- PDF Stažení zdarma

= = =. = ( + ) =.

= =, = = = = ( )

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= = + +, + +, + + +, + + =, +, + + = = =, = ( ) = (,,,,,, (,, ) = ) =

=. ( =.) ( =.) ( = )

ΔU ΔQ ΔW = +

U var du = m c k dθ du = m c p dθ du = l v dm ohřev kapaliny ohřev páry θ = =

= = + = = ( + )

= = ( + ) = = + > >

20 c (MJ m -3 K) 16 12 8 4 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 θ ( C)

= = = vrstva materiálu, = = = = θ 1 θ 2 θ 1 > θ 2 Φ Δx

= = ( = = )

) θ 1 1. vrstva 2. vrstva R 1 R 2 θ x = = = = θ 2 Φ 1 Φ 2 Δx 1 Δx 2 x

= + = +

stěna vzduch θ i ( ) θ si přestup tepla zářením } Φ r = S h r (θ si -θ i ) Φ s = Φ r + Φ c Φ c = S h c (θ si -θ i ) přestup tepla prouděním ( ) = + = ( + ) ( ) = ( ) = ( )

R si 1. vrstva 2. vrstva R 1 R 2 R se θ i θsi θ x = = = = = + + + θ se θ e Φ s i Φ 1 Φ 2 Φ se = + + +

λ (W m -1 K -1 ) 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 θ ( C)

= ( ) =. = ( ) ( ) = + + [ ] [ ] = + + ( ) = ( ) + + = ( )+ + = ( ) ( )+ +

=,, =,, =, = = = =, = = =,

= = = =

médium Φ tok tepla r = = = = =.

ˆ = = ˆ ( ) = ( ) = ( ) θ 1 r 1 θ 2 r 2

= ( ) = = ( ) =

R (Km2/W; Km/W) = = + ( ) r 2 r 1 d 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Růst odporu stěny s tloušťkou R trubka R stěna 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 Tloušťka izolace d (m)

θ x r x r 1 r 2 θ 1 θ 2 Φ1 Φ 2 d iz izolace = ( ) = ( )

= =, =, +,, =, =, +,

= = =,, = =

, =, +, +, = + +

R T (K m 2 W -1 ), =, +, +, = + + = + 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R celkové R izolace R přestupu 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 Tloušťka izolace d (m)

= =, =,

=, ( = ), [ ( )] =, [ ] ( ) ( ) =, ( = ), ( ( ) = + ( ), )

( ) =. ( ) = ( ) ( ) =. ( ) = ( ) = ( ) = =. = r 2 r 1 d

= ( ) = ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( + ) + q(x) vrstva materiálu Δx x x + Δx ( ) + ( + ) = ( ( + ) ( )) =

( ) ( + ) + vrstva materiálu Δx q(x + Δx) x x + Δx ( ) + ( + ) = ( ( + ) ( )) =

( ) ( + ) + Δq Δx q(x + Δx) x x + Δx ( ) + ( + ) = ( ( + ) ( )) =

= = = = = =

= = ( ) = =

= = = = =

= + = ( ) = = + + =

= = = ( ) + = = + ( ) =,

( ) = ( ) = = = = ˆ = ˆ + = + = ( )

( ) = + = ( ) = + = = = ( ) = + = + = = ( ) = +

(, ) = ( ) (, ) = ( ) =

= ( ) (, ) = ( ) (, ) = ( ) (, ) = (, ) = =

θ se θ si

( ) = + ( ) + φ ( ) = + ( ) φ

( ) ( ) = + + φ ( ) ( ) = + + φ +

ˆ ˆ = ˆ ( + ) = ˆ ( ) = ( + ˆ + φ) ˆ = ˆ φ ( ) = ( ) + ˆ φ ˆ

ˆ ˆ ˆ = ˆ ˆ =. ( )

ˆ ˆ ˆ = ˆ ˆ =. = ˆ ˆ

ˆ ) ) ) (ˆ (ˆ ˆ (ˆ = ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ

( ) λ θ(τ) h se θ(0) θ(τ) θ e = konst.. θ e Pokles teploty tělesa s časem τ

= ( ( ) ) = ( ) ( ( ) ) = ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) = ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ) = + ( ( ) ) ϱ

= = / / = =,

= = =, = =, = = =, = =,, =,

( ) = + ( ( ) ) ( ) ϱ ( ) = + (, ), =,

ˇ = ( ) ( ) H λ (a.u.) UV VISIBLE INFRARED 5000 K 4000 K 3000 K 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 λ (μm)

H λ (a.u.) UV VISIBLE INFRARED 5000 K 4000 K 3000 K 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 λ (μm)

= ( ) ˇ ˇ ( ) ( )

= ( ) H λ λmax λ (nm) /

= ˆ = ˆ ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) =, ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( ) = ( ) =. < ( ) =.

( ) = ( ) < ( ) = ( )

( ) = ( )

= ( + + +.. = ( ) ( ) = = = +

= + = + = + = + = = + ( )

( ) = ( ) + ( )! ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) +...!! ( ) =. = ( ). = ( ). = ( ), = + = + ( )

= ( ) + = ( ) = +

= + = ( + ) ( )

= ( ) = + = ( + ) ( ) = ( )

= + = ( + ) ( ) = ( ) = ( ) = +

= + + + + =,,

= = =,, =, = +

,, =, +,,,, =, =, +, =, =, +, +, +, +, =,,, =, +,,,, =, =, +, =, =, +, +, +, +, =, = + = + = + + + +

mezera R m přepážka R m R m přepážky R m R m R m ( = = ) = ( + )

= =, =, = ( ), =,, =, =, = =,

( ) = + = + ( ) = + / = + = =, =, = ( ) =,,, +,, =, ( ) =,,, +,, =, =, +, =,

= =, =, =

= = = = =, =, =,,,

= ) = ( )

=,, < =,, < =,, <

=, < ( =, ( =, (, + ) ), < ), <

= = ( ) = ( )

= =, =

= = = ( ) = ( ) =

= = φ =

= = = φ = = = ( φ) (, ) = =,. =

( ) = ( ) ( ) ( + )

( ) = ( ) ( ) ( + ) g v (x) S Δx x

S ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( + ) Δx g v (x+δx) x

( ) = ( ) ( ) ( + ) g v (x) S -Δg v Δx g v (x+δx) x = ( ( + ) ( )) =

= + = = +

= + = + = ( ) + = ( ) = +

= ( ) + = + > ( ) < ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) = + = = ( )

(( =,, ), (( ) =,,, ( ( )) <, + )) >, +

= =, =, =, =, = φ = =, = = φ = =, = =

= + =, = + =, =, = =, (,, ) =, =, = =, =,

= = (,, ), =, = = + = + =,

= + =, = + =, = = (,, ), =, = = + = + =, >

=, = =, =, = =, = =

= = = = = ( )

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= = = = =,,, = + +

,,, ( ),,,,,,,,

,, /( ),, / /

[ ] [ ] / / ( ) = / =

= = = +,

, φ =