ u S y > v $ u - S y > v $ u krdrsap u Q V$Zu ApNpdu spfum 25 ab yapfu p fps> afu u rinz bpx $ u kpdpþe kcp dmi.(5.1) Nf âp rdl$ rinz krdrs-fps>l$pv$ AsN s Aphsu â p r d L $ i p m p p r i n L $ p u afbv$gu y rgõv$ hbkpcv$ f Ålf rhnsdp afapf L$fhp p AphsuL$pg Arsd qv$hk fps>l$pv$: fps>l$pv$ Nf âp rdl$ rinz krdrs Üpfp âp rdl$ ipmpapdp rs> p afbv$gu dpv$ ANpD AfÆ L$fgu lpe shp sdpd âp rdl$ DÃQ âp rdl$ rinl$p u rs> p bv$gu AfÆ y frs>õv$f www. iomc.gov.in f misc f L$guL$ L$fu school Board teacher list dp ârký^ L$fgy frs>õv$fdp v$ip hgu L$pC rhns p afapf lpe L$ ky^pfp L$fhp p lpe sp S>ê$fu Ap^pf- yfphpap kp L$pg ipk pr^l$pfu u L$Qfu p L$fZ fp QpL$ pk fps>l$pv$ Mps ê$bê$ fs > L$fhp S>Zphhpdp Apìey by^hpf bpv$ fs > egu fs >Aps dpþe fpmhpdp Aphi.(5.3) L$p N k âhl$sp cphi cpkp y sx$ a ax$ PM q L $ i p e p S > p p pd MX $sp u dõl$fu L$fpC y y (kp fpô²$ ¾$pqs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) f p S > L $ p V $ d l p N f p r g L $ p u õ V $ [ Þ X $ N L $ r d V $ u u b W $ L $ d p 8 7 v $ f M p õ s p d S > f L $ f p C R >. A p v$fmpõspdp Ly$g ê$p.178 L$fpX$ p MQ A 31 L$fpX$ u AphL$ v$ip hpc v$fmpõs.15 dp ilfdp u X $ p f V $ X $ p f N p b S > L $ g L $ i d p V $ d u u V $ u f M f u v $ L $ f h p ê $ p u õ V $ [ Þ X $ N L$pg "krh^p bqphp, v$i bqphp' fgu epåi lpqv$ L$ V$g, Æoi dhpzu, L$ eply$dpf, ârhz fpd krls p eyhp spap u lps>fu Ap i (kp fpô²$ ¾$pqs ârsr r^-fps>l$pv$) : "qv$d CÞÖ ug apf ey' Üpfp "krh^p bqphp, v$i bqphp' fgu epåi. fps>l$pv$ Mps epå pf Ap fgudp lpqv$ L$ V$g, Æoi dhpzu, L$ eply$dpf, ârhz fpd, Np pg CV$pguep, X$p.L$ëeiZ Q phs, AipL$ Åbu krls p ApNhp pa lps>fu Ap i. Ap AN h L$p Nu ^pfpkæe CÞÖ ug fps>nyê$a S>Zpìey lsy L$, L$pC Z n u kfl$pf lpe, S>epf gpl$iplu f ÅMd lpe, L$ pnqfl$p p L$pC hn AÞepe sp lpe L$ R>u b^pfz dys>b p ll$ dmsp lpe L$ R>u Ålf rls p âñp hpqp Ap hp y L$pd gpl$ipludp MybS> ANÐe y Apf.bu.ApC. p b Nh f p fpæ pdp, kh nz ApepN p kæep p fpæ pdp Crslpkdp guhpf kyâud L$pV $ p S>Å gpl$p kdn AV$g L$ Ap v$i p dprgl$ ÅZ L$fhp Ålfdp Aphhy X$ gpl$p p fkhp p kp p rlkpb fpmhp u kõ p AL$pDÞV$ S> fg (A.Æ.) p fu pv $ AV$g L$ kuaæ qf pv $ p Dgpmuep L$fhp, c ô$pqpf Üpfp dmhg kp u My Apd Q V$pegp kæep u Mfuv$ piu L$fhu S>hp A L$ vy$jzp Ap cps> u kfl$pf Üpfp ApQfhpdp Aph R> Ðepf gpl$ån rs AphíeL$ C NC (A y. p p.5 D f) õv$. kæe O íepdtkl L$üy Ar^L$pfuApA v$fmpõsdp dprlsu Ry> phu L$rdV$uA dsy>f L$e y V$u fhp 4.68 gpm S>hu ql$dsdp L$ç guv$ dm 30 låf h^y NZuA sp 100 V$u f p 30 gpm h^y d p Q L$hi sd L$p N k p õ V $. L $ r d V $ u p k æ e O í e p d t k l ÅX$ÅA S>Zpìey lsy. ApS> õv$. L$rdV$u p Qfd Dv$e L$p NX$ S>Zpìey lsy L$, lpcx²$pgul$, u.v$u.ap, L$rgÞX$f rkõv$d u AL$ V$u fhp u båf ql$ds ê$p.6.75 gpm pe S>epf dlp Nf prgl$p AL$ qv$ fhp Mfuv$u u ê$p.130 gpm p apev$p pe Ly$g 100 V$u fhp Mfuv$u u d p 1 L$fpX$ 30 gpm p apev$p pe sdpd âq¾$ep V$ÞX$f u L$fpC L $ p N u õ V $. k æ e O í e p d t k l õ V $. ê $ d d p ê $ b ê $ bpgphu V$u fhp AN u dprlsu Ap u lsu. O íepdtkl V$u fhp AN u âq¾$ep AN k Z dprlsu AV$uL$pdp u eyhp u gpi dmu eyhp p lp dp "bpv$g' Ópapìey R>: AaAkAg u dv$v$ u s pk iê L$fsu cql$s Nf pguk sp. 12: fps>l$pv$ p AV$uL$p BÞX$õV²$ueg Aqfepdp eyhp u dp y R >v$pegu gpi dmsp QL$Qpf dqu NB lsu. gpl$p p V$pmp cnp B Nep l s p A L $ p B A Å Z L $ f s p cql$s Nf pguk u V$ud lp Qu lsu A s pk iê L$fu lsu. Ap eyhp p dp p f L$pB cpf hpl y ìlug afu hmsp dps r Äey R> L$ R>u L$pBA fgu v$rgs kdps> u 22 kõ pap p V$L$p fps>l$pv$: v$rgs kdps> u 22 kõ papa krh^p bqphp fgu V$L$p Ålf L$ep epv$udp kõ pap Üpfp S>Zphpey R> L$, cpfsdp flsp d yhpv$u gpl$p A ApfAkAk p hx$p dpl cpnhs Ap b^pfz v$qfepdp a L$u v$hp u hpsp L$fsp lsp shp gpl$p p lp dp ipk R> Ðepf sd u pk b^pfz bqphp A np MpV$u R> A lpg Ap v$idp õhpes kõ pap D f sfp dpf R> Apf buapc, kubuapc, ApCbu kyâud L$pV $ S> p v$pmgp dpsy>v$ f p S > L $ p V $ u S y > v $ u - S y > v $ u 2 2 kõ pap u AL$ duv$]n dmu lsu Ap duv$]ndp L$L$u ep dys>b b^u d m h u R > u r h f p ^ L $ f h p ÅCA. O í e p d t k l õ V $. L $ r d V $ u Qfd Dv$e L$p NX$ L$üy lsy L$, V$u fhp Mfuv$hp v$fmpõs dyl$pc Ðepf L$ep âl$pf y V$u fhp R> s u L$pC rhnsp ÄZphpC u. A s, V $ u f h p M f u v $ h p b p b s V $ p V $ p L $ u p L $ d Q p f u A cph y L$hpV$i fs > L$e y lsy. S> v$fmpõsdp AL$ qv$ fhp Mfuv$hp Õ f L$ buå L$pB v$p av$l$pfu dp y R >v$u pmu lðep L$fu? s ÅZhp pguk AaAkAg u dv$v$ gu^u âpá rhns dys>b AV$uL$p apv$l$ ÆL$ AV$uL$p BÞX$õV²$ueg Aqfep ifu. 10/3 p MyZ AL$ eyhp u gpi X$u l p h p u Å Z s p c q L $ s N f p u.apb. hu. L$. NY$hu, uakapb ^ p M X $ p, r l f c p B, r h ¾ $ d c p B fgu kd Ap pf fps>l$pv$ rs> p Qpes kpdprs>l$ Þepe krdrs p Qfd bpgycpc thtyx$p, c cpc fdpf, fdicpc kpgl$u krls p ApNhp pa kp fpô²$ ¾$prs L$pep ge u iycãr>p dygpl$ps gu^u lsu. S> kõ p p âdymp A dóuap Üpfp A h p r Z e g h p d p A p h g R > L $ f p S > L $ p V $ d p k r h ^ p b Q p h p v $ i bqphp fgu y ApepS> L$fhp bv$g 4.69 gpm p D M L$fpep õv$.qfd Dv$e L$p NX$ S>Zpìey lsy L $, V $ u f h p M f u v $ u u d p ê$p.1.30 L$fpX$ p apev$p i. õv$. Qfd du uv$uef hpl M f u v $ h p O í e p d t k l ê $ b ê $ bpgphu vy$^ y vy$^, pzu y pzu L$fu v$sp O íepdtkl cpw$p X$ep lphp u QQp d p u gpbudp su lsu.(1.1) krls p õv$pa s p X$u. õv$pa u V$ud spl$uv$ lp Qu lsu A s pk iê L$fu lsu. pguk OV$ p õ m S>B Å s p A p i f 3 0 u 3 5 h j p eyhp u dp y R >v$pb Negu gpi Åhp dmu lsu. Ap eyhp p S>dZp lp dp AN Ædp bpv$g Ópaphgy h^y s pk cr¼s Nf pguk lp ^fu R> (2.18) V $ u d C Þ Ö u g a p f e y p d y e ApNhp p CÞÖ ugcpc fps>nyê$ s p hifpdcpc kpnw$uep s p (A y. p p.5 D f) hj 6 låf AV$g fps> p ê$r ep ep, Msu p kp^ p f V$L$k OV$pX$p sp MX $sp gpc pe: cpkp f p S > L $ p V $ r S > p L $ p N k krdrs p âhl$sp cphi cpkpa â^p dóu ql$ip r r^ eps> p M X $ s p u d õ L $ f u N Z p h u L $ r j AN krqh A NyS>fps p dy e dóu Ó pw$ìep Ódp Msu gnsp kp^ p A Mpsf f V$L$k O V $ p X $ u M X $ s p g p c l p Q p X $ h p fs >Aps L$fpC fs >Apsdp cphi cpjpa S>Zpìey lsy L$, cpfs kfl$pf Üpfp u.ad. ql$ip eps> p u Ålfps L$fhpdp Aphu Ap eps> p L$epL$ L $rj AN krqh, dy dóu Ó gmu fs >Aps L$fu L$epL$ MX $sp u dõl$fu kdp dym b phsu lpe Ad gpn Å Ap cps> p kfl$pf MfMf MX $sp y S> r h Q p f s u l p e s p A p S > M X $ s p u ApÐdlÐepdp h^pfp pe Msu u AmNp sp Åe MX $sp p pdhpv$ b L$ p dsgb kdåe L$pfZ L$ AL$ MX $s kp 4 u 5 dsy>f lpe A ykyrqs Års p lpe L$, Apv$u Års, Apbuku, Ap hn dpv$ kfl$pf iy rhqpf L$ep R>? ApS> NyS>fps AL$ S> Ahy fps>e S>ep Mpsf v$hp, ApÅfp, Msu gnsu kkp^ p f V$L$k hkyghpdp Aph Mpgu Ap hõsy V$L$k dyl$s C Åe sp Z MX $sp OZp gpc pe sd MfMf cps> kfl$pf MX $sp u lpdu lpe sp Ms v$pip p cph dmhp ÅCA. ê$.2000 p láp MX $sp M p s p d p S > d p i u eps> pdp AL$ qv$hk p 15 u 20 ê$ uep pe sp Ap MX $sp u díl$fu u sp busy> iy R>? iy Ap Q V$Zu g n u Å l f p s R >? s d c p h cpkpa Ó pw$hg (2.4) fps>l$pv$ u ârký^ sy kp fpô²$ ¾$prs kpýe v$ r L AMbpfdp sdpfp rhõspfdp b su L$pB Z OV$ pap, sds> rhõspf u kdõep u dprlsu Adpfp L$pep ge Mps ê$bê$ dbg L$ hpv¹$ka Üpfp dpl$gu il$p R>p, Ap g dprlsu kp fpô²$ ¾$prs sdpfp pd kp ârký^ L$fu kdõep p kdp^p p âeð L$fi. hpv¹$ka saurashtrakranti@gmail.com AX²$k: 125, õv$pf Qçbf, lqflf QpL$, Q p àgpv$, fps>l$pv$ SAURASHTRA KRANTI (DAILY EVENING) Editor, Printer Publisher & Owner : GADHAVI ASHOK MULUBHA, Place of Publication : SAURASHTRA KRANTI KARYALAYA 125, STAR CHAMBER, HARIHAR CHOWK, PANCHNATH PLOT, RAJKOT ,ph.No.(0281) Printed at: SAURASHTRA PRINTERY, ATIKA SOUTH ARATI SOC. DHEBAR ROAD RAJKOT GUJARAT.